scholarly journals Bird flu in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1593
Author(s):  
Kajol Thapa ◽  
Ved Prakash Mishra ◽  
Suraj Twanabasu ◽  
Susan Kusma
Keyword(s):  
Human Case ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Avian Flu ◽  
Bird Flu ◽  
Virus H5n1 ◽  
Year 2013

Avian flu also known as bird flu is caused by deadly virus H5N1 which initially was found in birds and wild animals, however, later it was found in human beings causing severe respiratory related problems. This review article was performed to understand the epidemiology of outbreaks of H5N1 in different districts of Nepal. First outbreak of strain H5N1 was reported in 2009. Consequently, highest number of outbreaks i.e. 201 was noted in the year 2013. Till date only one human case was identified by NPHL which was later confirmed by genetic laboratory in Japan in collaborating with WHO.

What is a convention?

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 442-455
Author(s):  
Dana Riesenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Philosophical Study ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Critical Response ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
Definition Of

Ever since David Lewis’s publication of Convention: A Philosophical Study (1969) his definition of a convention has been widely accepted and marginally challenged. Andrei Marmor’s book Social Conventions: From Language to Law (2009) is both a continuation and a critical response to Lewis’s work. “Convention”, alongside “rule” and “norm”, is one of the most important and fundamental philosophical concepts. We tend to think of our behavior as human beings, of our linguistic and social actions, as largely conditioned by conventions. Marmor examines the role and significance of conventions in language, in the moral sphere, and in the legal system. His definition of convention renders language less conventional than we had thought it is and morality more so. In this review article I present Marmor’s concept of convention and follow the book’s main arguments. I then point to what I think is amiss in his account of convention, namely, the idea that some norms are conventional, which yields a conflation of norms and conventions.

Real Selves: Persons as a Substantial Kind

1991 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 87-107
Author(s):  
E. J. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Body Problem ◽  
Human Person ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Biological Substance ◽  
Mind Body Problem ◽  
The Mind

Are persons substances or modes? (The terminology may seem archaic, but the issue is a live one.) Two currently dominant views may be characterized as giving the following rival answers to this question. According to the first view, persons are just biological substances. According to the second, persons are psychological modes of substances which, as far as human beings are concerned, happen to be biological substances, but which could in principle be non-biological. There is, however, also a third possible answer, and this is that persons are psychological substances. Such a view is inevitably associated with the name of Descartes, and this helps to explain its current unpopularity, since substantial dualism of his sort is now widely rejected as ‘unscientific’. But one may, as I hope to show, espouse the view that persons are psychological substances without endorsing Cartesianism. This is because one may reject certain features of Descartes's conception of substance. Consequently, one may also espouse a version of substantial dualism which is distinctly non-Cartesian. One may hold that a person, being a psychological substance, is an entity distinct from the biological substance that is (in the human case) his or her body, and yet still be prepared to ascribe corporeal characteristics to this psychological substance. By this account, a human person is to be thought of neither as a non-corporeal mental substance (a Cartesian mind), nor as the product of a mysterious ‘union’ between such a substance and a physical, biological substance (a Cartesian animal body). This is not to deny that the mind—body problem is a serious and difficult one, but it is to imply that there is a version of substantial dualism which does not involve regarding the ‘mind’ as a distinct substance in its own right.

scholarly journals A retrospective longitudinal study of animal and human rabies in Botswana 1989-2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
K.T. Moagabo ◽  
K.B. Monyame ◽  
E.K. Baipoledi ◽  
M. Letshwenyo ◽  
N. Mapitse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Impact Monitoring

A longitudinal study of animal and human rabies covering 18 years from 1989 to 2006 was retrospectively conducted in order to highlight the epidemiological features and trends of the disease in Botswana. Over the 18-year period, a total of 4 306 brain specimens collected from various species of animals including human beings with clinical signs consistent with rabies were submitted to the National Veterinary Laboratory in Gaborone for confirmatory diagnosis. Of the samples submitted, 2 419 cases were found to be positive for lyssavirus antigen; this presents an overall prevalence rate of 56.18 ± 1.48 %. About 85.7 % (2 074/2 419) of the cases were from domestic animals, 14.2 % (343/2 419) cases were from wild animals and two cases (0.1 %) were from human beings. During the first half of the study (1989-1997) the prevalence rate of the disease was estimated at 62.79 ± 1.85 % (1 645/2 620 positive) whereas during the second half (1998-2006) it was estimated at 45.91 ± 2.38 % (774/1 686 positive) and the difference between the two estimates was statistically, highly significant (Δ % = 16.88, SE 95) diff % = 3.015, SD = 5.599; P < 0.001). Ruminant rabies accounted for 79.99 % (50.92 % bovine, 28.40 % caprine and 0.67 % ovine) whereas canine (domestic dog) and feline (domestic cat) accounted for 16.01 and 0.87 %, respectively. Equine rabies accounted for 3.13 % with 1.35 and 1.78 %, respectively, for horses and donkeys. Jackal rabies accounted for more than 60 % of the total cases in wild animals. These findings are discussed in relation to the previous epidemiological situation of the disease (1979-1988), its socio-economic impact, monitoring and control in Botswana.

The Case for Animal Rights

Dialogue ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Animal Rights ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Moral Condemnation ◽  
Tom Regan

In his previous papers written on the topic of animal rights, Tom Regan argued that on the assumption that certain human beings have moral rights then so do certain animals. Here the argument is carried a stage further; Regan argues that some animals have certain moral rights. For the most part the book is taken up with criticizing alternative views concerning our moral obligations to animals and explaining and defending “The Rights View”. In the final chapter, Regan draws out the implications ofthe rights view. These include arguing for an obligation to be a vegetarian, moral condemnation of hunting and trapping of wild animals as well as of most of the uses of animals for scientific purposes. Animals are not to be used for toxicity tests, in education contexts or in scientific research even though this may produce beneficial consequences for humans and other animals. The book is very clearly written and well argued. It covers all important positions and arguments related t o the question of our moral obligations to animals. It is, I believe, the best book to appear on this subject to date.

scholarly journals Rabies and Wildlife

Oryx ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 343-344
Author(s):  
Michael Woodford
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
World Health ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
The World

Rabies in human beings is always fatal. The commonest source of human infection is the domestic dog, which in turn is infected by wild carnivorous animals. As a result of the widespread outbreak of rabies in recent years in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas there have been demands for wholesale slaughter of certain wild animals. The recently published fifth report of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Expert Committee on Rabies recommends control of certain vector species. The danger, as Michael Woodford points out in this assessment of the report, is that the methods used will almost certainly involve the killing of other harmless wildlife.

scholarly journals The Study of Epidemic Diseases Among Wild Animals

1931 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Elton
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Wild Mammal ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Wild Mice ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

1. Outbreaks of epidemic disease are common in populations of wild animals, including species little influenced by contact with the diseases of human beings or domestic animals.2. Such epidemics form one of the commonest factors responsible for fluctuations in numbers of wild mammals.3. An attempt is made to summarise the available published records of such epidemics (Section II), while certain unpublished records (communicated to me by naturalists) are contained in an Appendix.4. Little is known of the causes of these epidemics except in the cases of plague and tularaemia.5. The fluctuations in numbers of some wild mammal populations are sufficiently regular to make the forecasting of epidemics possible. This method is already applicable to wild mice.6. Mouse periodicities are discussed in detail, with special reference to epidemics and their causes, which are mainly obscure (Section III).7. Development of the forecasting methods described will make possible the prediction of many other wild mammal epidemics, and render intensive pathological and epidemiological studies more practicable than they have hitherto been.

scholarly journals New Clinical Applications of Electrolyzed Water: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Pianpian Yan ◽  
Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri ◽  
Deog-Hwan Oh
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Electrolyzed Water ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
Main Action ◽  
Action Modes

As the situation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still deteriorating, there has been a huge increase in the demand and use of disinfectants. Electrolyzed water (EW), as a novel broad-spectrum disinfectant and cleaner, has been widely used for several years. EW can be produced in an electrolysis chamber which contains dilute salt and tap water. It is an effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent, with several advantages such as on-the-spot, cheap, environmentally friendly and safe for human beings. Therefore, EW holds potential significance for high-risk settings in hospitals and other clinical facilities. EW can also be applied for wound healing, advanced tissue care, and dental clinics. The present review article highlights the latest developments and new perspectives of EW, especially in clinical fields. Furthermore, the main action modes of antibiofilm and antimicrobial will be summarized.

scholarly journals Research Trends on the Application of Electrolyzed Water in Food Preservation and Sanitation

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2240
Author(s):  
Pianpian Yan ◽  
Ramachandran Chelliah ◽  
Kyoung hee Jo ◽  
Deog Hwan Oh
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Electrolyzed Water ◽  
Livestock Management

Electrolyzed water (EW) has been proposed as a novel promising sanitizer and cleaner in recent years. It is an effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent that has several advantages of being on the spot, environmentally friendly, cheap, and safe for human beings. Therefore, EW has been applied widely in various fields, including agriculture, food sanitation, livestock management, medical disinfection, clinical, and other fields using antibacterial technology. Currently, EW has potential significance for high-risk settings in hospitals and other clinical facilities. The research focus has been shifted toward the application of slightly acidic EW as more effective with some supplemental chemical and physical treatment methods such as ultraviolet radiations and ultrasound. This review article summarizes the possible mechanism of action and highlights the latest research studies in antimicrobial applications.

scholarly journals Awareness about the carcinoma breast and the practices related to self- breast examination among women in developing countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2609
Author(s):  
Shipra . ◽  
Reema Kumari ◽  
G. N. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
English Language ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Carcinoma Breast ◽  
Breast Examination ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
Timely Treatment ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Year 2013

The aim of this review article was to evaluate the awareness of carcinoma breast and practices related to self- breast examination among women in developing countries. The study included the exploration of databases and journal websites, pub med, google scholar, and medline. The articles studied for the review were focused on english language articles from the year 2013 to 2019. This review focused on knowledge of breast cancer and its risk factors among women. Fifteen articles were reviewed on this topic from the year 2013 to 2019 in which general awareness level of breast cancer was probably better than the knowledge of risk factor, sign and symptoms. It also shows that although awareness and knowledge regarding Breast cancer was satisfactory but the knowledge of self-breast examination was low and practice of self-breast examination was least in developing countries. So, awareness programs related to breast cancer should be planned, to ensure early detection and timely treatment for better outcome.

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