Efficiency and persistence of insecticides with different action mechanisms applied on wheat stored pest sitophilus zeamais

Sitophilus zeamais is the most important insect-plague among stored grain pests. The method of chemical control based on phosphine is the most used for its control, however, this method presents some inconveniences, being a costly method in labor and dangerous to the operators from the toxicological point of view. Thus, the use of preventive control, which consists of the application of liquid insecticides on the mass of grains, during the loading of the warehouse, appears as an alternative against the attack of the pests that tend to settle in the mass of grains. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency and persistence of insecticides with different mechanisms of action on S. zeamais on stored wheat, simulating ideal storage conditions. An experiment was performed composed of the active ingredients: abamectin, spinosad, lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole, bifenthrin as a positive control, and the negative control was distilled water. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with four replicates. The wheat was stored in Gerbox containing 250 grams, all samples being treated directly in these containers by spraying the liquid on the wheat grains. After spraying, the samples were homogenized and infested with 15 adult individuals of S. zeamais and deposited in an air conditioned room at 30 ± 1 °C and relative humidity of 30 ± 2%, in order to provide conditions of high biological activity of the insects. The active ingredients spinosad and abamectin promoted a 100% control of S. zeamais up to 120 days of conduction of this assay. Regarding biological persistence, the active ingredients lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole and bifenthrin had control effects up to 60 days after application while the active principles abamectin and spinosad persisted until the end of the bioassay observations

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Peningkatan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Cabai dan Pengendalian Busuk Phytophthora melalui Biopriming Benih dengan Rizobakteri Asal Pertanaman Cabai Jawa Timur

Jurnal Hortikultura Indonesia ◽

10.29244/jhi.8.3.171-182 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 171 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aulia Zakia ◽

Satriyas Ilyas ◽

Candra Budiman ◽

Syamsuddin , ◽

Dyah Manohara

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Block Design ◽

Phytophthora Capsici ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Phytophthora Blight ◽

Blight Disease ◽

And Control ◽

East West

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study was to evaluate biopriming of chili seed with rhizobacteria to improve plant growth and control Phytophthora blight disease in a greenhouse. This experiment used three isolates of rhizobacteria, i.e. E1, E3C2 and F2B1, and isolate Phytophthora capsici (Cb6) isolated from the production center of chili in East Jawa. Laris variety from PT. East West was used in this experiment. This experiment used randomized block design with one factor, i.e. 11 levels of seed treatment (E1 rhizobacteria, E3C2 rhizobacteria, F2B1 rhizobacteria, E1+E3C2 rhizobacteria, E1+F2B1 rhizobacteria, E1+E3C2+F2B1 rhizobacteria, seed soaking in water, without soaking, metalaxyl, positive control and negative control). The result showed that seed treatment with combination of E1+F2B1 isolates when grown in nursery, significantly increased the height and number of leaves in chilli. Besides, seed treatment with F2B1 isolate and combination of E1+F2B1 isolates after transplanting were capable to improve plant growth and control Phytophthora blight disease in greenhouse.Keywords: greenhouse, isolate rhizobacteria, Phytophthora capsici ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengevaluasi perlakuan biopriming benih cabai dengan rizobakteri dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan bibit dan mengendalikan kejadian busuk Phytophthora di rumah kaca. Perlakuan biopriming benih dengan rizobakteri menggunakan tiga isolat rizobakteri E1, E3C2 dan F2B1 dan isolat Phytophthora capsici Cb6 hasil eksplorasi pertanaman cabai Jawa Timur. Benih yang digunakan dalam percobaan merupakan benih varietas Laris produksi PT. East West. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok satu faktor, masing-masing perlakuan diulang empat kali, dengan 11 taraf perlakuan, antara lain R0+ (kontrol positif, benih direndam dalam PDB tanpa perlakuan rizobakteri dengan inokulasi P. capsici), R0- (kontrol negatif, benih direndam dalam PDB tanpa perlakuan rizobakteri dan tanpa inokulasi P. capsici), R1 (perlakuan benih dengan isolat E1), R2 (isolat E3C2), R3 (isolat F2B1), R4 (kombinasi isolat E1+E3C2), R5 (kombinasi isolat E1+F2B1), R6 (kombinasi isolat E1+E3C2+F2B1), R0RA (benih direndam dalam air 24 jam), R0TR (benih tanpa rendam), R0M (benih direndam dalam metalaksil). Tanah inokulum P. capsici diberikan 28 hari setelah pindah-tanam di sekitar pangkal batang tanaman cabai di bawah permukaan tanah. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan, perlakuan dengan kombinasi isolat E1+F2B1 saat persemaian di rumah kaca nyata meningkatkan tinggi dan jumlah daun tanaman cabai. Perlakuan benih dengan isolat F2B1 maupun kombinasi isolat E1+F2B1 setelah pindah-tanam di rumah kaca memiliki kemampuan meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman serta mengendalikan penyakit busuk Phytophthora. Kata kunci: isolat rizobakteri, Phytophthora capsici, rumah kaca

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UJI AKTIVITAS PERTUMBUHAN RAMBUT KELINCI JANTAN DARI SEDIAAN HAIR TONIC YANG MENGANDUNG EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MANGKOKAN (Nothopanax scutellarium L.)

JFL : Jurnal Farmasi Lampung ◽

10.37090/jfl.v6i2.16 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Qurrota Aini

Keyword(s):

Hair Loss ◽

Hair Growth ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Hair Length ◽

Active Ingredients ◽

Male Rabbit ◽

Anova Test ◽

Length Measurements ◽

Dosage Formulation

Preparation stimulating hair growth (hair tonic) is cosmetic preparations used for volumizing hair growth or stimulate hair growth on balding or hair loss. This research aims to formulate hair tonic preparation of extract Nothopanax scutellarium and determine the effect of dosage formulation hair tonic N. scutellarium towards the growth of male rabbit. This research makes five sample formula with active ingredients extract N. scutellarium with concentration 0% (basic hair tonic), 25%, 35%, 45% and positive control (hair tonic preparations containing minoxidil). The treatment is done every day with the volume every time the basting of one mili liter each plot every day for twenty one days. Hair Length measurements performed on days 8 th , 15 th and 22 nd using calipers and the hair weight measurements performed on day 22 by way of shaved hair grows and then weighed. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test. The data length and weight of the negative control hair, formula-A (25%), formula-B (35%), formula-C (45%) and positive control at day 22 in a row is 11.56, 16.19, 14.60, 14.10, 18.58 mm and 387.325, 390.85, 386.9, 387.275, 392.1 mg. Dosage formulations hair tonic of N. scutellarium extract can increase hair growth male rabbits. Keywords : hair grower, extract of Nothopanax scutellarium , anova.

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Repellent Effects of Selected Organic Leaf Extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and Vernonia lasiopus (O. Hoffman) against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2021/2718629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Stephen Maina Gitahi ◽

Mathew Ngugi Piero ◽

David Nganga Mburu ◽

Alex Kingori Machocho

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compound ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Sitophilus Zeamais ◽

Tithonia Diversifolia ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Nontarget Organisms ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

Set Up

Introduction. Sitophilus zeamais infestation is among the major setbacks to sustainable maize farming and availability. It causes an estimated annual loss of 5–10% and 20–30% of the total maize grains loss in the temperate and tropical zones, respectively. Although synthetic pesticides are quick and effective in managing crop pests, their overuse and misuse is discouraged due to their detrimental effects on human and environment. Natural pesticidal products that are extracted from plants are particularly gaining importance as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. They are available, easily biodegraded and have low toxicity to nontarget organisms. Most botanical pesticides act on insects by repelling them away from the crops in the field or in the stores. Therefore, this study aimed to determine repellency potential of organic leaf extracts of Tithonia diversifolia and Vernonia lasiopus on S. zeamais. Materials and methods. The phytochemical profile of T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus was determined using GC-MS. Laboratory-based experiments were carried out using area preference method to assess the efficacy of the extracts against weevils for a test period of 5 h. Six groups of experiments were set up with ten S. zeamais in each test: positive control (Actellic), negative control (solvent only), and four different experimental extract concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100%). Results. The results indicated that T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus leaf extracts possess potent repellency effect on weevils. All the extracts simply discouraged S. zeamais from the treated areas recording significantly good levels of repellent activities between 26 and 96%. Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis manifested the presence of bioactive compound in the extracts which are associated with the repellency effects. Conclusion. The study scientifically confirms the traditional use of the T. diversifolia and V. lasiopus and provides important platform for further study on the extracts as bioresource of botanical repellent.

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Identification of the Anthelmintic Power of Anting-anting Leaf and Starfruit Leaf

Health Notions ◽

10.33846/hn40502 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 140-147

Author(s):

Sri Sulami Endah Astuti

Keyword(s):

Ascaris Suum ◽

Block Design ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Medical Laboratory ◽

Time Of Death ◽

Time Required ◽

Acalypha Indica

Ascariasis is an intestinal infection caused by the parasitic worm Ascaris lumbricoides. Starfruit leaf (Averrhoa bilimbi) and leaf anting-anting (Acalypha indica L) is a plant that is often used as a worm remedy in the community. Starfruit leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi) and Leaf anting-anting (Acalypha indica L) contain several compounds that have the potential as anthelmintics, namely saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ethanol extention of starfruit leaf leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi) and leaf anting-anting (Acalypha indica L) as anthelmintic on the time of death of Ascaris suum Goeze worms in vitro. The method in this study is experimental with post test only group design. Test animals from the study are Ascaris suum. The study was conducted at the Parasitology Laboratory, Medical Laboratory Department, Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya in 2019. This study used 6 treatment groups, NaCl 0.9% as a negative control and pirantel pamoate 0.25% as a positive control and ethanol extract of wuluh starfruit leaf and ethanol extract of Anting-anting with concentrations of leaves. 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, the Anova two way Block Design test, then continued using the Post Hoc test to determine differences between blocks and between treatments, against the time of Ascaris suum worm's death. The average time of death of Ascaris suum caused by ethanol extract of starfruit leaves concentration of 40% for 492.3 minutes and ethanol extract of leaf anting-anting 396.5 minutes, concentration of 60% ethanol extract of wuluh starfruit leaves for 278.5 minutes and leaf extract ethanol leaf anting-anting for 283.5 minutes, 80% concentration of ethanol extract of wuluh starfruit leaf for 141.8 minutes and ethanol extract of anting-anting leaf for 174 minutes, 100% concentration of ethanol extract of wuluh starfruit leaves for 66.75 minutes and extract ethanol leaf anting-anting for 92 minutes. So it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of starfruit leaves has an anthelmintic effect on the Ascaris suum worm more optimum than the ethanol extract of the Anting-anting leaves, because the time required is close to positive control that is 60 minutes. Keywords: anthelmintic; Ascaris suum; starfruit leaf; anting-anting leaf

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Symbiotics and Aloe vera and Symphytum officinale extracts in broiler feed

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4supl1p2677 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (4Supl1) ◽

pp. 2677 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paula Rodrigues Oliveira ◽

Fabiana Ramos Santos ◽

Eduardo Ferreira Duarte ◽

Gustavo Silva Guimarães ◽

Nadiessa Sartori Carvalho Mattos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Control Diet ◽

Aloe Vera ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Nutrient Utilization ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Symphytum Officinale ◽

Randomized Block Design

This study aimed to test the effects of dietary Aloe vera and Symphytum officinale extracts added separately or in combination with symbiotics on the performance, nutrient utilization, serum biochemical parameters, biometrics, and intestinal histomorfometry of broilers. The experiment had a randomized block design with five treatments and six replicates of ten broilers each. Treatments were as follows: negative control and positive control (diet without and with antibiotic, respectively); 0.2% Aloe vera (AV); 0.2% Symphytum officinale (S); 0.2% functional supplement, composed of symbiotics fermented in Aloe vera and comfrey plant extracts (S+PE). At seven days of age, FI of birds fed the Aloe vera extracts diets were lower than that observed for birds consuming the diet with Symphytum officinale extract and S+PE. Broiler performance remained unaffected by treatments at others ages evaluated. At 10 to 14 days of age the lowest ADCDM ADCCP was shown in group feed NC. The highest ADCCP was observed in PC control group and in diets supplemented with Aloe vera and S+PE. Serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phosphorus were affected by addition of extracts at seven, 21, and 35 days of age. The longest duodenal villi were observed in broilers fed S+PE diets at seven days of age. Aloe vera and Symphytum officinale extracts and symbiotics can be used in broiler diets as an alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics.

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Effect of phytase on intestinal phytate breakdown, plasma inositol concentrations, and glucose transporter type 4 abundance in muscle membranes of weanling pigs1

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz234 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (9) ◽

pp. 3907-3919 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hang Lu ◽

Imke Kühn ◽

Mike R Bedford ◽

Hayley Whitfield ◽

Charles Brearley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Plasma Membranes ◽

Glucose Transporter ◽

Inositol Phosphates ◽

Block Design ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽

Glucose Transporter Type 4

Abstract The objective of this present study was to determine the effects of phytase dosing on growth performance, mineral digestibility, phytate breakdown, and the level of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) in muscle plasma membranes of weanling pigs. A total of 160 barrows were used in a randomized completely block design and assigned to 4 treatments for a 7-wk study. Depending on the feeding phase, diets differed in dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels (positive control [PC]: 8 to 6.8g/kg Ca; 7.3 to 6.3 g/kg P; negative control [NC]: 5.5 to 5.2 g/kg Ca; 5.4 to 4.7 g/kg P). NC diets were supplemented with phytase at 0 (NC); 500 (NC + 500 FTU); or 2,000 FTU/kg (NC + 2,000 FTU) phytase units/kg. Blood was collected after fasting (day 48) or feeding (day 49) for measurement of plasma inositol concentrations. On day 49, 2 pigs per pen were euthanized, and duodenal and ileal digesta samples were collected to determine inositol phosphates (InsP6-2) concentrations. High phytase supplementation increased BW on days 21, 35, and 49 (P < 0.05). Over the entire feeding period, ADG, ADFI, and feed efficiency were increased by NC + 2,000 FTU compared with the other treatments (P < 0.05). Postprandial plasma inositol concentration was increased in NC + 2,000 (P < 0.01), but there was only a tendency (P = 0.06) of a higher fasting plasma inositol concentration in this group. Inositol concentrations in the portal vein plasma (day 49) were not different among treatments. Duodenal digesta InsP5 and InsP6 concentrations were similar in PC and NC, but higher in these 2 treatments (P < 0.05) than those supplemented with phytase. Phytase supplementation decreased InsP6-4, resulting in increased InsP3-2 and myo-inositol concentrations. Similar effects were found in ileal contents. Compared with NC, phytase supplementation resulted in greater cumulative InsP6-2 disappearance (93.6% vs. 72.8% vs. 25.0%, for NC + 2,000 FTU, NC + 500 FTU and NC, respectively, P < 0.01) till the distal ileum. Longissimus dorsi muscle plasma membrane GLUT4 concentration was increased by NC + 2,000 FTU (P < 0.01) compared with NC. In summary, high phytase supplementation increased growth performance of nursery pigs. The higher myo-inositol release from phytate could contribute to the increased expression of GLUT4 in muscle plasma membranes. Further investigation is needed to determine whether this is associated with enhanced cellular glucose uptake and utilization.

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129 Effect of phytase on growth performance and carcass classification in growing-finishing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.094 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 51-52

Author(s):

Caio A Silva ◽

Cleandro P Dias ◽

Marco A Callegari ◽

Kelly L Souza ◽

Adsos Passos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Control Diet ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Optimal Dosage ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Initial Body Weight ◽

Quadratic Effect ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Final Weight

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the optimal dosage of phytase fed to growing-finishing pigs. One hundred and twenty barrows, 71 d old and initial body weight 25.16 ± 2.80kg, were distributed in 40 pens according to a randomized complete block design and assigned to 5 treatments: 1. Positive control: diet formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirement of pigs (PC); 2. Negative control: PC diets formulated with 0,11% lower Ca and 0,13% lower available P (NC); 3. NC + 1,500 FYT of phytase; 4. NC + 3,000 FYT of phytase; 5. NC +4,500 FYT of phytase. The corn-soybean meal-based diets were formulated to be iso-nutrient and isoenergetic, except for Ca and av. P. The 4 diets were formulated according to a growing I (71-94 days of age), growing II (95-115d), finishing I (116-143 d) and finishing II (144-156 d) phases. Carcass traits were measured and submitted to the European Carcass Classification (SEUROP). Performance and carcass data were submitted to ANOVA, and regression analysis. There was a quadratic effect on FCR (P< 0.05) in growing I phase,; better FCR (quadratic, P< 0.05) on finishing II to 1,500 and 3,000 FYT (5.56 and 0.35%, respectively); an increase of 5.43 and 1.52% DWG in finishing II (quadratic, P< 0.05) and a reduced 6.60% to 4,500FYT; an improvement the total DWG and final weight (quadratic, P< 0.05) in 6.19 and 4.52%, and 5.27 and 3.57%, for 1,500 and 3,000 FYT, respectively. Phytase supplementation did not improve Carcass weight (P >0.05). The animals fed with 4,500 FYT diet had more carcasses classified as E (between 55–60% lean meat-SEUROP) compared other groups. Doses between 1,500 and 3,000 FYT improve FCR, DWG and final LW of growing and finishing pigs.

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PSVI-8 Effects of a mycotoxin deactivator on performance of gestating and lactating gilts fed diets containing added mycotoxins

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.725 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 398-399

Author(s):

Sinthia Siqueira ◽

Hébert De Brito ◽

Wagner Araújo ◽

Hélio Neves ◽

Mara Benfato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Diet Composition ◽

Block Design ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

The Impact

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a mycotoxin deactivator in diets containing added mycotoxins for gestating and lactating gilts on their performance. A total of 60 gilts (LD x LW) were used. After insemination the gilts were distributed among 3 dietary treatments according to a randomized block design: a negative control (CON); mycotoxin positive control (Myc); and a positive control added a mycotoxin deactivator (Myc+Deact 2 kg/ton; Unike®Plus, Adisseo). The total mycotoxins levels added to the diets 2 and 3 from d 75 of gestation until farrowing were: DON at 2.5 mg/kg, FBs at 10 mg/kg, and ZEA at 0.75mg/kg. Sows received the experimental diets from d 75 of gestation until weaning (i.e. 21 d). At farrowing, total number of piglets born, born alive, stillborn, and mummies were measured. Piglets were individually weighed 24-h post-farrowing, and at weaning to determine litter performance during lactation. The effects of diet composition, blocks and initial weight were tested according to a general linear procedure analysis of variance (GLM procedure of SAS). During gestation, treatments influenced (P = 0.022) sow mortality rate: CON had no mortality and Myc 15.8% and Myc+deact 10.5%. Same observation was made for the lactation period (P = 0.017): CON showed a lower mortality rate compared to the mycotoxin fed sows (5.0 vs. 31.2 vs. 11.8%, respectively for CON, Myc and Myc+deact). Sow milk production yield was greater (P = 0.021) in CON (11.66 vs. 9.53 vs. 9.67 kg/ d, respectively for CON, Myc and Myc+deact). As a consequence of that, treatments also influenced piglet (P = 0.047) and litter (P = 0.048) weight with a higher value for CON sows, followed by Myc+deact and Myc. Our findings showed that the use of the deactivator can mitigate the negative effects on performance when animals are subjected to diets contaminated by challenging levels of mycotoxins.

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Inclusion of the direct-fed microbial Clostridium butyricum in diets for weanling pigs increases growth performance and tends to increase villus height and crypt depth, but does not change intestinal microbial abundance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz372 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 98 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gloria A Casas ◽

Laia Blavi ◽

Tzu-Wen L Cross ◽

Anne H Lee ◽

Kelly S Swanson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Diet ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Clostridium Butyricum ◽

Weanling Pigs ◽

Villus Height ◽

Weaned Pigs ◽

Crypt Depth

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of the direct fed microbial Clostridium butyricum in diets for weanling pigs will improve growth performance, systemic immune function, microbiota composition, and gut morphology in weaned pigs. A total of 275 newly weaned pigs (20 ± 2 d of age) with an average initial BW of 6.4 ± 0.8 kg were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 11 pens per treatment. Diets included a positive control diet containing Carbadox, a negative control diet without Carbadox, and three treatment diets in which 1,250 × 108 cfu/kg, 2,500 × 108 cfu/kg, or 3,500 × 108 cfu/kg of C. butyricum was added to the negative control diet. A two-phase feeding program was used (phase 1, 14 d; phase 2, 21 d). At the conclusion of the experiment (day 35), a blood sample was collected from one pig per pen (11 pigs per treatment) and this pig was then euthanized and digesta and tissues samples were collected. Results indicated that for the overall phase, pigs fed the positive control diet had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI and tended (P = 0.064) to have greater final BW than pigs fed the negative control diet. The ADG and G:F increased and then decreased as increasing doses of C. butyricum were included in the diet (quadratic, P < 0.05). The concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α was less (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the positive control diet compared with pigs fed the negative control diet or diets containing C. butyricum. Crypt depth tended (P = 0.08) to be less in pigs fed the negative control diet compared with pigs fed the positive control diet and villus height tended to increase as the doses of C. butyricum increased in the diets (quadratic, P = 0.08). Villus height also tended (P = 0.084) to be greater in pigs fed diets containing C. butyricum compared with pigs fed the positive control diet. Crypt depth increased as the dose of C. butyricum increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) and villus width at the bottom tended to increase (linear, P = 0.072) as the dose of C. butyricum increased in the diet. Alpha and beta diversity indices of ileal and colonic microbiota were not affected by diet. In conclusion, addition of 1,250 × 108 cfu/kg of C. butyricum, but not greater levels, to diets fed to weanling pigs increased growth performance and tended to increase villus height and crypt depth, but changes in the abundance of intestinal microbiota were not observed.

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Energy utilization and growth performance of broilers receiving diets supplemented with enzymes containing carbohydrase or phytase activity individually or in combination

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507815807 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 99 (3) ◽

pp. 682-690 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Oluyinka A. Olukosi ◽

Aaron J. Cowieson ◽

Olayiwola Adeola

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Performance Criteria ◽

Net Energy ◽

Nutrient Requirements ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Highly Correlated

Energy utilization in broilers as influenced by supplementation of enzymes containing phytase or carbohydrase activities was investigated. Day-old male broilers (480) were allocated to four slaughter groups, thirty broilers in the initial slaughter group and 150 broilers in each of the final slaughter groups on days 7, 14 and 21. Broilers in each of the final slaughter groups were allocated to five treatments in a randomized complete block design, each treatment had six replicate cages of five broilers per replicate cage. The diets were maize–soyabean based with wheat as a source of NSP. The treatments were: (1) positive control that met nutrient requirements of the day-old broiler chick; (2) negative control (NC) deficient in metabolizable energy and P; (3) NC plus phytase added at 1000 FTU/kg; (4) NC plus cocktail of xylanase, amylase and protease (XAP); and (5) NC plus phytase and XAP. Gain and gain:food were depressed (P < 0·05) in the NC diet. Phytase improved (P < 0·05) gain at all ages and gain:food at days 0–14 and days 0–21. There was improvement (P < 0·01) in net energy for production, energy retained as fat and protein from days 0 to 14 and from days 0 to 21 in phytase-supplemented diet compared with the NC diet. Net energy for production was more highly correlated with performance criteria than metabolizable energy and may be a more sensitive energy utilization response criterion to use in evaluating broiler response to enzyme supplementation.

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