Human Milk: Benefits, Composition and Evolution

Breastfeeding provides all the energy that the child needs in the form of nutrients in the first months of life. The components cover the nutritional needs in all stages, including colostrum and final or mature milk. It must also be taken into account that the composition of milk varies from one woman to another, between both breasts, between feedings and in the different stages in the same mother. It can be said that variation is an active mechanism to perfectly adjust to the nutritional and immunological needs of each child. Components of breast milk can exert beneficial non-nutritional functions. Breast milk also has bioactive factors, which affect biological processes and, therefore, have an impact on health. In the nutrition of premature babies, parenteral nutrition is carried out first, which later becomes enteral through different strategies, such as early minimal enteral nutrition. Despite this, they still present postnatal growth restrictions, which is associated with adverse neurocognitive outcomes. Breast milk achieves multiple benefits in both preterm and term births. Digestion and absorption in the stomach and intestines follow circadian rhythms in mammals, and these rhythms are regulated by rhythmically expressed clock genes in the intestine, as well as by daily food intake.

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Gestational Hypertension and Their Impact on Activin A Concentration of the Human Milk

10.21203/rs.3.rs-944608/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chiara Peila ◽

Elena Spada ◽

Alessandra Coscia ◽

Stefano Sottemano ◽

Giulia Fregnan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Gestational Hypertension ◽

Random Effect ◽

Covariance Structure ◽

Study Groups ◽

Activin A ◽

Mature Milk ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Introduction It is known that Preeclampsia affects the lactogenesis, but literature data on the effects of this syndrome on the neurobiomarkers composition and Activin A of Human Milk of the lactating mother are not available. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of this gestational pathology on Activin A levels, a neurobiomarker known to play an important role in the development and protection of the central nervous system.Methods The women recruited in the study were divided in two different study groups: preeclamptic or healthy women. All the breast milk samples were collected using the same procedure into sterile devices BPA-free. Activin A was quantified using an ELISA test. To investigate the effect of pathology in the Activin a concentration in the 3 phases, mixed linear model with unistructural covariance structure, mother as random effect, and fixed effects were performed.Results Activin A was detected in all samples. There were no significant differences between Preeclamptic mother and Normotensive women. The only significant effect is related to the HM phase: in particular, it is significant the difference between colostrum and mature milk (p<0.01).Conclusion There is not any significant difference in Activin A breast milk composition from hypertensive and normotensive women. This result allows us to affirm that breast milk beneficial properties are maintained even if gestational hypertension occurs.

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Complementary Feeding Practices in a Cohort of Italian Late Preterm Infants

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10121861 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1861 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Maria Giannì ◽

Elena Bezze ◽

Lorenzo Colombo ◽

Camilla Rossetti ◽

Nicola Pesenti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infants ◽

Complementary Feeding ◽

Feeding Practices ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Late Preterm ◽

Late Preterm Infants ◽

Low Protein ◽

Phone Calls ◽

Nutritional Needs ◽

Level I

Limited data are available on complementary feeding in preterm infants, who show increased nutritional needs and are at risk of altered postnatal growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the timing and content of complementary feeding in a cohort of late preterm infants. We conducted a prospective, observational study, including mothers who had given birth to infants admitted to level I or II of care with a gestational age between 34 and 36 weeks. Mothers were contacted at 3, 6 and 12 months after delivery by phone calls and were asked about their infant’s mode of feeding and the timing and schedule of the introduction of different solid foods types. A total of 49 mothers and 57 infants completed the study. The mean postnatal age of the introduction of complementary foods was 5.7 ± 0.7 months. Low energy and/or low protein-dense foods were first introduced in most infants. Fruit as the first type of complementary food in the infant’s diet was associated with a 1.6-month advance in initiating complementary feeding. The present findings provide further insight into complementary feeding practices in late preterm infants and underline the need for specific recommendations addressing this vulnerable population.

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Might the Mothers of Premature Babies Feed Them and Devote Some Milk to the Milk Bank?

International Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1155/2018/3628952 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pasqua Anna Quitadamo ◽

Giuseppina Palumbo ◽

Liliana Cianti ◽

Matteo Luigi Napolitano ◽

Ciro Coviello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Psychological Trauma ◽

Premature Baby ◽

Single Donor ◽

Premature Babies ◽

Milk Bank ◽

Starting Point ◽

Healthy Growth

The breast milk is the gold standard food for the feeding of the premature baby: it is the natural way to provide excellent nutritional, immunological, and biological nutriment so as to facilitate a healthy growth and the development of the infants. When the breast milk is not available, the alternative is represented by the donated milk. The mothers of premature infants are important opportunity if we consider the fact that they could devote some milk both because they provide a food which is closer to the needs of the vulnerable category of newborns and because it is, for the mothers, a way to overcome the detachment and the psychological trauma of a premature birth. There are no data on this kind of donation. The aim of the study is to evaluate the contribution of the milk donation to the HMB of CSS by women who gave birth to premature infants of gestational age <35 weeks and to analyze the macronutrient composition of the “preterm” donated milk. The CSS HMB has recruited 659 donors totalling 2236 liters of donated milk over a period of 7 years. 38 donors (5.7%) gave birth to a gestational age <35 weeks. Almost 20% of the donated milk comes from mothers of premature babies and this is a very important fact because it shows the huge potential belonging to this category of mothers. Taking into account the parameter regarding the birth weight, it was found that VLBW mothers contributed for 56% to preterm donation while ELBW mothers contributed for 41%. By evaluating the variable gestational age, about 40% of the average total donation derives from mothers who gave birth before the 25 weeks, while a contribution of 46% is attributable to the category of newborns with a GA between 25 and 32 weeks. Besides, some other exceptional examples can be outlined. Regarding the correlation analysis DM resulted in negative correlation with GA weeks (r=-0.31, p=0.058) and with BW g (r=-0.30, p=0.068) achieving values which are very close to the significance. The comparison between the donor volume averages of the preterm and full-term groups is statistically significant. The composition data are in line with the literature: there is an increase by 18 % in the protein component of the milk deriving from the mothers of the premature infants; the gap in carbohydrates is less significant (5-6%) and the gap in calories is similarly low being only 2% higher than the single donor milk and 11% more than the pooled milk. The data on the lipids line up to single donor term milk, while it grows by 24% compared to the pooled one. The study shows that even at very low or extreme gestational age it is possible to obtain an appropriate production of breast milk. This awareness becomes a fundamental starting point for the activation in a standardized way of all the strategies of promotion and support of food that have proven effective with the HM in NICU.

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Hubungan ASI Eksklusif dengan Kejadian Underweight di Jawa Timur Tahun 2016

Amerta Nutrition ◽

10.20473/amnt.v1i3.2017.180-188 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 180

Author(s):

Mahmudah Wati Sugito ◽

Agus Sri Wardoyo ◽

Trias Mahmudiono

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Total Sample ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Nutritional Needs ◽

Relationship Of

Background: Underweight is a public health problem caused by many factors. The prevalence of underweight in East Java in 2016 was 17.3%, wich was higher than the program’s targetted (12.9%). Breast milk is the best food to support the growth and development of the baby. Coverage of Exclusive Breast Milk in East Java in 2015 decreased (68.8%), compared to 2014 (72.89%). Early supplementary feeding in infants under 6 months may affect nutritional status. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship of Exclusive Breast milk with the incidence of underweight in infants aged 0-23 months in East Java Province in 2016. Method: This study is a secondary data analysis of Nutrition Status Monitoring in East Java Province. The study population was all babies in East Java. Total sample is 4738. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test and Logistic Regression, with 95% CI (α = 0.05). Results: The results showed there was a significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding only from birth until before the last 24 hours in infants aged 0-23 months with the incidence of underweight, with (p=0.000010;OR=1.654;95%CI=1.319–2.052), there was a significant relationship of first to provide a food other than breast milk in infants aged 0-23 months with the occurrence of underweight, (p = 0.000;OR=0.272; 95%CI=0.217–0.341).Conclusion: In conclusion, breastfeeding only in infants from birth until before the last 24 hours and first provide food other than breast milk in infants aged 0-23 months associated with underweight. Because breast milk is sufficient nutritional needs of infants aged 0-6 months.ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Masalah gizi kurang merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang disebabkan oleh banyak faktor. Prevalensi underweight di Jawa Timur tahun 2016 sebesar 17,3%, lebih tinggi dari target program Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur sebesar 12,9%. ASI merupakan makanan terbaik untuk mendukung pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi. Cakupan ASI Eksklusif di Jawa Timur tahun 2015 menurun (68,8%), dibandingkan tahun 2014 (72,89%). Pemberian makanan pendamping ASI dini pada bayi di bawah 6 bulan dapat mempengaruhi status gizi. Tajuan: Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis hubungan ASI Ekslusif dengan kejadian underweight pada bayi usia 0-23 bulan di Provinsi Jawa Timur tahun 2016.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan analisis data sekunder survei Pemantauan Status Gizi Provinsi Jawa Timur. Populasi penelitian adalah semua bayi berusia 0-59 bulan yang ada di Jawa Timur. Total sampel sebanyak 4738 bayi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Chi-square dan Regresi Logistik.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antara pemberian ASI saja sejak lahir sampai sebelum 24 jam terakhir pada bayi usia 0-23 bulan dengan kejadian underweight (p=0,000010;OR=1,654;95%CI=1,319–2,052), ada hubungan pertama kali memberikan makanan selain ASI pada bayi usia 0-23 bulan dengan kejadian underweight, (p = 0,000;OR=0,272; 95%CI=0,217–0,341).Kesimpulan: Simpulan yaitu pemberian ASI saja pada bayi sejak lahir sampai sebelum 24 jam terakhir dan pertama kali memberikan makanan selain ASI pada bayi usia 0-23 bulan berhubungan dengan kejadian underweight. Pemberian ASI saja sudah mencukupi kebutuhan nutrisi bayi usia 0-6 bulan.

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Efforts to increase knowledge of mother toddlers about complementary foods to breastfeeding in Mapane Village, Poso, Indonesia

Community Empowerment ◽

10.31603/ce.4488 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 701-706

Author(s):

Ida Nuraidah ◽

Fransisca Noya ◽

Nilda Yulita Siregar ◽

Sony Bernike Magdalena Sitorus ◽

Christina Entoh

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Complementary Foods ◽

Under Five ◽

The World ◽

Who Standards ◽

Nutritional Needs

The nutritional needs of infants 6-24 months can be met by providing complementary foods with breast milk (MP-ASI). One of the causes of the increasing incidence of malnutrition at 12 to 24 months of age in the world and in Indonesia is the provision of complementary foods that are not in accordance with WHO standards. The purpose of this activity is to increase the knowledge of mothers about complementary foods. This activity was held in Mapane Village on November 7, 2020. The target of this activity is 5 mothers of toddlers. The method of this activity was distributing pre-test questionnaires to participants, distributing leaflets then conducting counseling, and evaluating activities through post-tests. The results of the counseling obtained an increase in the knowledge of mothers under five about complementary foods. The average of knowledge before extension was 74% and the average after extension was 96%. The results of this service recommend that village midwives in Mapane Village be able to provide continuous counseling at each posyandu

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Lutein concentration in human milk during early lactation and its relationship with dietary lutein intake

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980009004807 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1878-1884 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Hellas Cena ◽

Anna Maria Castellazzi ◽

Amedeo Pietri ◽

Carla Roggi ◽

Giovanna Turconi

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Maternal Plasma ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Dietary Recommendations ◽

Mature Milk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pregnancy And Lactation ◽

Age Range

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to estimate the lutein concentration in human milk during early lactation and its relationship with dietary lutein intake measured through the administration of a short FFQ.DesignA cross-sectional study in which an FFQ was administered twice: on day 3 (T0) and day 30 (T1) postpartum; meanwhile two breast milk samples were collected. Maternal plasma samples were obtained at T0. The comparison of dietary lutein intakes and likewise lutein concentrations in breast milk at T0 and T1 were analysed with Student’sttest. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the association between dietary lutein intake and lutein concentration in milk and plasma, respectively, as well as the correlation between breast milk and plasma lutein concentrations at T0.SettingPavia, northern Italy.SubjectsTwenty-one pregnant women, age range 24–42 years, were recruited during their last trimester on a voluntary basis.ResultsBoth breast milk and plasma lutein concentrations were significantly correlated with dietary lutein intake (r= 0·86,P= 0·0001 andr= 0·94,P= 0·0001, respectively). There was a clear significant correlation between milk and plasma lutein concentrations (r= 0·87,P= 0·0001). Mature milk lutein concentration, although significantly reduced at T1 (P< 0·01), maintained a fairly high correlation with dietary lutein intake (r= 0·82,P= 0·0001).ConclusionsEven though milk lutein concentration decreased during early lactation, it remained significantly correlated with daily lutein intake. Therefore, while awaiting further research, dietary recommendations advising intake of fresh fruit and vegetables rich in lutein, throughout the whole duration of pregnancy and lactation, are extremely useful.

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Measurement of Cellular Immune Function of Breast Milk and Health Education of Pregnant and Lying in Women

Tobacco Regulatory Science ◽

10.18001/trs.7.5.1.65 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 2954-2962

Author(s):

Shasha Hao ◽

Xiaorong Wang ◽

Jing Wang

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Mature Milk ◽

The Third ◽

Biological Specificity ◽

Health Related ◽

Calcium Magnesium ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Transition Milk ◽

Cellular Immune

Breast milk is different from any nutritional substitutes. Breast milk has biological specificity. The most irreplaceable nutrient for newborns is breast milk. In order to determine the immunoprotective effect of breast milk on newborns, 30 primiparas were selected to obtain a little milk before feeding in three different periods, which were divided into colostrum, transitional milk and mature milk. The contents of CD3, CD4, CD8, SlgA, IgG and IgM positive cells in nuclear cells were observed by inverted fluorescence microscope. The contents of IL-8, IFN - γ, and potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in different time periods were compared between six groups. The results showed that the content of IFN - γ cells in colostrum was 1.61 and that of IL-8 cells was 0.83. However, the contents of IFN - γ cells and IL-8 cells in colostrum decreased to 0.31 and 0.36 at the time of transition milk. Therefore, breastfeeding from the third to the fifth day after delivery can give more immune cells to the newborn, which is conducive to the establishment of their own immune system. Therefore, in the teaching of health-related knowledge to pregnant women, we should advocate more maternal breastfeeding newborns, for the health of the newborn.

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Fatty acid positional distribution in colostrum and mature milk of women living in Inner Mongolia, North Jiangsu and Guangxi of China

Food & Function ◽

10.1039/c8fo00787j ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 4234-4245 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Long Deng ◽

Qian Zou ◽

Biao Liu ◽

Wenhui Ye ◽

Chengfei Zhuo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Inner Mongolia ◽

Positional Distribution ◽

Mature Milk ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Food Records ◽

Milk Samples

In order to investigate the fatty acid composition and distribution in colostrum and mature milk, breast milk samples and 24 h food records were obtained from 65 lactating women across three regions in China.

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Integrative Analysis of the Genes Induced by the Intestine Microbiota of Infant Born to Term and Breastfed

Bioinformatics and Biology Insights ◽

10.1177/1177932220906168 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 117793222090616

Author(s):

Badreddine Nouadi ◽

Yousra Sbaoui ◽

Mariame El Messal ◽

Faiza Bennis ◽

Fatima Chegdani

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Differentially Expressed Genes ◽

Bacterial Colonization ◽

Biological Data ◽

Integrative Analysis ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Epithelial Tissue ◽

Biological Processes

Nowadays, the integration of biological data is a major challenge for bioinformatics. Many studies have examined gene expression in the epithelial tissue in the intestines of infants born to term and breastfed, generating a large amount of data. The integration of these data is important to understand the biological processes involved during bacterial colonization of the newborns intestine, particularly through breast milk. This work aims to exploit the bioinformatics approaches, to provide a new representation and interpretation of the interactions between differentially expressed genes in the host intestine induced by the microbiota.

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