scholarly journals Commercialization as a Factor in the Development of Institutional Aspects of Technoscience

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-144
Author(s):  
Елена Брызгалина ◽  
Elena Bryzgalina ◽  
Вениамин Занфира ◽  
Veniamin Zanfira
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Scientific Technical

The article features the institutionalization processes of modern technoscience, which occur under the influence of commercialization. These processes are described on the basis of the conceptual consideration of science as a social institution. Institutionalization is undestood as the process of formation of stable patterns of social interaction between science, technology, and business and their organizational and legal consolidation. Commercialization of technoscience leads to the formulation of a specific sphere of commodity production, where the product becomes an object of intellectual property, and social relations are built to obtain knowledge as a product aimed at transforming the world. This product is distinguished by its performativity, availability, and practical utility. In technoscience, the institutional forms of commercialization of activities are determined by the scope of its use, e.g. pharmacy or medicine, as well as private interests (from commercial profit, achieving power positions, strengthening prestige and gaining competitive advantages, to the whim of the beneficiary). The present research proves that the institutions that arise in the process of commercialization form infrastructure of the innovation activity. Thus, the process of institutionalization of technoscience has one of the main objectives of the formation of innovation infrastructure. All in all, organizations of scientific, technical, innovative, and support structures (government, commercial and non-profit organizations, etc.) act in the public interest. That way, they ensure the continuous progressive development of society by overcoming production downturns, its restructuring, changing, and expanding the product line, enhancing its competitiveness and attractiveness for domestic and foreign markets, as well as creating new jobs and preserving scientific and technical potential. The present research belongs to leading scientific school of Moscow State University "Transformation of culture, society, and history: philosophical and theoretical understanding"

scholarly journals Indonesian Traditional Market Flexibility Amidst State Promoted Market Competition

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Mangku Purnomo ◽  
Fenna Otten ◽  
Heiko Faust
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Traditional Market ◽  
Market Management

The penetration of modern supermarkets is believed to be the cause of the declining role of traditional markets and street vendors in Indonesia. Nevertheless, the competition between state-promoted markets and traditional markets is rarely discussed, both adaptation of market institution and strategy of market actors. This research outlined a theoretical understanding of the dynamics of traditional markets, along the concepts of market flexibility as an adaptation strategy and coordination problems as market actor strategies. The researchers empirically reflect the strategies of four traditional vegetable markets that still survive from tight competition—both the market itself as a social institution, and the strategies of actors involved in market transactions. The traditional market builds flexibility by: (1) Specifying commodities, (2) segmenting customers, (3) changing market operating hour, (4) modifying transportation to operate more efficiently, and (5) low cost market management. At the actor level, competition problems are resolved by utilizing an emotional sentiment of friendship social relations; the formation of prices is determined by developing effective networks of information; and the cooperation problem is dealt with by building a system of punishment and reward based on informal mechanisms. This finding verifies the thesis stating that market competitiveness is determined by institutional flexibility against competition and the ability of market actors to build effective social interactions to maintain market sustainability. Based on the above explanation, further research needs to be focused on calculating how much efficiency is built due to market flexibility, both the transaction cost and the production cost in a quantitative manner. At the actor level, it is necessary to delineate the strategies being built, whether based on pure rational or economic and moral or non-economic considerations in solving coordination problems in the market.

scholarly journals Conceptual Approaches to the Problem of national Security Concept

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Ю. О. Загуменна
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
National Security ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The State ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Security Sector ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Special Protection

A comprehensive theoretical and legal study of the transformation of ideas about the nature of national security reform in domestic jurisprudence has been carried out. The author has defined the priorities and directions of the reform in the field of national security and, more importantly, its theoretical and methodological basis. It has been determined that the main object of the reform in the field of national security is the whole complex of public relations, which is subject to special protection by the system of entities of ensuring national security. The system of such social relations is centered around the defining national interests, which usually include the vital interests of a man, society and the state and the implementation of which ensures the state sovereignty, its progressive development, and safe living conditions and welfare of citizens. It has been noted that the main purpose of national security reform is to improve legislation and governance in the national security sector, which can provide qualitative strengthening in accordance with current and future needs of society to protect key national interests from external and internal real and potential threats. It has been concluded that national security is not considered in modern, both domestic and international science, exclusively as an “acquisition” and a sphere of monopoly responsibility of the state; we cannot eliminate the active participation of civil society structures, which should exercise public control over the course of such a reform and, if necessary, should have the tools of close communication with state authorities at the stage of initiating the reform, constructing its goals and objectives, directions and perspectives and at the stages of its implementation. Restriction of the capacity of the state, especially in times of economic crisis, highlights the need to optimize the participation of non-government actors in ensuring national security. Obviously, such activity of the non-governmental sector should be strongly encouraged by legislative instruments, legitimizing measures for national security reform through its close involvement and providing them with additional public support.

scholarly journals The financialization of Danish cooperatives and the debasement of a collective housing good

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Hojer Bruun
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Housing Cooperatives ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Public Sharing ◽  
Collective Housing ◽  
The One ◽  
Political Economic

The article tells the story of Danish cooperative housing’s radical transformation from a collective housing good and commons to a financialized asset during the 2000s when neoliberal housing reforms were introduced and the mortgage finance market was deregulated. Processes of financialization of collectively owned housing have to be understood not only in relation to the dynamics of the surrounding housing market and political-economic changes but also to the communities and social relations that they presuppose and feed off, often in contradictory ways, as people are motivated by both solidarity and private interests. Housing cooperatives have existed as a form of collective housing throughout the 20th century, balanced, on the one hand, between the reproduction of kin, family and local communities and the common good and, on the other, between the market and the reproduction of the base for both families, local communities and the larger public sharing the housing commons. During the 2000s, processes of financialization brought the market and the cooperatives’ base so close together, primarily through new mortgaging opportunities, that families and communities have lost their savings and the base has been undermined, both in a material and an immaterial sense.

Conceptualising employee involvement in service innovation: an integrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marit Engen ◽  
Lars Fuglsang ◽  
Tiina Tuominen ◽  
Jon Sundbo ◽  
Jørn Kjølseth Møller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Employee Involvement ◽  
Service Innovation ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Innovation Studies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Innovation Activities

PurposeEmployees are considered as important contributors to service innovation, but the literature is not unanimous about what employee involvement in service innovation entails. To advance theoretical understanding of the topic, this paper develops a conceptual framework for analysing employee involvement in service innovations, reviews existing research on the topic and proposes a research agenda.Design/methodology/approachDifferent modes of employee involvement in service innovation are distinguished based on two dimensions: (1) the intensity of employee influence on service innovation and (2) the breadth of the innovation activity in which employees are involved. This conceptual framework is abductively developed through a literature review of empirical service innovation studies to identify and analyse whether and how these modes of employee involvement are manifested in the service innovation literature.FindingsThe findings delineate six modes of employee involvement in the reviewed service innovation studies. Employees are primarily seen as having a strong influence on situated innovation activities but a limited influence on systemic innovation activities. The findings show that more research is needed to assess the connections between different modes of employee involvement.Practical implicationsThe findings can be used by practitioners to assess the possibilities different modes of employee involvement may bring to service innovation activities.Originality/valueThe proposed conceptual framework and the analysis of current research and research gaps in service innovation studies provide a clear research agenda for progressing multidimensional understanding of employee involvement in service innovation.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT AS AN INSTRUMENT OF STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-86
Author(s):  
Y.I. Molotkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
World Economic Crisis

The world economic crisis of 2009, subsequent events of economic stagnation and overcoming the crisis of European countries, America and Russia showed that even stably carrying out scientific, technical and economic progressive development of the country fall into a wave crisis process. This process is primarily associated with production and consumption. In Russia, it was aggravated by a deep severance of economic ties, for example, due to a power crisis in Ukraine, as well as the adoption of US and EU sanctions. The result of the economic crisis is an increase in poverty in Russia. The article describes the current problems and tools for the implementation of documents adopted by the president and the government of the program-project strategic development of the state for the period up to 2024, which should ensure the socio-economic development of the population and the country, and are also included in the top 5 economies of the world.

A History of the Future: Carolyn Wood Sherif, Equitable Knowledge, and Feminist Psychology

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Marecek
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Sociology Of Science ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Boundary Crossing ◽  
Feminist Psychology ◽  
The Future ◽  
Institutional Relations ◽  
Narrow Space ◽  
The Military ◽  
Thought Styles

Writing some 40 years ago, Carolyn Wood Sherif left a legacy of critical reflections on the fledgling field of feminist psychology. Here I read her work, not as a record of the past, but with an eye to the future. In the two works I consider in this essay, Sherif offered a scrutiny of the knowledge-producing practices and social relations of the psychology of her time, as well as an agenda for feminist research practice. I draw on Ludwik Fleck’s sociology of science to reflect on Sherif’s thoughts. For Fleck, scientific communities are thought collectives with characteristic styles of thinking that come to seem like objective reality. Sherif took issue with many thought styles of orthodox psychology, particularly the dicta that limited psychological inquiry to narrow space-time frameworks, thus erasing culture, history, and social structure. In addition, Sherif advocated for a critical consciousness of the institutional relations of psychology, in particular the ways that psychology buttressed and was buttressed by the military. Sherif’s concerns remain urgent today. I urge readers to join epistemological debates and boundary-crossing conversations. I also call on readers to join with social critics in examining the discipline’s place as a social institution.

Gender

Sociology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janeen Baxter ◽  
Heidi Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Unequal Access ◽  
Biological Differences

The term gender refers to the cultural and social characteristics attributed to men and women on the basis of perceived biological differences. In the 1970s, feminists focused on sex roles, particularly the socialization of men and women into distinct masculine and feminine roles and the apparent universality of patriarchy. More recent work has critiqued the idea of two distinct genders, calling into question the notion of gender dichotomies and focusing attention on gender as a constitutive element of all social relationships. Gender has been described as a social institution that structures the organization of other institutions, such as the labor market, families, and the state, as well as the social relations of everyday life. In addition, scholars have pointed to the ways in which gender is constructed by organizations and individual interactions. Gender not only differentiates men and women into unequal groups, it also structures unequal access to goods and resources, often crosscutting and intersecting with other forms of inequality, such as class, race, and ethnicity.

ASSESSMENT OF THE CAPABILITY TO IMPLEMENT KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT BY REGIONS OF UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Nаtaliia Podluzhna
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Knowledge Development ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Communication Services ◽  
Development Level ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Assessment ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
Educational Field

The paper studies potentiality in innovation and knowledge state with regions of Ukraine that contributes to their knowledge development and formation of economics of knowledge on regional and national level. It determines the list of indices allowing the status assessment in innovation activity among economic players in a region, and that of research and scientific-technical works. Regions of Ukraine are grouped in accordance with the development level state in science and innovation activity. The article generalizes the potentiality assessment for the knowledge development of regions of Ukraine on the ground of the criteria of power of educational field, distribution of information and communication services and potential in the sphere of science and innovations.

Bhagavad Gita and Hindu modes of capitalist accumulation in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhabani Shankar Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Religious Philosophy ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Bhagavad Gita ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economic Stratification ◽  
Hindu Religion ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Bhagavad Gītā

Purpose The paper aims to understand and expand the idea of capitalist accumulation process from social structures of accumulation theory to religious structures of accumulation within the Indian context. It analyses the philosophical tenets of Hindu religious philosophy as outlined in the Bhagavad Gita. It argues that the ideological narratives within the Bhagavad Gita are concomitant with the logic of capitalism. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws its methodological lineage to nonlinear historical narrative around the concept and construction of Asiatic modes of production debate. The paper follows discourse analysis to locate how the Hindu religion as outlined in Bhagavad Gita provides philosophical foundation to capitalism in India. Findings The Bhagavad Gita (Songs of God) gives social and spiritual legitimacy to a specific form of production and accumulation processes by rationalizing and justifying socio-economic stratification based on eternal inequality. The paper focuses on the interface between cardinal principles of Hindu religion as outlined in the Bhagavad Gita and capitalist modes of social and economic processes in India. Originality/value The paper aims to advance a new concept called “Hindu modes of accumulation” by advancing the theoretical understanding of the theological processes in the Hindu religion, which reinforces capitalism and capitalist social relations in India.

scholarly journals TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF RUSSIA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
Vasily N. Nekrasov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Innovative Activity ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, the author tried to consider the impact of such innovation results as technology on domestic criminal law and to understand whether the legislator is ready for them. In the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the legislator does not once use a single general concept in relation to technical innovations, which allows to characterize its various elements. At the same time, the legislator traditionally uses such private terms as tools, means, equipment, system, etc. When considering this issue, the first thought that comes to mind is that technical innova-tions in the Criminal Code are regarded as instruments or means of committing a crime. In criminal law theory, there are many points of view on the question of distinguishing between "instrument" and "means" of crime. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not clearly understand the concepts under analysis. Technical innovations, such as equipment by domestic lawmakers, are regarded as instruments and means of committing a crime. The above concepts were traditionally used by the legislator to construct the norms of the Russian criminal law. At the same time, due to the active development of innovation activity, new technical innovations are appearing today, which, firstly, did not exist before, and secondly, they have a number of specific features. At the same time, definitions that were not previously used in the Russian criminal law, which allow judging about new possibilities of technology, which only stimulate the discus-sion about the legal status of technology, both in criminal law and in legislation as a whole, are already in place today. Social relations are undergoing certain changes as a result of innovative activities. In this regard, the object of crime is also being transformed. As a result, a new type of property is emerging, namely intellectual property, which is also subject to criminal law protection. It seems that today there is a need to combine the norms in the field of crimes that infringe on innovative activity into a separate group of norms. These social relations have a number of features that make it possible to consider forming them into a separate type of crime object. Separating groups of crimes in the area of innovative activity will be of great importance. In particular, it will make it possible to establish public danger in relation to a group of crimes and to analyse changes in the degree of public danger of crime depending on the type of quali-fying and attracting circumstances.

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