scholarly journals Saward’s Concept of the Representative Claim Revisited: An Empirical Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Guasti ◽  
Brigitte Geissel
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Representative Democracy ◽  
Standard Assumption ◽  
Empirical Perspective ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Elected Representatives

Representation is a process of making, accepting, or rejecting representative claims (Disch, 2015; Saward, 2014). This groundbreaking insight challenged the standard assumption that representative democracy can be reduced to elections and activities of elected representatives (Pitkin, 1967). It broadened the scope of representative democracy to encompass representation activities beyond those authorized by elections, transformed our thinking and provided a new perspective, putting claims and their reception into the center. This paradigm shift erased the distinction between elected and non-elected representatives and disclosed the potential of non-elected actors’ claims to represent (Andeweg, 2003; Kuyper, 2016; Rosanvallon &amp; Goldhammer, 2008; Saward, 2006, 2009; Van Biezen &amp; Saward, 2008). In spite of this lively debate, we identify an important gap in the literature: while this paradigmatic shift inspired many authors, conceptual <em>frameworks that can be applied for systematic empirical analysis of real-life cases</em> are missing. In this article, we fill this gap and propose frameworks for assessing and validating a variety of real-life claims. Our study provides empirical substance to the ongoing theoretical debates, helping to translate the mainly theoretical ‘claim approach’ into empirical research tools. It helps to transform the conventional wisdom about what representation can (not) be and shines a new light on the potential future of (claims on) representation.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Webb ◽  
Thomas Poguntke ◽  
Susan E. Scarrow
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Ideal Type ◽  
Representative Democracy ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Practical Guide ◽  
Organizational Patterns ◽  
Key Dimensions ◽  
Analytical Frameworks ◽  
The Ideal

This chapter briefly recaps the findings of this volume, then addresses more general questions concerning the types of organizational patterns that researchers should expect to find, and the most fruitful approaches to understanding the origins and implications of those patterns. The authors review the PPDB data in order to assess the empirical applicability of various well-known ideal-types of parties. They find that only a minority of the cases in the dataset fit into one of these ideal-type categories—even when the bar is set low for such classification. It is argued that the ideal-type approach, while it has its merits, is less useful as a practical guide for empirical research than analytical frameworks based on the key dimensions of party organization—resources, structures, and representational strategies. The chapter closes by emphasizing the very real consequences that the organizational choices made by parties can have for representative democracy.

Animals in Dreams of Children, Adolescents, and Adults: The UK Library Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 027623662096063
Author(s):  
Michael Schredl ◽  
Mark Blagrove
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Media Consumption ◽  
Continuity Hypothesis ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Uk

Animal dreams have fascinated mankind for ages. Empirical research indicated that children dream more often about animals than adults and dogs, cats, and horses are the most frequent animals that appear within dreams. Moreover, most dreamer-animal interactions are negative. The present study included 4849 participants (6 to 90 yrs. old) reporting 2716 most recent dreams. Overall, 18.30% of these dreams included animals with children reporting more animal dreams that adolescents and adults. The most frequent animals were again dogs, horses, and cats; about 20% of the dream animals were in fact pets of the dreamers. About 30% of the dream animals showed bizarre features, e.g., metamorphosing into humans or other animals, bigger than in real life, or can talk. Taken together, the findings support the continuity hypothesis of dreaming but also the idea that dreams reflect waking-life emotions in a metaphorical and dramatized way. Future studies should focus on eliciting waking-life experiences with animals, e.g., having a pet, animal-related media consumption, and relating these to experiences with animals in dreams.

Empirische Analyse komplexer kognitiver Strukturen / Empirical Analysis of Complex Cognitive Structures

1973 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansgar Weymann
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Cognitive Structures ◽  
Cognitive Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Context ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Empirische Analyse

AbstractSeveral theoretical approaches emphasize the relevance of empirical research of cognitive structures to the analysis of social action. In this theoretical context two proper empirical techniques of cognitive analysis are discussed: ethnoscience and experimental psycholinguistics. Their integration would connect the validity of the first and the reliability of the second.

scholarly journals The Theoretical Study and Empirical Research Process of Service Innovation: A Literature Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Di Rong ◽  
Xu Ming ◽  
Jutamart Limsupanark
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Service Innovation ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
New Service Development ◽  
Empirical Perspective ◽  
Three Stages

<p>The industry of service has been progressing rapidly in recent years. In face of the financial crisis, innovation is becoming one of the most important factors along with the development of service innovation. It is important to fully consider characteristics both from theoretical and empirical perspective when identifying service innovation. This article conducts a systematic review of literature on research process of service innovation. In this paper, the research status on concept and typology of service innovation are demonstrated and classified in the second and third section, and three stages are discussed in the following, In addition, the development process is highlighted from four aspects: The customer, new service development and new product development, theoretical and empirical. At last, a recommended list of measures is provided for future theoretical study and empirical research. </p>

scholarly journals Is It Possible to Change from a Linear to a Circular Economy? An Overview of Opportunities and Barriers for European Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concepción Garcés-Ayerbe ◽  
Pilar Rivera-Torres ◽  
Inés Suárez-Perales ◽  
Dante Leyva-de la Hiz
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Preventive Practices ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Common Barriers

The Circular Economy is a paradigm shift attempting to replace the end-of-life concept with reducing, reusing, recycling and recovering materials and to slow down, close and narrow material and power loops. This concept is much discussed in the academic literature, but limited progress has been accomplished so far regarding its empirical analysis. The objective of this work is to study circular economy practices and analyze in depth the circular economy behavior in European firms. We find that firms’ circular economy behavior is a gradual process where measures are implemented gradually, starting with activities involving control measures and ending with putting preventive practices in place. We discovered also that the most proactive companies in implementing circular economy measures generally come across certain common barriers such as administrative processes, regulations and a lack of human resources to perform these practices, while firms that have not implemented circular economy measures view financing, investment and cost–benefit barriers as the most significant. Significant efforts need to be undertaken by firms to accomplished circular economy. Also circular economy regulation should be improved to make it easier for companies to implement strategies that will make them more sustainable.

Auditing, Trust, and the Social Contract

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-131
Author(s):  
Bo Rothstein
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Quality System ◽  
Representative Democracy ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between trust and auditing can be described as a paradox. In the social contract that forms the basis of modern societies, extensive trust issues arise. How can citizens trust that what is promised in the contract will also be provided? Elections should work to put politicians who do not deliver according to the social contract to be voted out of their position. Empirical research shows that this often does not work, hence the need for an auditing body. Empirical results have shown that national auditing institutions work towards reducing corruption and other forms of malfeasance, and are thereby vital to creating a working social contract. A high-quality system for auditing also has a much stronger effect on reducing corruption than is the case for democracy. Auditing turns out to be an undervalued instrument that not only complements but in some ways proves even more effective than representative democracy.

What Is a Consultative Referendum? The Democratic Legitimacy of Popular Consultations

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Carlo Invernizzi Accetti ◽  
Giulia Oskian
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Representative Democracy ◽  
Specific Role ◽  
Democratic Legitimacy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Normative Significance ◽  
Empirical Point ◽  
Elected Representatives ◽  
Conceptual Work

We examine the democratic legitimacy of popular referendums asking whether they should be understood as bypassing or complementing representative institutions. To answer this question, we focus on the distinction between legislative referendums and consultative ones, noting that even though referendums of the latter kind are by far more prevalent from an empirical point of view, their specific role in democratic decision-making remains under-theorized in the existing literature. We therefore focus on consultative referendums as a possible way of reconciling the referendum procedure with representative democracy. First, we clarify the specific conception of representative democracy that underscores our study; second, we develop the idea that consultative referendums are to be understood to specify the political mandate of elected representatives; finally, we apply the results of this conceptual work to the case of the Greek bailout and the Brexit referendums, aiming to dispel some lingering misconceptions concerning the normative implications of their results and thereby clarifying the normative significance of our theory.

scholarly journals Co-Designing an Intervention to Prevent Overweight and Obesity among Young Children and Their Families in a Disadvantaged Municipality: Methodological Barriers and Potentials

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 5110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didde Hoeeg ◽  
Ulla Christensen ◽  
Dan Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Process Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intervention Context ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Family Based

Design-based research (DBR) is an innovative methodology for co-creation, but potentials, challenges, and differences between methodological ideals and the real-life intervention context are under-researched. This study analyzes the DBR process in which researchers, professionals, and families co-design a family-based intervention to prevent childhood overweight and obesity in a rural municipality. It involves interviews with six key stakeholders in the co-design process. Data were coded and analyzed using systematic text condensation, while the theory of the “social effectiveness of interventions” developed by Rod et al. (2014) was used as an analytical tool for unpacking the co-creation process and exploring methodological barriers and potentials. The DBR approach contributed with a feeling that everyone’s perspective was important, and the professionals got a new perspective on the families’ experiences with healthy living they did not previously consider. We also found that the iterative design process did not fully align with the organizational structures in the municipality or with the needs of stakeholders, leading to friction in the partnership. This study emphasizes the complexity of using an anti-hierarchical approach within a hierarchical context, and the importance of being aware of how the DBR approach shapes the partnership, as well as of how the social dynamics within the partnership shape the design process.

Cognitive Linguistics, gesture studies, and multimodal communication

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Cienki
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Multimodal Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sociological Factors ◽  
Gesture Studies ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Political Economic

AbstractThe fields of Cognitive Linguistics and gesture studies have begun to find each other of great interest in recent years. The cross-recognition is making for a healthy relationship because it is not a simple “mutual admiration society”, but a relation in which recognition of the other involves change and development on the part of each. Taking the usage-based tenet of Cognitive Linguistics seriously in light of video-recorded data of talk raises questions about the very object of study in Cognitive Linguistics, what its nature is, and what its scope is. The still nascient modern field of gesture studies calls for empirical research tied to the real life contexts of gesture use in order to gain a more complete picture of the phenomena “at hand”. Discussion of the place of studying multimodal communication within Cognitive Linguistics leads to consideration of broader political, economic, and sociological factors in academia which can play a role in determining the future of the field.

Do We Need to Review Outcome Measures in Schizophrenia to Capture ‘Real-life’ Situation?

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
A. Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Real Life ◽  
List Type ◽  
Life Situation ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Real Life Situation ◽  
New Perspective

Introduction:Outcome measures in schizophrenia are defining aspects for deciding the status of recovery based upon which people’ scientific body forms opinions. It is also important in dealing with stigma related to schizophrenia. Recently the concept of ‘recovery’ and ’ outcome’ has come under scientific scrutiny. Literature does not show a consistent pattern in outcome. both short term and long-term outcome show variability, which is often, explained by cultural factors. It has been generally considered that devolved countries have poor outcome than developing, non-industrialized countries. This view has also been challenged recently. the paper draws from the conceptual aspects if our outcome measure are capturing ‘real-life’ situation. We conducted two studies in Mumbai, India:1.Study of stigma & discrimination, which brought out the facts of families’ expectation and disappointments with level of recovery.2.A 10 years long term study, to determine recovery status of recovered patients.80% patients and families felt that recovery is inadequate and short of social integration despite continued treatment in stigma study. in outcome study, 60% patients showed good recovery as per CGIS. These patients were reassessed on 13 outcome criteria's of Meltzer. It is observed tat half of the patients who recovered continue to live with symptoms, a quarter with varying suicidality and side effects, most of the patients were not socially integrated, majority have not returned to productivity, employment and education It is concluded that outcome criteria's need a thoughtful revision and a new perspective to capture ground reality.

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