scholarly journals Cognitive dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 253-259
Author(s):  
Luca Tateo
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Organization ◽  
Cognitive Dynamics ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Per Se

The proliferation of disciplinary labels, distinctions, borders, and hierarchies is an interesting semiotic phenomenon per se. In particular, the need to circumscribe a new semiotics field and then denoting it as transdisciplinary appears instead to be an exercise of politics. One cannot but fall into the paradox of any systemic organization, nicely described by Simmel a long time before: By choosing two items from the undisturbed store of natural things in order to designate them as “separate,” we have already related them to one another in our consciousness, we have emphasized these two together against whatever lies between them. And conversely, we can only sense those things to be related which we have previously somehow isolated from one another; things must first be separated from one another in order to be together. (Simmel 1994: 5)

scholarly journals Obesity and cognitive dysfunction

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Mariia Vladimirovna Matveeva ◽  
Julia Gennadevna Samoylova ◽  
Natalija Grigorevna Zhukova
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Systematic Data ◽  
Obvious Association ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Per Se

Obesity takes epidemic proportions, encompassing different groups of society. In turn, cerebrovascular pathology holds a leading position in the spectrum of neurological disorders. Researchers indicate a role of obesity in the development of cognitive impairment. However, the cellular and biochemical mechanisms underlying that connection are still poorly understood. In addition, despite the obvious association of obesity with the deterioration of mental activity demonstrated in clinical trials for a long time it was unclear whether these disorders are caused by obesity per se or related conditions, such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Currently there is scarse systematic data on a cause-effect relationships of these two pathologies.

scholarly journals Develop Agricultural Strategies to Increase Soil Carbon Sequestration and Reducing Greenhouse Gases Emission (Desenvolvimento de Estratégias Agrícolas para Aumentar o Sequestro de Carbono e Reduzir Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa)

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1222
Author(s):  
John Kimble
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Time Increase ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Reduce Emissions

O solo é uma dos nossos mais importantes recursos naturais.  Melhor manejo dos nossos solos pode aumentar o carbono orgânico e melhorar o ambiente de modo geral. Mudanças nas práticas agrícolas/florestais podem reduzir as emissões.  Muitas além de reduzir emissões aumentam a matéria orgânica do solo. Essas práticas agrícolas/florestais têm sido estudadas por um longo período de tempo  e vem sendo usadas em muitas áreas no mundo, mas elas não tem sido aceitas ou usadas na extensão necessária. O que é preciso são estratégias que levem a adoção de práticas que resultem em sequestro de carbono orgânico no solo e reduzam a emissão de GEE. Estratégias não são as práticas per se, mas as políticas de incentivo e penalização que as implementam. Devem ser desenvolvidas estratégias que superem as resistências a mudanças nas práticas agrícolas/florestais para aqueles que trabalham na terra. Essas estratégias não podem ser desenvolvidas sem a participação d e fazendeiros e florestais. Elas devem permitir lucratividade como parte da equação e devem ser ambientalmente amigáveis. Palavras - chave: mitigação, mudanças climáticas.  Desenvolvimento de Estratégias Agrícolas para Aumentar o Sequestro de Carbono e Reduzir Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa  ABSTRACTSoils are one of our most important resources.  Better management of our soils can increase Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and improve the overall environment.  Changing farming/ forestry practices can reduce emissions.  Many practices will reduce emissions and at the same time increase SOC.  These farming/forestry practices have been studied for a long time and are being used in many areas of the world but they have not been accepted and or used to the necessary extent.  What is needed are strategies that will lead to the adoption of practices that lead to SOC sequestration and a reduction of GHG’s.  Strategies are not the practices per se but the policies and or carrot and sticks that get the known practices on the ground.  Strategies need to be developed that overcome the resistance to changes in farming/forestry practices for the ones doing the work on the ground.  Strategies cannot be developed without input from the farmers/foresters.  These strategies need to allow profitability as part of the equation and they need to be environmentally friendly.Keywords: mitigation, climate change 

The Potential of E-Participation in Urban Planning

2010 ◽  
pp. 168-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Kubicek
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
Per Se

Because urban planning affects the living conditions of its inhabitants, most countries, at least western democracies, require some kind of citizen participation by law. The rise of the World Wide Web has led to recommendations to offer participation via the Internet (eParticipation) in various forms. However, many eParticipation applications are not well accepted and fall short of the expectations associated with them. This chapter argues that the electronic mode of participation per se does not change much. Rather, electronic forms of participation have to be embedded in the context of the respective planning processes and participation procedures. If citizens are not interested in participating in an urban planning process, they will not do so just because they could do it via the Internet. Therefore, an analysis of the barriers and deficits of eParticipation has to start with a critical review of traditional offers of participation. Against this background, the forms and methods of electronic participation are described and assessed in regard to expectations and barriers associated with them. It becomes apparent that eParticipation research has still not provided solid knowledge about the reasons for low acceptance of eParticipation tools. This research is largely based on case studies dealing with quite different subject areas. There is also high agreement that electronic tools will not substitute traditional devices for a long time. Instead, they will only complement them. Therefore, online and traditional forms of participation have to be designed as a multi-channel communication system and need to be analyzed against each context together. Accordingly, this paper starts with summarizing both the institutional context of urban planning and traditional modes of citizen participation and the development and use of technical tools as two backgrounds. Recognizing a certain degree of disappointment with the low use of eParticipation, future eParticipation research should focus on fitting electronic tools better into their context and apply more comprehensive and rigorous evaluation.

scholarly journals Metabolic cost in healthy fit older adults and young adults during overground and treadmill walking

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sauvik Das Gupta ◽  
Maarten Bobbert ◽  
Herre Faber ◽  
Dinant Kistemaker
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Treadmill Walking ◽  
Afternoon Session ◽  
Overground Walking ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Per Se

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether net metabolic cost of walking is affected by age per se. Methods We selected 10 healthy, active older adults (mean age 75 years) and 10 young adults (mean age 26 years), and determined their preferred overground walking speed. On the same day, in a morning and afternoon session, we had them walk at that speed overground and on a treadmill while we measured oxygen consumption rate. From the latter we subtracted the rate in sitting and calculated net metabolic cost. Results Anthropometrics were not different between the groups nor was preferred walking speed (1.27 m s−1 both groups). There was no difference in net metabolic cost of overground walking between older and young adults (e.g., in the morning 2.64 and 2.56 J kg−1 m−1, respectively, p > 0.05). In the morning session, net metabolic cost of walking was higher on the treadmill than overground in our older adults by 0.6 J kg−1 m−1 (p < 0.05), but not in young adults. Conclusion First, there is no effect of age per se on metabolic cost of overground walking. Second, older adults tend to have higher metabolic cost of walking on a treadmill than walking overground at preferred speed, and adaptation may take a long time. The commonly reported age-related elevation of metabolic cost of walking may be due to confounding factors causing preferred walking speed to be lower in older adults, and/or due to older adults reacting differently to treadmill walking than young adults.

The Logic Fundamentals of Machine Consciousness: Theory of Tri-State

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Wang ◽  
Ao ZHOU ◽  
Xin LIU
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Mathematical Basis ◽  
Cognitive Dynamics ◽  
Machine Consciousness ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
Thinking Tools

Abstract For a long time, the system of scientific methodology has been composed of logic, empirical (falsification), qualitative, quantitative and deterministic, and corresponding thinking tools. However, under the background of complexity science, the category of methodology should be changed, that is, on the basis of traditional methodology, non-classical logic, hierarchy, stereotype (topological invariant) and uncertainty should be added. This is also the main idea behind the “Thoery of Tri-state” in the first part of this paper. The core idea in the theory of “Tri-state” is “Tri-state Logic” (“positive | negative | uncertain state”). The ontology of “Tri-state Logic” aims to reveal the meta space-time movement law of things transforming from one form to another, that is, the coupling of time and space in the development of things, and the orientation and evolution of the continuity of things. The mathematical basis of “Tri-state Logic” is knot theory and dynamics theory. The second part of this paper designs a machine-consciousness model framework based on the “Theory of Tri-state” (Tri-state Logic). Its research starting point is the perspective of cognitive dynamics (cognitive psychology + dynamics), which is very different from the research ideas proposed by Minsky's “The Emotion Machine”. At the same time, this paper also tries to answer Turing's questions from different space-time dimensions, and gives an experimental idea of “kindergarten game” by comparing Turing's “imitation game”.

Origin of Hepatic Nuclear Inclusion Bodies

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 426-427
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
J. A. Greenlee ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Nuclear Inclusion ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Human Liver Cells ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Experimental Liver

Nuclear inclusion bodies seen in human liver cells may appear in light microscopy as deposits of fat or glycogen resulting from various diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis, cholestasis or glycogen storage disease. These deposits have been also encountered in experimental liver injury and in our animals subjected to nutritional deficiencies, drug intoxication and hepatocarcinogens. Sometimes these deposits fail to demonstrate the presence of fat or glycogen and show PAS negative reaction. Such deposits are considered as viral products.Electron microscopic studies of these nuclei revealed that such inclusion bodies were not products of the nucleus per se but were mere segments of endoplasmic reticulum trapped inside invaginating nuclei (Fig. 1-3).

200kv superconducting cryo electron microscope

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 642-643
Author(s):  
M. Iwatsuki ◽  
Y. Kokubo ◽  
Y. Harada ◽  
J. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Crystal Fields ◽  
Special Skill ◽  
Long Time

In recent years, the electron microscope has been significantly improved in resolution and we can obtain routinely atomic-level high resolution images without any special skill. With this improvement, the structure analysis of organic materials has become one of the interesting targets in the biological and polymer crystal fields.Up to now, X-ray structure analysis has been mainly used for such materials. With this method, however, great effort and a long time are required for specimen preparation because of the need for larger crystals. This method can analyze average crystal structure but is insufficient for interpreting it on the atomic or molecular level. The electron microscopic method for organic materials has not only the advantage of specimen preparation but also the capability of providing various information from extremely small specimen regions, using strong interactions between electrons and the substance. On the other hand, however, this strong interaction has a big disadvantage in high radiation damage.

A Stationary Solution of High-Energy Electron Reflection (HEER) for An Arbitrary Surface

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
YIQUN MA
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Solution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Bloch Wave ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
High Energy Electron ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Periodic Surface ◽  
Electron Transmission ◽  
Electron Reflection ◽  
Long Time

For a long time, the development of dynamical theory for HEER has been stagnated for several reasons. Although the Bloch wave method is powerful for the understanding of physical insights of electron diffraction, particularly electron transmission diffraction, it is not readily available for the simulation of various surface imperfection in electron reflection diffraction since it is basically a method for bulk materials and perfect surface. When the multislice method due to Cowley & Moodie is used for electron reflection, the “edge effects” stand firmly in the way of reaching a stationary solution for HEER. The multislice method due to Maksym & Beeby is valid only for an 2-D periodic surface.Now, a method for solving stationary solution of HEER for an arbitrary surface is available, which is called the Edge Patching method in Multislice-Only mode (the EPMO method). The analytical basis for this method can be attributed to two important characters of HEER: 1) 2-D dependence of the wave fields and 2) the Picard iteractionlike character of multislice calculation due to Cowley and Moodie in the Bragg case.

Direct imaging of charge transfer

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 680-681
Author(s):  
Yimei Zhu ◽  
J. Tafto
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Scattering Amplitude ◽  
High Temperature Superconductors ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Image Charge ◽  
Net Charge ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Electron Holes ◽  
First Time

The electron holes confined to the CuO2-plane are the charge carriers in high-temperature superconductors, and thus, the distribution of charge plays a key role in determining their superconducting properties. While it has been known for a long time that in principle, electron diffraction at low angles is very sensitive to charge transfer, we, for the first time, show that under a proper TEM imaging condition, it is possible to directly image charge in crystals with a large unit cell. We apply this new way of studying charge distribution to the technologically important Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+δ superconductors.Charged particles interact with the electrostatic potential, and thus, for small scattering angles, the incident particle sees a nuclei that is screened by the electron cloud. Hence, the scattering amplitude mainly is determined by the net charge of the ion. Comparing with the high Z neutral Bi atom, we note that the scattering amplitude of the hole or an electron is larger at small scattering angles. This is in stark contrast to the displacements which contribute negligibly to the electron diffraction pattern at small angles because of the short g-vectors.

Microstructural characterization of plasma-processed Ti-Al metal matrix composites

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 552-553
Author(s):  
M. G. Burke ◽  
M. N. Gungor ◽  
M. A. Burke
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Titanium Aluminide ◽  
Plasma Processing ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
High Temperature Strength ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Intermetallic Matrix ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
Intermetallic Matrix Composites

Intermetallic matrix composites are candidates for ultrahigh temperature service when light weight and high temperature strength and stiffness are required. Recent efforts to produce intermetallic matrix composites have focused on the titanium aluminide (TiAl) system with various ceramic reinforcements. In order to optimize the composition and processing of these composites it is necessary to evaluate the range of structures that can be produced in these materials and to identify the characteristics of the optimum structures. Normally, TiAl materials are difficult to process and, thus, examination of a suitable range of structures would not be feasible. However, plasma processing offers a novel method for producing composites from difficult to process component materials. By melting one or more of the component materials in a plasma and controlling deposition onto a cooled substrate, a range of structures can be produced and the method is highly suited to examining experimental composite systems. Moreover, because plasma processing involves rapid melting and very rapid cooling can be induced in the deposited composite, it is expected that processing method can avoid some of the problems, such as interfacial degradation, that are associated with the relatively long time, high temperature exposures that are induced by conventional processing methods.

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