Anaerobic Degradation of Municipal Wastes in Landfill

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 243-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Attal ◽  
J. Akunna ◽  
P. Camacho ◽  
P. Salmon ◽  
I. Paris
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Drill Hole ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
General Information ◽  
Landfill Site ◽  
Transformation Rate ◽  
Acceptable Error ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Thermophilic Conditions ◽  
Methane Potential

The objective of this study was to analyze the degree of decomposition of municipal solid waste (MSW) placed in a landfill site and, based on this analysis, to propose an investigatory procedure to be used to assess the energetic potential of any site. A sampling technique was developed in order to reduce the size of the MSW sample to 25-30 kg with an acceptable error of 20 %. Profiles of the strata were established which have shown a well ordered structure in horizontal layers corresponding to different MSW ages. The location of the two drill holes were chosen consequently. A sample per MSW age was carried out for each drill hole. Their degradation states were measured using an accelerated biodegradability test which also gives the methane potential. For all samples, the evolution of four parameters, temperature, % CH4, % VSS and methane potential, were analysed as a function of their age. Anaerobic microbial activity was detected in the top layer of the landfill, showing that refuse starts as soon as deposited to undergo anaerobic transformation. Indeed, the % CH4 reaches its maximum value of 60 % between 5 and 10 m. Temperature increases from about 26°C to 50°C in the first 15 m and stays at this maximum value. That shows that municipal wastes are degraded under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. Two relations between waste age and % VSS, and waste age and the energetic potential have been demonstrated. The % VSS represents about 65 % of the dry mass for the fresh wastes and is quite low for the 6 year-old refuse. This rapid waste transformation rate could be due to optimal conditions for anaerobic activity existing in the landfill. The methane potential is proportional to waste age, almost zero for the 6 year-old refuse and greater than 45 1.kg.−1 for fresh wastes. These results show that a simple and rapid measurement of the % VSS of an unknown sample could be a good indication of its age and its degradation state. As a result of this study, a two-step procedure has been developed that enables an evaluation of the energetic potential of a landfill site. The first step is to collect all the general information on the site, thus providing an initial estimate of the decomposition degree within the mass of the waste. The second step is then to confirm this estimation by sampling and analysing a few samples taken at shallow depths.

Prediction Rules for Biogas Valorisation in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Marticorena ◽  
A. Attal ◽  
P. Camacho ◽  
J. Manem ◽  
D. Hesnault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Landfill Site ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Methane Potential ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills ◽  
In Situ Decomposition ◽  
Solid Waste Landfills

The objective of this study was to develop a tool to predict the quantity of biogas produced by a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill site to allow the energy it represents to be exploited. The model proposed is based on a first-order kinetic equation which describes the production of methane during in-situ decomposition of MSW. This equation was applied to a landfill site considering the MSW mass as a series of layers of waste of differing ages. The equation includes three parameters: MPo, the methane potential of fresh waste which is specific to MSW, d, the in-situ life duration of the waste which depends on the landfilling conditions and Ti, the filling rate, i.e. the rate at which waste is placed in the landfill site. This simple model, usable for all types of landfill and, by virtue of the parameters it uses, closely represents the site operating conditions. The approach was applied to the Villeparisis site and predicted a methane production rate of between 270 and 410 m3h−1, quite close to the measured value of 300 m3.h−1. In addition, the possibility of simulating variable landfill rates and waste life durations can be used to guide site management techniques to optimize the valorisation of the biogas and provide a global approach to the problem by incorporating leachate collection into the biogas exploitation calculations.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE GROWTH AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FOUR STRAINS OF Nostoc AND Anabaena (CYANOBACTERIA, NOSTOCALES) IN RELATION TO SODIUM NITRATE

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Néstor Rosales Loaiza ◽  
Patricia Vera ◽  
Cateryna Aiello-Mazzarri ◽  
Ever Morales
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Nutritional Profile ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Essential Parameter ◽  
Anabaena Sp ◽  
High Concentrations

<p>Nitrogen concentration is an essential parameter in cyanobacterial cultures to produce enriched biomass with agricultural purposes. Growth and biochemical composition of Nostoc LAUN0015,Nostoc UAM206, Anabaena sp.1 and Anabaena sp.2 was compared at 0, 4.25, 8.5 and 17 mM NaNO3. Cultures under laboratory conditions were maintained for 30 days at a volume of 500 mL. Anabaenasp.1 yielded the highest value of dry mass of 0.26 ± 2.49 mg mL-1 at 8.5 mM NaNO3. For chlorophyll, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin were achieved maximum values at 17 mM NaNO3 with 18.09 ± 1.74, 102.90 ± 6.73 and 53.47 ± 2.40 μg mL-1, respectively. Nostoc LAUN0015 produced its maximum value of protein 644.86 ± 19.77 μg mL-1, and 890 mg mL-1 of carbohydrates in the absence of nitrogen. This comparative study shows that the most efficient strain for the production of protein, carbohydrates and lipids in diazotrophic conditions corresponded to Nostoc LAUN0015. However, Anabaena sp.1 and Anabaena sp.2 required high concentrations of nitrogen to achieve higher values of metabolites, comparing with Nostoc strains. Nitrogen dependence for the production of pigments and high protein production in strains of Anabaena and in diazotrophic conditions for Nostoc was demonstrated. Nostoc can be cultured under nitrogen deficiency andAnabaena in sufficiency, for mass production of biomass with good nutritional profile.</p>

scholarly journals Training needs assessment of rural women regarding health and hygiene practices in Bikaner district of Rajasthan

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-341
Author(s):  
Suchitra ◽  
Neena Sareen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Family System ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
General Information ◽  
Training Needs Assessment ◽  
Medium Level

The present study was conducted in six panchayat samities out of which Bikaner panchayat samiti was selected. Out of thirty one Gram panchayat in Bikaner panchayat samiti four Gram panchayat were selected one village was selected on the basis of random sampling technique. Findings revealed that the result of training needs of rural women regarding the major findings of the present study revealed that in general information majority of the respondents belonged to middle age group, educated up to primary, belonged to 4001-6000/- monthly income group, nuclear family system, other backward caste, involved in agriculture occupation, had above 2.1-5 hectare of land holding, no membership of social organization, no participated in training programme and medium level of mass media contact, urban contact and extension contact. It was reported that the ‘Family planning’, ‘Care of pregnant and lactating mother’, ‘Child care’ were perceived by the rural women as the most important training areas for improved health status whereas, ‘Environmental sanitation’, was perceived as the somewhat important training area by the rural women.

scholarly journals Body Mass Index Artistic Gymnastics Athlete in West Java

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Sumbara Hambali ◽  
Etor Suwandar
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Body ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Normal Body Mass Index ◽  
West Java ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Average Body Mass ◽  
Average Body

The purpose of this study is to find out the body mass index of women's artistic gymnastics in West Java. The research method used is the survey method. The population and sample in this study were all female Javanese artistic gymnastics athletes, amounting to 50 people and sampling using the total sampling technique. The instruments used are BMI (Body Mass Index) with the formula BMI = BB (Kg) / TB (m) 2. The technique of calculating and analyzing data in this study through a quantitative approach in the form of a percentage. Based on the results of the study it can be seen that the average body mass index (BMI) of female artistic gymnastics athletes in West Java is 19.57kg / m2, with a standard deviation of 0.76. Whereas the minimum value is 18.07kg / m2, and the maximum value is 22.06kg / m2. Based on the qualification table of the Body Mass Index (BMI) assessment, it can be concluded that the average female artistic gymnastics in West Java has a qualification for the Normal Body Mass Index.

Hubungan Tipe Kepribadian Dengan Tingkat Interaksi Sosial Lansia Di Panti Wredha Sultan Fatah Demak

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Galia Wardha Alvita ◽  
Sholihul Huda
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
General Information ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Diet Pattern ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRAKLatar Belakang : usia yang semakin tua pada lansia akan diikuti dengan perubahan interaksi sosial. Perubahan interaksi sosial lansia menimbulkan keterbatasan dalam berhubungan  dengan orang lain dan mempengaruhi kepuasan dalam hidup. Perubahan interaksi sosial tersebut dipengaruhi pula oleh pengalaman tipe kepribadian dimasa mudanya yaitu tipe kepribadian tertutup ataupun terbuka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Hubungan Tipe Kepribadian Dengan Tingkat Interaksi sosial pada Lansia di Panti Wredha Sultan Fatah Demak.Metode : Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif korelasi dengan rancangan cross sectional. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini 30 responden dengan teknik pengambilan sampel total sampling. Analisa penelitian menggunakan Chi Kuadrat.Hasil : sebagian besar lansia mempunyai tipe kepribadian introvert yaitu 16 responden (53,3%), dan sebagian kecil lansia mempunyai tipe kepribadian ekstrovet yaitu 14 responden (46.7%). Sebagian besar lansia memiliki tingkat interaksi sosial kurang sebanyak 18 responden (60 %) dan tingkat interaksi sosial baik sebanyak 12 responden (40%) dengan nilai p-value 0,024 (p0.05).Kesimpulan : Ada Hubungan Tipe Kepribadian Dengan Tingkat Interaksi sosial pada Lansia di Panti Wredha Sultan Fatah Demak. Berdasarkan hasil analisis statistik tersebut memberikan informasi umum yang berkaitan dengan hubungan tipe kepribadian dengan bagaimana lansia dalam berinteraksi sehingga dapat merumuskan intervensi yang tepat dalam meningkatkan interaksi sosial lansia sesuai dengan tipe kepribadiannya Kata Kunci       : Interaksi Sosial, Kepribadian, Lansia  ABSTRACTBackground: The aging process in the elderly will be followed by psychososial changes. Psychososial changes that occur result in disruption of sosial interaction of the elderly and lead to dependence on others and satisfaction in life. Psychoanalytic changes are also influenced by the experience of personality types in his youth. This study aims to determine the relationship between the type of personality and the level of sosial interaction in the elderly at the Panti Wredha Sultan Fatah Demak.Method: The type of research is descriptive correlation with cross sectional design. The number of samples in this study were 30 respondents with a total sampling technique. Research analysis uses Chi Squares.Results: most of the elderly have introverted personality types, namely 16 respondents (53.3%), and a small portion of the elderly have extrovet personality types, namely 14 respondents (46.7%). Most of the elderly have a level of sosial interaction less than 18 respondents (60%) and a good level of sosial interaction as many as 12 respondents (40%) with a p-value of 0.024 (p 0.05).Conclusion: There is a Relationship between Personality Types and the Level of Sosial Interaction in the Elderly at the Panti Wredha Sultan Fatah Demak. Based on the results of the statistical analysis, it provides general information relating to the relationship of personality types with how the elderly interact so that they can form appropriate interventions in increasing sosial interaction of the elderly according to their personality type. Keywords         : Diet pattern, History of hypertension, Elderly

scholarly journals IMPROVING THE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT WITH TRAINING BASIC EMERGENCY OBSTETRIC NEONATAL TO MIDWIFE IN SURAKARTA HEALTH CENTER

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 431
Author(s):  
Ropita Sari ◽  
Mujahidatul Musfiroh ◽  
Dyah Krisnawati Satia Pratiwi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Maximum Value

AbstrakPengetahuan bidan yang baik dan tepat sangat mendukung upaya pelayanan ibu dan anak yang komprehensif. Pengetahuan tentang Pelayanan Obstetrik Neonatal Emergensi Dasar (PONED) memberikan dasar pada bidan untuk mengidentifikasi komplikasi atau  kegawatdaruratan kehamilan, persalinan, nifas dan neonatal. Salah satu upaya peningkatan pelayanan kebidanan, melalui pelatihan PONED pada bidan di puskesmas agar bisa menurunkan risiko kesakitan dan kematian pada ibu dan bayi. Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan pengetahuan bidan tentang penanganan kegawatdaruratan ibu dan bayi. Metode penelitian  secara observasional analitik dengan rancangan The One Group Pretest Post Test dan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Populasi penelitian ini perwakilan bidan Puskesmas rawat inap dan rawat jalan sebanyak 17 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel secara Proporsional Random Sampling, sampel acak dengan proporsi bidan yang bekerja di Puskesmas di Surakarta. Sampel yang memenuhi kriteria retriksi 17 responden. Hasil  1 bidan pengetahuan lebih jelek setelah di beri pelatihan, 2 bidan berpengetahuan tetap sebelum maupun setelah pelatihan, 14 bidan mempunyai pengetahuan lebih baik setelah pelatihan. Hasil analisis univariat menunjukkan rerata pretes = 73.41, median = 71.4, nilai maksimum = 82.8 dan nilai minimum = 65.7. Hasil posttest menunjukkan rerata = 81.14, median = 80, nilai maksimum = 88.5, nilai minimun = 74.2. Hasil penelitian bivariat Uji Wilcoxon menunjukkan nilai p = 0,001, signifikan (p < 0,05). Secara statistic terdapat perbedaan pengetahuan yang bermakna antara sebelum pelatihan dibandingkan setelah  pelatihan.   Kata Kunci:Pengetahuan bidan, pelatihan  PONED, bidan  puskesmas  AbstractKnowledge of good and appropriate midwives strongly supports comprehensive maternal and child care efforts. Knowledge of Basic Emergency Obstetric Neonatal Services (PONED) provides a basis for midwives to identify complications or emergencies of pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and neonatal. One effort to improve midwifery services, through PONED training for midwives in health centers so as to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality in mothers and infants. The Aim : This study aims  to improve the knowledge of midwifery about handling maternal and neonatal emergencies. Methods : The design of this study was observational analytic with one group pretest and posttest and cros sectional approach. The population of the study was 17 representatives midwives in inpatient and outpatient health care. The sampling technique used proportional random sampling, the random sampling was taking by accounted the number of midwives who work in primary health care in Surakarta. The sample that include in restriction criteria was 17 respondents. Result : The results of 1 knowledge midwife were worse after being given training, 2 knowledgeable midwives remained before and after the training, 14 midwives had better knowledge after training. The results of univariate analysis showed a mean pretest = 73.41, median = 71.4, maximum value = 82.8 and minimum value = 65.7. The posttest results showed a mean = 81.14, median = 80, maximum value = 88.5, minimum value = 74.2. The bivariate results of the Wilcoxon Test showed p value = 0.001, significant (p <0.05). Statistically there were significant differences in knowledge between before training compared to after training.Keywords:The midwife knowledge, PONED training, midwife on the health center

scholarly journals Educating the Youth in Norms and Values through TV Commercials: A Study of College Students

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (I) ◽  
pp. 226-232
Author(s):  
Shafayat Ali ◽  
Zahid Yousaf
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
General Information ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Core ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
The Media ◽  
Tv Commercials ◽  
Multistage Sampling ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Relationship

Educating the viewers and public is one of the core objective of the media and in modern times TV commercials is one of its major tool to pass on the information and educate the masses. The current study is an attempt to find out how media through TV commercials educate the youth about the norms, values and general information. 1000 students participated in the current study from various colleges of district Lahore and they were selected through multistage sampling technique. A survey was conducted for data collection and regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between TV commercials and educating the norms and values of the society to the youth. The study concluded a direct and positive relationship between the variables i.e. contents and educating the youth in norms and values.

scholarly journals Trancendental Meditation Control Blood Sugar Levels On Elderly People

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Santi Damayanti ◽  
I Kadek Indra Sucipta ◽  
Rizky Erwanto
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Transcendental Meditation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Maximum Value

The proportion of diabetes melitus patient’s number increases along with age. The proportion of glucose tolerance disorder increases along with age among people in the 65-74 age group. The transcendental meditation therapy is a therapy  to lower the cortisone hormone level, in order to increase the effectiveness of the insulin hormone. Objective to determine the effectiveness of transcendental meditation therapy on blood glucose level in elderly people. Methods research is a quasi experiment research with a pre and post test without control design, the research sample were selected using a consecutive sampling technique, as much as 31 respondents. The data collected were analyzed using Wilcoxon test. Result of statistic test before the meditation therapy showed a minimum value of 104 and maximum value of 420 with a median value of 179.00, and after the meditation therapy, the result showed minimum value of 85 and maximum value of 282 with a median value of 129.00. Result of the statistic test using Wilcoxon test showed a p-value =0.000(p-value<0.05) Conclusion is an influence of transcendental meditation therapy on blood glucose level in elderly people at BPSTW Yogyakarta Budi Luhur Unit, Kasihan Bantul.

scholarly journals PENGARUH TERAPI BEKAM BASAH TERHADAP PERUBAHAN SKALA NYERI PADA PASIEN MIGRAIN

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Mulia Mayangsari
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Migraine Pain ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean

The research design used was Experimental with Kunsekutive Sampling technique. The population in this study were patients who had migraine in Noreh village. The working area of Puskesmas Sreseh was 18 respondents and the result was analyzed using Shapiro Wilk and Wilcoxon test. The results of the study in migraine patients can be seen that the mean pretest scale of migraine pain scale is 4.67 whereas, for the mean posttest of migraine pain scale is 2.22. In the pretest of migraine pain scale the minimum value found is 4 whereas, the maximum value is 6. While in posttest skalanyeri migraine the minimum value found is 1 whereas, the maximum value is 3. In the Shapiro Wilk analysis showed that there were differences in the scale of migraine pain before and after wet bruise therapy. In the Wilcoxon analysis comparing migraine patients, a p-value of 0,000 indicated that there was an effect of wet-brushing therapy on changes in the pain scale. To health workers and educational institutions are expected to use wet brewing therapy as a complementary alternative and as a non-pharmacological treatment that can reduce the scale of pain.

scholarly journals Knowledge of rural women regarding health and nutrition practices in Bikaner district of Rajasthan, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 548-557
Author(s):  
Suchitra ◽  
Neena Sareen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Family System ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Nutrition Knowledge ◽  
General Information ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health And Nutrition

The present study was conducted in Bikaner district. There are six panchayat samitis out of which Bikaner Panchayat Samiti was selected. Out of thirty one Gram Panchayat in Bikaner Panchayat Samiti four Gram Panchayat were selected namely Kilchoo Deodan, Ridmalsarpurohitan, Palana and Nalbari. One village from each selected Gram Panchayat was selected on the basis of random sampling technique. Thus, four villages were selected for the present investigation (Surdhanachauhanan, Raisar, Palana, Nalbari). A sample of one twenty rural women in the age group 15-45 years (30 rural women from each village). Interview Schedule was developed to collect the data regarding health and nutrition knowledge of rural women. The major findings of the present study revealed that in general information majority of the respondents belonged to middle age group, educated upto primary, belonged to 4001-6000/- monthly income group, nuclear family system, other backward caste, involved in agriculture occupation, had above 2.1-5 hectare of land holding, no membership of social organization, no participated in training programme and medium level of mass media contact, urban contact and extension contact. The overall knowledge of the rural women was medium. Out of eight aspects of health and nutrition the knowledge about the aspect of ‘Basics of foods and nutrition’ and ‘Environmental hygiene’ were ranked first with overall mean per cent score. On the basis of these findings it could be concluded that health and nutrition knowledge of rural women was medium.

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