A Study of Nutrients from Sludge Applied to Land

1974 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-216
Author(s):  
T. E. Aldridge
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Couch Grass ◽  
Total Phosphate ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Abstract As part of experiments relating to the application of liquid digested sludge to cropland, four small plots bearing couch grass (Agropyrons repens) were treated at four rates ranging from 7.5 ins. to 0.9 in. in seven weeks. The nitrogen phosphorus and carbon content of each inch of the sludge was equivalent to: total nitrogen, 210 lb./ac.; ammonia nitrogen, 140 lb./ac.; total phosphate, 235 lb./ac; easily soluble phosphate, 45 lb./ac; total carbon, 1,800 lb./ac. Soil samples from the 0–3 in. level and from the 10–12 in. level of the uppermost soil horizon were analyzed for changes in the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter. Also growth and crop yield in terms of dry weight were determined at the various rates. By the end of eight weeks at the highest rate, the increases in nutrients in the top 3 inches were: ammonia nitrogen, 105 mg./Kgm; nitrate nitrogen, 50 mg./Kgm.;total phosphate, 1,450 mg./Kgm.; easily soluble phosphate, 50 mg./Kgm; organic carbon, 1.7%. The corresponding increases at the lowest rate were: ammonia nitrogen, 15 mg./Kgm.; nitrate nitrogen, 4.5 mg./Kgm.; total phosphate, 325 mg./Kgm.; easily soluble phosphate, 0; total carbon 0.1%. At the higher rates the nutrients were well in excess of requirements for a growing season and the excess was liable to leaching and transport in surface runoff. At the lower rates there appeared to be a fair balance between nutrients supplied and nutrients that would be taken up by the grass over a full growing season.

scholarly journals Influence of Fertilization on Gray-Brown Soils on Change of Food Mode in Soil Under Winter Wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 224-232
Author(s):  
R. Guliyeva
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Mobile Phosphorus

The article shows the influence of mineral and organic fertilizer norms on gray–brown soils and changes in the nutritional regime in winter wheat soils under irrigation in the Ganja–Gazakh region. It was found that the application of mineral and organic fertilizers for winter wheat in gray–brown soils significantly affected the change in the nutrient regime of the soil, significantly increasing the amount of nutrients easily absorbed by plants in the plowed and subsoil layers of the soil, as compared to the control (unfertilized) option, effective fertility increased, which in turn had a significant impact on productivity. At the end of the growing season, depending on the norm of mineral fertilizers in the soil layer 0–60 cm, ammonia nitrogen is 13.1–14.1, nitrate nitrogen is 7.2–7.4, mobile phosphorus is 7.0–8.0 and exchangeable potassium — 15.6–19.2 mg/kg, depending on the rate of organic fertilizers at the end of the growing season, ammonia nitrogen 12.6-–13.7, nitrate nitrogen 5.3–5.7, mobile phosphorus 6.2–6.6 and metabolic potassium while it increased by 20.4–21.2 mg/kg.

scholarly journals Container Size and Shade Duration Affect Growth of Flowering Dogwood

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 842-853
Author(s):  
Anthony L. Witcher ◽  
Fulya Baysal-Gurel ◽  
Eugene K. Blythe ◽  
Donna C. Fare
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
Bare Root

Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) is a valuable nursery product typically produced as a field-grown crop. Container-grown flowering dogwood can grow much faster than field-grown plants, thus shortening the production cycle, yet unacceptable crop loss and reduced quality continue to be major issues with container-grown plants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of container size and shade duration on growth of flowering dogwood cultivars Cherokee Brave™ and Cherokee Princess from bare-root liners. In 2015, bare-root liners were transplanted to 23-L (no. 7) containers and placed under shade for 0 months (full sun), 2 months (sun4/shade2), 4 months (sun2/shade4), or 6 months (full shade) during the growing season. In 2016, one-half of the plants remained in no. 7 containers and the other half were transplanted to 50-L (no. 15) containers and assigned to the same four shade treatments. In 2015, plant height was greatest with full shade for both cultivars, whereas stem diameter and shoot dry weight (SDW) were greatest in full shade for Cherokee Brave™. In 2016, both cultivars in no. 15 containers had greater plant height, stem diameter, root dry weight (RDW), and SDW. Full shade resulted in the greatest height, stem diameter, RDW, and SDW for Cherokee Brave™, and improved overall growth for ‘Cherokee Princess’. However, vigorous growth due to container size and shade exposure increased the severity of powdery mildew (Erysiphe pulchra) in both years. Substrate leachate nutrient concentration (nitrate nitrogen and phosphate) was greater in no. 15 containers but shade duration had no effect.

Chemical characteristics of the foliage of some deciduous trees in southeastern Ontario

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 2037-2045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Ricklefs ◽  
Kathryn K. Matthew
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Leaf Toughness ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

We collected foliage from 34 species of broad-leaved, deciduous trees in southern Ontario and determined an index of leaf toughness, weight per unit area, percent water, and percent of dry weight as available carbohydrate, crude fibre, hemicellulose, holocellulose, lignin, polyphenols, nitrogen, phosphorus, ash, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. We analyzed variation in these constituents within samples, among three sampling periods during one growing season, and among species.

Mechanism Analysis and Experimental Research on the Interception of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollutants by Gullies in Northern China

2011 ◽  
Vol 250-253 ◽  
pp. 3392-3396
Author(s):  
Yu Jia Song ◽  
Hui Qing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
Control Section ◽  
Nitrogen Pollutants

The discharge of urban sewage and agricultural non-point source pollutants is the main reason causing eutrophication in gullies in most cities of northern China. Based on a careful analysis on the ecological structure and ecological characteristics of a gully, this article preliminarily studies the interception and degradation mechanisms of nitrogen pollutants by the gully. Meanwhile, to take gullies in Changchun as the object of the study, this article carries out an experiment on the interception effect of nitrogen pollutants by gullies. This experiment respectively establishes a control section in the upper and lower reaches of a gully, and takes water samples four times in each section from May to August to determine total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and salinity. The result shows: the gully plays some role in the interception of pollutants; total phosphorus accounts for the largest interception in pollutants in the experimented gully section, with the relative interception rate of 27.46%, followed by ammonia nitrogen, with the interception rate of 21.80%, which is the result of the combined effects of aquatic plants, microorganisms and sediment in the gully.

scholarly journals Rust and leaf spot diseases on American elderberry plants

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kaley Hensel
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Conservative Estimate ◽  
Sambucus Nigra ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
High Level

Elderberry rust (Puccinia sambuci Schewin.) Arthur (=P. bolleyana) and leaf spot diseases are frequently found in commercial American elderberry (Sambucus nigra L. subsp. canadensis L.) plantings throughout the growing season in Missouri. Thus, studies were conducted to ascertain if rust infections affect plant growth, fruiting, or berry puree quality. Rust symptoms were observed in early April at 9 to 18[degrees] C, [greater than or equal to] 3 h leaf wetness, and [greater than or equal to] 85% relative humidity. When young, potted elderberry plants averaged 3 to 6 rust pustules/plant, vegetative growth was not adversely affected. However, field-grown elderberry plants heavily infected with rust (137 pustules/cane) lost nearly twice as many leaves as controls during the growing season, indicating rust-induced defoliation. Shoot dry weight of these heavily infected canes was also 32% less than that of controls. First and last harvest dates were advanced by the high level of rust infection on 'Wyldewood' elderberry canes, but not by low pustules numbers ([less than] 6 pustules/plant) on 'Bob Gordon' or 'Ozark' plants. Similarly, berry yields were not significantly different at low infection levels, even though rust-infected 'Bob Gordon' plants had a 31% reduction in yield with an estimated $440/ha loss of income. Heavily-infected 'Wyldewood' canes had a significant loss in berry yield (47%) and potential income ($2,295/ha), assuming a conservative estimate of five canes/plan. In another study, Colletotrichum was isolated from elderberry leaf spot lesions and identified before subsequent re-inoculation of elderberry plants with this pathogen. Three species of Colletotrichum (C. salicis Funkel, C. kahawae subsp. ciggaro Wollenw., and C. aenigma C.M. Tian and Z. Li) were putatively identified as being casual agents of leaf spot indicating the diversity of species within this genus on elderberry plants.

scholarly journals Allometric equation of local bamboo for estimating carbon sequestration of bamboo riparian forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 905 (1) ◽  
pp. 012002
Author(s):  
C Prayogo ◽  
C Muthahar ◽  
R M Ishaq
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Destructive Sampling ◽  
Industrial Activities ◽  
Bamboo Stem ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The cause of global warming is the increasing carbon concentration arising from industrial activities, burning of fossils, and land-use change. The purpose of this research was to find out the allometric equation to calculate the local bamboo biomass and then to be able to calculate how much carbon sequestration at bamboo riparian forest since this area was rarely being explored. The parameters observed were the height and diameter of the bamboo stem at 1.3 m height of 6 types of local bamboo using destructive sampling, along with the measurement of bamboo weight. The carbon content of the bamboo biomass, litter, and soil was measured to complement the estimation of total carbon sequestration. The results showed that the allometric equation for estimating local bamboo biomass is Y=0.6396 X1.6162 with R2=0.77, obtained from the relationship equations between dry weight and the diameter. Total carbon sequestration of this system ranged between 81 to 215 tons C ha−1.

scholarly journals Pepper root rot resistance and pepper yield are enhanced through biological agent G15 soil amelioration

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11768
Author(s):  
Xuejiang Zhang ◽  
Dazhao Yu ◽  
Hua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Biological Agent ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
And Control ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Total Potassium ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Pepper root rot is a serious soil-borne disease that hinders pepper production, and efforts are being made to identify biological agents that can prevent and control pepper root rot. Our group recently discovered and produced a biological agent, named G15, which reduces the diversity and richness of fungi and bacteria when applied to pepper fields. In the soil of the G15-treatment condition, the pathogenic fungus Fusarium was inhibited, while the richness of beneficial bacteria Rhodanobacter was increased. Also, the ammonia nitrogen level was decreased in the G15-treatment soil, and the pH, total carbon, and total potassium levels were increased. Compared to the control condition, pepper yield was increased in the treatment group (by 16,680 kg acre−1). We found that G15 could alter the microbial community structure of the pepper rhizosphere. These changes alter the physical and chemical properties of the soil and, ultimately, improve resistance to pepper root rot and increase pepper yield.

scholarly journals Assessment of High Salinity Wastewater Treatment with Dewatered Alum Sludge-Aerobic Membrane Reactor

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Kang ◽  
Xiyu Cui ◽  
Yanrui Cui ◽  
Linlin Bao ◽  
Kaili Ma
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Reactor ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Alum Sludge ◽  
Salinity Wastewater

Abstract The discharge of wastewater containing both high salinity and high organic content without prior treatment is detrimental to aquatic life and water hygiene. In order to integrate the advantages of membrane treatment and biological treatment, and exert the phosphorus removal efficiency of dewatered alum sludge, in this study, an aerobic membrane reactor based on dehydrated alum sludge was used to treat mustard tuber wastewater with salinity of 6.8-7.3 % under the conditions of 30 °C, 20 kPa trans-membrane pressure (TMP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 3300-3900 mg/L. Three replicate reactors were applied to assess the operational performance under different organic loading rate (OLR). The results showed that all reactors were effective in removing COD, ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N) and soluble phosphate (SP) under the conditions of 30 °C and 20 kPa of TMP. Meanwhile, the effluent concentration of COD, NH4 +-N and SP all increased while OLR was changed from 1.0 to 3.0 kg COD/m3/day, and the effluent COD and NH4 +-N concentration except for SP could reach the B-level of Chinese “Wastewater quality standards for discharge to municipal sewers” when OLR was less than 3.0 kg COD/m3/day. This indicates that dewatered alum sludge-based aerobic membrane reactor is a promising bio-measure for treating high salinity wastewater.

scholarly journals The Effect of Irradiance, Defoliation, and Bulb Size on Flowering of Nerine bowdenii W. Watson (Amaryllidaceae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.I. Theron ◽  
G. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Unit ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Large Nerine bowdenii bulbs (>14 cm in circumference) were exposed to low ligbt intensities for different periods during two successive growing seasons. The flowering percentage and number of florets in the current season's inflorescence were recorded at anthesis. Small and large bulbs were subjected to continual defoliation starting at different times during the growing season. Bulbs were dissected at planting (26 Sept. 1992) and on 12 Jan. 1993 (nondefoliated control bulbs) to determine growth and developmental stage. At anthesis, inflorescences were harvested and the florets per inflorescence were counted. After anthesis in the fall, all bulbs were dissected and the following variables recorded: 1) percentage flowering, quiescence, or abortion of the current season's inflorescence; 2) developmental stage of quiescent inflorescences; 3) number of florets in the outermost inflorescence; 4) developmental stage of the innermost inflorescence; 5) number of leaves or leaf bases in each growth unit; 6) number of daughter bulbs; and 7) dry weight of new leaf bases. There were three reasons for nonflowering of the bulbs, viz., failure to initiate an inflorescence, inflorescences remaining quiescent, and inflorescence abortion. Individual florets that had not reached stage “Late G” (gynoecium elongated, carpels fused) at the start of rapid inflorescence elongation aborted. The more florets that aborted, the greater the probability that the entire inflorescence aborted. The inflorescence was more vulnerable to stress during the first half of the growing season due to its relatively weak position in the hierarchy of sinks within the bulb.

Influence of the Initial Nitrogen Concentration on Eliminating Nitrogen Load of Europhia Sediment Capping with Active Barrier System (ABS)

2011 ◽  
Vol 374-377 ◽  
pp. 498-503
Author(s):  
Jin Lan Xu ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Jun Chen Kang ◽  
Ting Lin Huang ◽  
Yu Hua Dong
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Overlying Water ◽  
Sediment Capping ◽  
Time Treatment ◽  
Total Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Active Barrier

Abstract: Active barrier system (ABS) capping zeolite with large surface area and strong adsorption ability is an effective way to control eutrophication of lake since it can remove ammonia in the lake released by sediment. Influence of the initial nitrogen concentration on eliminating nitrogen load of europhia sediment capping with active barrier system (ABS) were studied through an investigation of the repairment results of serious pollution period (total nitrogen concentration up to 25.33 mg/L), moderate pollution period (14.39 mg/L) and the slight pollution period (3.47 mg/L) of the ancient Canal of Yangzhou. The results showed that: (1) zeolite F1 inhibition effect is stronger than zeolite F2. More TN were removed as the initial TN concentration increased and longer rapid inhibit period were presented with the increased initial TN concentration. (2) The ammonia nitrogen in sediment could be rapidly released into the overlying water, and with lower initial TN concentration in source water, more ammonia would be released from the sediment. Long time treatment was necessary to inhibit the release of ammonia completely if the water showed a high initial TN concentration. (3) After covering zeolite, the total nitrogen in the overlying water were removed mainly through nitrification and denitrification. At the initial TN concentration of 3.47 mg/L, 14.39 mg/L, 25.88 mg/L, 61%, 45% and 52% of TN were removed by the conversion of ammonia to nitrogen gas, however, others left in water as nitrate nitrogen and nitrite residues, and 90% was nitrate nitrogen.

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