scholarly journals Influence of Salinity on the Survival and Growth of Juvenile Coregonus Ussuriensis Berg

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianqing Huang ◽  
Enhui Liu ◽  
Wei Gu ◽  
Bingqian Wang ◽  
Fulin Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Estuarine Fish ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Salinity Change ◽  
Salinity Acclimation ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
In Captivity

Abstract To explore the suitable salinity range of Coregonus ussuriensis Berg, we investigated the effect of induced salinity change in captivity on C. ussuriensis with an initial body weight of 35 ± 1.5 g. After 30 days of salinity acclimation, the survival, growth performance, blood biochemical profiles, antioxidative capacity, and tissue structure of juveniles under four salinity conditions (8‰, 16‰, 24‰, and 32‰) were investigated. Our results revealed that serum penetration, blood glucose, and serum Na+, Cl−, and Mg2+ gradually increased with increasing salinity until 32‰ salinity, when a significant difference was observed, whereas the K+ concentration showed a downward trend. The tissue sections showed that under high salinity (32‰), the liver and gill tissues of the fish were severely damaged and the vacuolation was serious. The levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and serum cortisol gradually increased with increasing salinity. A gene expression analysis showed that the increase in salinity induced higher expression of stress-, growth-, and inflammation-related genes (HSP70, Gh and Igf-1, and IL-1β, respectively). The downregulation of stress-related gene expression at 32‰ salinity may indicate that this level of salinity exceeded the regulatory capacity of C. ussuriensis. We concluded that C. ussuriensis may survive in an estuary under 0–24‰ salinity. Our findings provide insights into the physiological adaptation of C. ussuriensis to salinity change. These results could improve our knowledge of the stress response and resilience of estuarine fish to hyposalinity and hypersalinity stress.

ATF4, DLX3, FRA1, MSX2, C/EBP-ζ, and C/EBP-α Shape the Molecular Basis of Therapeutic Effects of Zoledronic Acid in Bone Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 2274-2284
Author(s):  
Faroogh Marofi ◽  
Jalal Choupani ◽  
Saeed Solali ◽  
Ghasem Vahedi ◽  
Ali Hassanzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Zoledronic Acid ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Promoter Methylation ◽  
Methylation Level ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Osteoblastic Differentiation ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Scheduled Time

Objective: Zoledronic Acid (ZA) is one of the common treatment choices used in various boneassociated conditions. Also, many studies have investigated the effect of ZA on Osteoblastic-Differentiation (OSD) of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), but its clear molecular mechanism(s) has remained to be understood. It seems that the methylation of the promoter region of key genes might be an important factor involved in the regulation of genes responsible for OSD. The present study aimed to evaluate the changes in the mRNA expression and promoter methylation of central Transcription Factors (TFs) during OSD of MSCs under treatment with ZA. Materials and Methods: MSCs were induced to be differentiated into the osteoblastic cell lineage using routine protocols. MSCs received ZA during OSD and then the methylation and mRNA expression levels of target genes were measured by Methylation Specific-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (MS-qPCR) and real.time PCR, respectively. The osteoblastic differentiation was confirmed by Alizarin Red Staining and the related markers to this stage. Results: Gene expression and promoter methylation level for DLX3, FRA1, ATF4, MSX2, C/EBPζ, and C/EBPa were up or down-regulated in both ZA-treated and untreated cells during the osteodifferentiation process on days 0 to 21. ATF4, DLX3, and FRA1 genes were significantly up-regulated during the OSD processes, while the result for MSX2, C/EBPζ, and C/EBPa was reverse. On the other hand, ATF4 and DLX3 methylation levels gradually reduced in both ZA-treated and untreated cells during the osteodifferentiation process on days 0 to 21, while the pattern was increasing for MSX2 and C/EBPa. The methylation pattern of C/EBPζ was upward in untreated groups while it had a downward pattern in ZA-treated groups at the same scheduled time. The result for FRA1 was not significant in both groups at the same scheduled time (days 0-21). Conclusion: The results indicated that promoter-hypomethylation of ATF4, DLX3, and FRA1 genes might be one of the mechanism(s) controlling their gene expression. Moreover, we found that promoter-hypermethylation led to the down-regulation of MSX2, C/EBP-ζ and C/EBP-α. The results implicate that ATF4, DLX3 and FRA1 may act as inducers of OSD while MSX2, C/EBP-ζ and C/EBP-α could act as the inhibitor ones. We also determined that promoter-methylation is an important process in the regulation of OSD. However, yet there was no significant difference in the promoter-methylation level of selected TFs in ZA-treated and control cells, a methylation- independent pathway might be involved in the regulation of target genes during OSD of MSCs.

scholarly journals Impacts of Climate Change Interacting Abiotic Factors on Growth, aflD and aflR Gene Expression and Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus flavus Strains In Vitro and on Pistachio Nuts

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Alaa Baazeem ◽  
Alicia Rodriguez ◽  
Angel Medina ◽  
Naresh Magan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Pistachio Nuts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spoilage Fungi

Pistachio nuts are an important economic tree nut crop which is used directly or processed for many food-related activities. They can become colonized by mycotoxigenic spoilage fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus, mainly resulting in contamination with aflatoxins (AFs), especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The prevailing climate in which these crops are grown changes as temperature and atmospheric CO2 levels increase, and episodes of extreme wet/dry cycles occur due to human industrial activity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of interacting Climate Change (CC)-related abiotic factors of temperature (35 vs. 37 °C), CO2 (400 vs. 1000 ppm), and water stress (0.98–0.93 water activity, aw) on (a) growth (b) aflD and aflR biosynthetic gene expression and (c) AFB1 production by two strains A. flavus (AB3, AB10) in vitro on milled pistachio-based media and when colonizing layers of shelled raw pistachio nuts. The A. flavus strains were resilient in terms of growth on pistachio-based media and the colonisation of pistachio nuts with no significant difference when exposed to the interacting three-way climate-related abiotic factors. However, in vitro studies showed that AFB1 production was significantly stimulated (p < 0.05), especially when exposed to 1000 ppm CO2 at 0.98–0.95 aw and 35 °C, and sometimes in the 37 °C treatment group at 0.98 aw. The relative expression of the structural aflD gene involved in AFB1 biosynthesis was decreased or only slightly increased, relative to the control conditions at elevated CO, regardless of the aw level examined. For the regulatory aflR gene expression, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in 1000 ppm CO2 and 37 °C for both strains, especially at 0.95 aw. The in situ colonization of pistachio nuts resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) stimulation of AFB1 production at 35 °C and 1000 ppm CO2 for both strains, especially at 0.98 aw. At 37 °C, AFB1 production was either decreased, in strain AB3, or remained similar, as in strain AB10, when exposed to 1000 ppm CO2. This suggests that CC factors may have a differential effect, depending on the interacting conditions of temperature, exposure to CO2 and the level of water stress on AFB1 production.

scholarly journals Dopamine adjusts the circadian gene expression of Per2 and Per3 in human dermal fibroblasts from ADHD patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Faltraco ◽  
Denise Palm ◽  
Adriana Uzoni ◽  
Lena Borchert ◽  
Frederick Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dermal Fibroblast ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Circadian Gene ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Circadian Preference

AbstractA link between dopamine levels, circadian gene expression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has already been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of these relationships by measuring circadian gene expression in primary human-derived dermal fibroblast cultures (HDF) after dopamine exposure. We analyzed circadian preference, behavioral circadian and sleep parameters as well as the circadian gene expression in a cohort of healthy controls and participants with ADHD. Circadian preference was evaluated with German Morningness-Eveningness-Questionnaire (D-MEQ) and rhythms of sleep/wake behavior were assessed via actigraphy. After ex vivo exposure to different dopamine concentrations in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cultures, the rhythmicity of circadian gene expression (Clock, Bmal1, Per1-3, Cry1) was analyzed via qRT-PCR. We found no statistical significant effect in the actigraphy of both groups (healthy controls, ADHD group) for mid-sleep on weekend days, mid-sleep on weekdays, social jetlag, wake after sleep onset, and total number of wake bouts. D-MEQ scores indicated that healthy controls had no evening preference, whereas subjects with ADHD displayed both definitive and moderate evening preferences. Dopamine has no effect on Per3 expression in healthy controls, but produces a significant difference in the ADHD group at ZT24 and ZT28. In the ADHD group, incubation with dopamine, either 1 µM or 10 µM, resulted in an adjustment of Per3 expression to control levels. A similar effect also was found in the expression of Per2. Statistical significant differences in the expression of Per2 (ZT4) in the control group compared to the ADHD group were found, following incubation with dopamine. The present study illustrates that dopamine impacts on circadian function. The results lead to the suggestion that dopamine may improve the sleep quality as well as ADHD symptoms by adjustment of the circadian gene expression, especially for Per2 and Per3.

scholarly journals Bioinformatics analysis of DNMT1 expression and its role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma prognosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jili Cui ◽  
Lian Zheng ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhang ◽  
Miaomiao Xue
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dnmt1 Expression

AbstractHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common type of malignancy in the world. DNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) play key roles in carcinogenesis and regulation of the immune micro-environment, but the gene expression and the role of DNMT1 in HNSCC is unknown. In this study, we utilized online tools and databases for pan-cancer and HNSCC analysis of DNMT1 expression and its association with clinical cancer characteristics. We also identified genes that positively and negatively correlated with DNMT1 expression and identified eight hub genes based on protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Enrichment analyses were performed to explore the biological functions related with of DNMT1. The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) database was performed to explore the relationship between DNMT1 expression and immune-cell infiltration. We demonstrated that DNMT1 gene expression was upregulated in HNSCC and associated with poor prognosis. Based on analysis of the eight hub genes, we determined that DNMT1 may be involved in cell cycle, proliferation and metabolic related pathways. We also found that significant difference of B cells infiltration based on TP 53 mutation. These findings suggest that DNMT1 related epigenetic alterations have close relationship with HNSCC progression, and DNMT1 could be a novel diagnostic biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for HNSCC.

scholarly journals Effects of Slaughter Positions on Catecholamine, Blood Biochemical and Electroencephalogram Changes in Cattle Restrained Using a Modified Mark IV Box

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1979
Author(s):  
Jurhamid Columbres Imlan ◽  
Ubedullah Kaka ◽  
Yong-Meng Goh ◽  
Zulkifli Idrus ◽  
Elmutaz Atta Awad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Delta Waves ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
Lateral Recumbency

The proper slaughter positioning of animals is among the most crucial factors in animal welfare. The lateral position in Halal slaughter is a technique used around the world by Muslims, with a few practicing the upright position. The literature on the effects of slaughter in upright versus lateral positions on pain and stress is scarce. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of slaughter positions on blood biochemical parameters, plasma catecholamines, and electroencephalographic (EEG) responses. Twenty Brahman crossbred steers were subjected to slaughter in either lateral recumbency (LP) (n = 10) or an upright position (UP) (n = 10). There was a significant increase in adrenaline (p < 0.0001) and noradrenaline (p < 0.05) at T2 compared to T1 in the animals of both groups. A significant difference (p < 0.0001) was observed in the median frequency (MF) and total power (Ptot) of EEG, parameters for pain and stress, between the animals slaughtered in the upright and the lateral position. However, MF and delta waves were significantly higher (p < 0.05) after slaughter in the UP group than in the LP group. The results demonstrate a lesser amount of stress and pain responses among the LP group.

Screening of cervical cancer-related hub genes based on comprehensive bioinformatics analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Simei Tu ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Xiaocheng Yang ◽  
Wen Wen ◽  
Kangjing Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
The Cancer Genome Atlas ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Core Genes

BACKGROUND: Since the molecular mechanisms of cervical cancer (CC) have not been completely discovered, it is of great significance to identify the hub genes and pathways of this disease to reveal the molecular mechanisms of cervical cancer. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to identify the biological functions and prognostic value of hub genes in cervical cancer. METHODS: The gene expression data of CC patients were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The core genes were screened out by differential gene expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). R software, the STRING online tool and Cytoscape software were used to screen out the hub genes. The GEPIA public database was used to further verify the expression levels of the hub genes in normal tissues and tumour tissues and determine the disease-free survival (DFS) rates of the hub genes. The protein expression of the survival-related hub genes was identified with the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database. RESULTS: A total of 64 core genes were screened, and 10 genes, including RFC5, POLE3, RAD51, RMI1, PALB2, HDAC1, MCM4, ESR1, FOS and E2F1, were identified as hub genes. Compared with that in normal tissues, RFC5, POLE3, RAD51,RMI1, PALB2, MCM4 and E2F1 were all significantly upregulated in cervical cancer, ESR1 was significantly downregulated in cervical cancer, and high RFC5 expression in CC patients was significantly related to OS. In the DFS analysis, no significant difference was observed in the expression level of RFC5 in cervical cancer patients. Finally, RFC5 protein levels verified by the HPA database were consistently upregulated with mRNA levels in CC samples. CONCLUSIONS: RFC5 may play important roles in the occurrence and prognosis of CC. It could be further explored and validated as a potential predictor and therapeutic target for CC.

Solumedrol Treatment for Severe Sepsis in Humans with a Blunted Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Cortisol Response: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
pp. 088506662110388
Author(s):  
Divya Birudaraju ◽  
Sajad Hamal ◽  
John A. Tayek
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
To Receive

Purpose To test the benefits of Solumedrol treatment in sepsis patients with a blunted adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-cortisol response (delta <13 µg/dL) with regard to the number of days on ventilator, days on intravenous blood pressure support, length of time in an intensive care unit (ICU), 14-day mortality, and 28-day mortality. The trial was prospective, randomized, and double-blind. As part of a larger sepsis trial, 54 patients with sepsis had an intravenous ACTH stimulation test using 250 µg of ACTH, and serum cortisol was measured at times 0, 30, and 60 min. Eleven patients failed to increase their cortisol concentration above 19.9 µg/dL and were excluded from the clinical trial as they were considered to have adrenal insufficiency. The remaining 43 patients had a baseline cortisol of 32 ± 1 µg/dL increased to 38 ± 3 µg/dL at 30 min and 40 ± 3 at 60 min. All cortisol responses were <12.9 µg/dL between time 0 and time 60, which is defined as a blunted cortisol response to intravenous ACTH administration. Twenty-one were randomized to receive 20 mg of intravenous Solumedrol and 22 were randomized to receive a matching placebo every 8 h for 7-days. There was no significant difference between the two randomized groups. Data analysis was carried out bya two-tailed test and P < .05 as significant. Results Results: The mean age was 51 ± 2 (mean ± SEM) with 61% female. Groups were well matched with regard to APACHE III score in Solumedrol versus placebo (59 ± 6 vs 59 ± 6), white blood cell count (18.8 ± 2.2 vs 18.6 ± 2.6), and incidence of bacteremia (29 vs 39%). The 28-day mortality rate was reduced in the Solumedrol treated arm (43 ± 11 vs 73 ± 10%; P < .05). There was no change in days in ICU, days on blood pressure agents, or days on ventilator. Seven days of high-dose intravenous Solumedrol treatment (20 mg every 8 h) in patients with a blunted cortisol response to ACTH was associated with an improved 28-day survival. This small study suggests that an inability to increase endogenous cortisol production in patients with sepsis who are then provided steroid treatment could improve survival.

Effects of collection zones and storage on hatchability and survival of feral helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris galleata pallas) eggs

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
A.A. Yusuf ◽  
O.A. Jayeola ◽  
I.O.O. Osunsina ◽  
G.A. Dedeke
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Numida Meleagris ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Kainji Lake

The desire to shore up the shortfall in protein supply, the increased awareness of the importance of cholesterol free animal protein, like guineafowl, and the need to conserve their wild genes, have necessitated studies on improved captive breeding of feral helmeted guineafowl. Hence, this study was aimed at determining the effects of ecological zones and storage systems on the guineafowl eggs. Guineafowl eggs (n=214), were collected from identified and monitored-nests within the Kainji Lake National Park (KLNP) and Old Oyo National Park (OONP). Out of 91 eggs collected from KLNP, 32 and 38 were stored at room temperature (RT-21-25°C) and refrigerator (RF-17-20°C), respectively for five days prior to incubation while 21 eggs were not stored (NS-27-29°C), and out of 123 collected from OONP, 70 and 19 were stored for five days prior to incubation at (RT-21-25°C) and (RF-17-20°C), respectively while 34 eggs were (NS- 27-29°C). Prior to incubation, eggs were weighed, the height and width were measured. The process was repeated after incubation for unhatched eggs. Candling was done three days before hatching at day 29 of egg incubation. Embryo status of unhatched eggs was determined by cracking the eggs. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The NS eggs from Kainji (7.60%) and Oyo (2.01%) had the lowest percentage shrinkage in weight across the three storage systems. The order was reversed in height with RF eggs from Kainji (0.96%) and Oyo (0.46%) having lowest. The least shrinkage in width of eggs from Oyo was recorded in the RF eggs (0.00%) and in NS (0.59%) from Kainji. Eggs candling showed that presumed fertile (opaque) was highest (69.10%) in NS eggs followed by RT (45.00%). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the hatchability of eggs from the two parks though hatchability (7.60%) of Kainji eggs was higher than those of Oyo (7.40%). Further check on fertilization after incubation showed that RT (37.50%) eggs from Kainji were fertilized but were unable to hatch alive so also was RF eggs (21.10%). The study showed that the eggs sizes vary with ecozones while size of the eggs and storage systems affects hatchability and survival of feral helmeted guineafowl eggs in captivity. Keywords: Guineafowl; ecozones; storage systems; incubation; candling; hatchability

scholarly journals Cholesterol Transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

Cholesterol ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Tavoosi ◽  
Hemen Moradi-Sardareh ◽  
Massoud Saidijam ◽  
Reza Yadegarazari ◽  
Shiva Borzuei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Abca1 Expression

ABCA1 and ABCG1 genes encode the cholesterol transporter proteins that play a key role in cholesterol and phospholipids homeostasis. This study was aimed at evaluating and comparing ABCA1 and ABCG1 genes expression in metabolic syndrome patients and healthy individuals. This case-control study was performed on 36 patients with metabolic syndrome and the same number of healthy individuals in Hamadan (west of Iran) during 2013-2014. Total RNA was extracted from mononuclear cells and purified using RNeasy Mini Kit column. The expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 genes was performed by qRT-PCR. Lipid profile and fasting blood glucose were measured using colorimetric procedures. ABCG1 expression in metabolic syndrome patients was significantly lower (about 75%) compared to that of control group, while for ABCA1 expression, there was no significant difference between the two studied groups. Comparison of other parameters such as HDL-C, FBS, BMI, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure between metabolic syndrome patients and healthy individuals showed significant differences (P<0.05). Decrease in ABCG1 expression in metabolic syndrome patients compared to healthy individuals suggests that hyperglycemia, related metabolites, and hyperlipidemia over the transporter capacity resulted in decreased expression of ABCG1. Absence of a significant change in ABCA1 gene expression between two groups can indicate a different regulation mechanism for ABCA1 expression.

Effects of bovine oviduct epithelial cells, fetal calf serum and bovine serum albumin on gene expression in single bovine embryos produced in the synthetic oviduct fluid culture system

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona E. Pedersen ◽  
Øzen Banu Øzdas ◽  
Wenche Farstad ◽  
Aage Tverdal ◽  
Ingrid Olsaker
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fetal Calf Serum ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Glut 1 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oviduct Fluid

In this study the synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) system with bovine oviduct epithelial cell (BOEC) co-culture is compared with an SOF system with common protein supplements. One thousand six hundred bovine embryos were cultured in SOF media supplemented with BOEC, fetal calf serum (FCS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Eight different culture groups were assigned according to the different supplementation factors. Developmental competence and the expression levels of five genes, namely glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP), connexin43 (Cx43), β-actin (ACTB) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), analysed as mRNA by using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, were measured on bovine embryos cultured for 9 days. Gene expression of these in vitro-produced embryos was compared with the gene expression of in vivo-produced embryos. There was no significant difference found in embryo developmental competence between the Day 9 embryos in BOEC co-culture, FCS and BSA supplements in SOF media. However, differences in gene expression were observed. With respect to gene expression in in vivo and in vitro embryos, BOEC co-culture affected the same genes as did supplementation with FCS and BSA. HSP was the only gene that differed significantly between in vitro and in vivo embryos. When the different in vitro groups were compared, a significant difference between the BOEC co-culture and the FCS supplementation groups due to Glut-1 expression was observed.

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