scholarly journals Wages and Salaries Administration as Motivational Tool in Nigerian Organisation (A Case Study of Nestle Nigeria PLC)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Olatunji Eniola Sule ◽  
Sarat Iyabo Amuni
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Individual Contribution ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Corporate Goals ◽  
Goals And Objectives

<em>The study looks into wages and salaries administration as a motivational tool in Nigerian organisation. The study went further to distinguish between gratuitous and paid job with possible effect of wages and salaries as it relates to individual contribution and effort towards the achievement of the corporate goals and objectives. The study made use of a self-designed questionnaire and eventually used chi-square to analyze and conclude on the hypothesis that wages and salaries serves as motivational tool and that wages and salaries has significant relationship with workers performance in Nigerian organisation.</em>

scholarly journals The impact of recruitment policies and induction programmes on employee retention : a case study of the Durban Central Fire department in KwaZulu-Natal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Patience Mutsvairigwa
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Employee Retention ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Fire Department ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Positive Work Relationships ◽  
The Impact

The main aim of the study was to investigate the impact of recruitment policies and induction programmes on employee retention. The Durban Central Fire Station was used as a case study for this investigation. Relevant literature from periodicals, journals, textbooks, theses and dissertations was reviewed. A quantitative research design was adopted for this study through the administration of a pre-coded structured closed-ended questionnaire to the 126 employees at the Durban Central Fire Department. Only 110 of the 126 administered questionnaires were returned. However, of the returned questionnaires, 5 were discarded due to incomplete responses and the final questionnaire returns numbered 105, which resulted in an 83.3% response rate. The data collected from respondents were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 in order to conduct non-parametric tests for testing the generated hypotheses. In total, 13 hypotheses were formulated for this study’s empirical analysis. Furthermore, the Pearson’s Chi-square and Spearman correlation tests were carried out on the formulated hypotheses to ascertain whether a statistically significant relationship existed between the variables. The study’s notable findings showed that a positive relationship existed between recruitment policies and employee retention, hence recruitment policies do have an impact on employee retention. The findings also showed that a moderately significant relationship existed between induction programmes and employee retention at the Durban Central Fire Department. Based on the findings, the researcher then recommended that the Durban Central Fire department should clarify expectations to its employees, encourage socialisation and positive work relationships, increase the duration of the induction programme and conduct exit interviews. The researcher concluded the study with suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals Hubungan Paparan Pestisida dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Anak Usia 2-5 Tahun di Kabupaten Magelang (Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Ngablak)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Rina Mardiyana ◽  
Yusniar Hanani Darundiati ◽  
Hanan Lanang Dangiran
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Growth Disorders ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
And Control

Latar Belakang: Stunting merupakan suatu kondisi kronis terhambatnya pertumbuhan yang ditentukan dengan menghitung skor Z indeks Tinggi Badan per Umur  kurang dari -2 SD. Prevalensi stunting pada balita di Kecamatan Ngablak terus meningkat dari tahun 2016 sampai dengan 2018. Kecamatan Ngablak merupakan salah satu kecamatan di Kabupaten Magelang yang tingkat pemakaian pestisidanya cukup tinggi. Pestisida dapat mempengaruhi sintesis hormon tiroid sehingga dapat menyebabkan terjadinya gangguan pertumbuhan.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis hubungan paparan pestisida dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 2-5 tahun di Kecamatan Ngablak Kabupaten Magelang.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian analitik observasional dengan desain studi case control. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah ibu yang memiliki anak usia 2-5 tahun di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Ngablak, sedangkan sampel dikelompokkan ke dalam kasus dan kontrol dengan 47 subjek disetiap kelompok yang ditentukan dengan teknik proporsional random sampling. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Chi Square.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kebiasaan anak bermain di area pertanian (p=0,011), penyimpanan pestisida di dalam rumah (p=0,036), keterlibatan ibu dalam menyemprot (p=0,040), mencuci alat semprot (p=0,040), mencampur pestisida (p=0,040) dengan kejadian stunting dan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara penggunaan insektisida didalam rumah (p=0,304) dengan kejadian stunting.Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara kebiasaan anak bermain di area pertanian, penyimpanan pestisida di dalam rumah, menyemprot, mencuci alat semprot, dan mencampu pestisida dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 2-5 tahun di Kecamatan Ngablak Kabupaten Magelang. Kata kunci: stunting, paparan pestisida, anak usia 2-5 tahun ABSTRACT Title: Pesticide Exposure with the Incidence of stunting in Children Aged 2-5 Years in Magelang Regency (Case Study in Ngablak District) Background: Stunting is a chronic condition of growth retardation determined by calculating Z score index body-length-for-age children with stunting is lower than -2 SD. The prevalence of stunting in children under five in Ngablak District continues to increase from 2016 to 2018. Ngablak District in one of the districts in Magelang Regency where the level of pesticide use is quite high. Pesticides can effect the synthesis of thyroid hormones so that they can cause growth disorders. The purpose of this study was to analyze the associated of exposure to pesticides with the incidence of stunting in children aged 2-5 years in Ngablak District, Magelang Regency. Method: This was observational analytic research with case control. The population was mothers who had children aged 2-5 years in the Ngablak District of this research, while the samples were divided into case and control group with 47 respondents in each group which proportioned using proportional random sampling technique. The analysis of the research was conducted by using Chi-Square test.Result: Result showed that there were significant relationship significant relationship between the habits of children playing in the agrucultural area (p = 0,011), storage of pesticides in the house (p = 0,036), involvement of the mother in spraying (p = 0,040), washing spray equipment (p = 0,040), mixing pesticides (p = 0,040) with the incidence of stunting and there are no significant relationship between insecticide use in the home (p = 0,304) with incidence of stunting.Conclusion: There was a relationship between the habits of children playing in the agricultural area, storing pesticides in the house, spraying, washing sprayers, and pesticides with the incidence of stunting in children aged 2-5 years in Ngablak District, Magelang Regency.  Keywords: stunting, pesticide exposure, children aged 2-5 years

scholarly journals Comparative assessment of manual load lifting tasks by three methods: KIM-LHC, WISHA and Snook tables: A case study in printing industry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Omari Shekaftik ◽  
Sh Vosoughi ◽  
Zh Sedghi Noushabadi ◽  
AF Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Printing Industry ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lifting Task ◽  
Action Levels

Introduction: today, musculoskeletal disorders are considered as a serious threat for workers, and one of the main activities, which lead to these problems, is lifting. Moreover, workers in printing industry are widely involved in inappropriate postures and lifting loads. The aim of this study was to compare the results of assessment of lifting tasks with KIM-LHC, WISHA and Snook tables in printing industry. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total number of 58 employees (64 tasks in total) from a printing industry staff in Tehran were evaluated with three observational methods of KIM-LHC, WISHA and Snook tables, and the final scores and necessary action levels were determined for them. Furthermore, statistical data were analyzed by SPSS (ver.22) software using Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Results: Results showed that the prevalence of lower limbs musculoskeletal discomforts was high. Comparing the results of load lifting assessment with WISHA and KIM-LHC methods showed that there was a significant relationship between these two methods (p=0.005). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the results of assessment through the WISHA and Snook tables methods (p=0.006), and finally the comparison of load lifting assessment results with KIM-LHC and Snook tables showed a significant relationship between these two methods (p=0.046). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, there was a high correlation between the results of these three methods, and they can be used as an alternative in printing industry for assessment of the load lifting task.

scholarly journals The Problematic of Legislative Oversight in Nigeria: A Study of Delta State

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-138
Author(s):  
Kelly Bryan Ovie Ejumudo ◽  
Francis Ayegbunam Ikenga
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Legislative Oversight ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Descriptive Survey

This study examines the problem of legislative oversight in Nigeria using Delta State as a case study. Four research questions were raised to guide the study and four null hypotheses were formulated for the study. The design of the study was a descriptive survey. The population of the study comprised 600 staff in the Delta State House of Assembly. The sample of the study consisted of 245 staff drawn from nine (9) departments using stratified and simple random techniques. The instrument used for data collection was the legislative oversight questionnaire and the collated data were analyzed using mean rating and chi-square. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between politics of trade-off and pay-off between the legislators and the executive as well as poor commitment to oversight functions by the legislators and legislative oversight in Delta State. The study equally showed that there is a significant relationship between the culture of corruption as well as perceptual legislative subservience to the executive and legislative oversight in Delta State. The study recommended that that the legislature in Nigeria, particularly in Delta State, should be truly independent rather than operate and seen as a subservient extension of the executive arm of government, a new culture that is void of the politics of trade-off and pay-off between the legislature and the executive, as well as corruption, should be established. 

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PERILAKU MEROKOK PADA REMAJA PUTRA DI SMP NEGERI 40 PALEMBANG TAHUN 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Susanti Sri Susanti
Keyword(s):  
Peer Influence ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
Male Adolescent ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Variable

ABSTRACT Male adolescent are vulnerable group in doing risky behavior, one of them is smoking behavior. Smoking behavior of male adolescent do are influenced by several factors. The dependent variable in this research is the behavior of smoking and the independent  variables are the knowledge, the influence of peers, and family environment. The sample in this research is total sampling as many as 112  respondents. The research used a analytic survey method with cross sectional approach. Data analysis is using chi square test with 95% confidence level ( α = 0.05 ) . The results if the research showed that 39.3 % of male adolescent smoke and 60.7 % of the male adolescent  do not smoke. The result of Chi-square statistical test showed no significant relationship between knowledge variable ( p value = 0.844 ) and smoking behavior of male adolescent, while peer influence variable ( p value = 0.000 ) and family environment ( 0.000 ) showed a significant relationship with smoking behavior in SMP Negeri 40 Palembang. This research suggests to the school to increase positive activities in groups that can divert adolescents from smoking behavior, for example by  extracurricular activities, sports and so forth, and entered into cooperation between programs with health institutions in giving information about adolescent development and adolescent health problems, especially the dangers of smoking behavior in adolescents.   ABSTRAK Remaja putra merupakan kelompok yang rentan dalam melakukan perilaku berisiko, salah satunya adalah perilaku merokok. Perilaku merokok yang dilakukan remaja putra dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor. Variabel dependen dalam penelitian ini adalah perilaku merokok dan variabel indevenden adalah pengetahuan, pengaruh teman sebaya, dan lingkungan keluarga. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah Total Sampling dengan jumlah responden 112 remaja putra. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan metode survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi square dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95% (α=0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 39,3% remaja putra yang merokok dan 60,7% dari remaja putra yang tidak merokok. Hasil uji statistik chi square menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara variabel pengetahuan (p value= 0,844) dengan perilaku merokok remaja putra, sedangkan variabel pengaruh teman sebaya (p value = 0,000) dan lingkungan keluarga (0,000) menunjukan adanya hubungan yang bermakna dengan perilaku merokok di SMP Negeri 40 Palembang. Penelitian ini menyarankan pada pihak sekolah untuk meningkatkan kegiatan positif yang bersifat kelompok yang dapat mengalihkan remaja dari perilaku merokok misalnya dengan mengadakan kegiatan ekstrakurikuler, olahraga dan lain sebagainya, dan mengadakan kerja sama lintas program dengan Instansi kesehatan dalam pemberian informasi tentang perkembangan remaja dan permasalahan kesehatan remaja, khususnya bahaya perilaku merokok pada remaja.    

HUBUNGAN ANTARA USIA DAN PENDIDIKAN IBU DENGAN PEMERIKSAAN KEHAMILAN DI KLINIK BUDI MULIA PALEMBANG TAHUN 2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubiyati Rubiyati
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional

ABSTRACT Antenatal Care is the care given to pregnant woman to monitor, support maternal health and maternal detect, whether normal or troubled pregnant women. Aki in Indonesia amounted to 359 in 100.000 live births. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between age and education in the clinic Budi Mulia Medika 2014. This study used a survey method whit cross sectional analytic. This is the overall study population of women with gestational age ≥36 weeks who come to visit the clinic Budi Mulia Medika Palembang on February 10 to 18. The study sample was taken in non-random with the technique of “accidental smapling “ with respondents who happens to be there or variable. The obtained using univariate and bivariate analysis using Chi-Square test statistic. The results of the univariate analysis showed that 83,3% of respondents did according to the standard prenatal care, high risk age 40,0 %, 60,0% lower risk of age, higher education 70,0%, 30,0% low education. Bivariate analysis showed that there was no significant relationship betwee age and pregnancy tests wit p value= 0,622, and significant relationship between education and prenatal care with p value= 0,019. From the results of this study are expected to need to increase outreach activities to the community about the importance of examination of pregnancy according to gestational age in an effort to reduse maternal mortality.   ABSTRAK Antenatal Care merupakan pelayanan  yang di berikan pada ibu hamil untuk memonitor, mendukung kesehatan ibu dan mendeteksi ibu, apakah ibu hamil normal atau bermasalah. Di Indonesia AKI berjumlah 359 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara usia dan pendidikan dengan pemeriksaan kehamilan di klinik budi mulia medika tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi penelitian ini adalahseluruh ibu dengan usia kehamilan ≥ 36 minggu yang dating berkunjung ke Klinik Budi Mulia Medika pada tanggal 10-18 Februari. Sampel penelitian ini di ambil secara non random dengan tekhnik ‘’ Accidental Sampling’’ dengan responden yang kebetulan ada atau tersedia. Data yang di peroleh menggunakan analisis univariat dan bivariat menggunakan uji statistik Chi-Square. Hasil analisis univariat ini menunjukan bahwa 83,8% responden melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan sesuai standar, 16,7% tidak melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan sesuai standar, usia resiko tinggi 40,0%, usia resiko rendah 60,0%, pendidikan tinggi 70,0 %, pendidikan rendah 30,0 %. Analisis bivariat menunjukan bahwa tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara usia dengan pemeriksaan kehamilan dengan p value =0,622, ada hubunngan bermakana antara pendidikan dengan pemeriksaan kehamilan dengan p value = 0,019. Dari hasil penelitian ini di harapkan perlu meningkatkan kegiatan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat tentang pentingnya dilakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan sesuai dengan umur kehamilan sebagai upaya menurunkan angka kematian ibu.    

FAKTOR– FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN ANEMIA PADA IBU HAMIL DI PUSKESMAS TALANG RATU PALEMBANG TAHUN 2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhemy Zurizah Yuhemy Zurizah
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maternal Mortality Rate

  ABSTRACT Maternal Mortality Rate is a barometer of mother health service in a country. At this time maternal mortality rate in Indonesia is still very high. Indonesia Demography Survey on 2007, maternal mortality rate is about 28 per 100.000 of live births. The direct cause of maternal mortality in Indonesia as well as in the other country is hemorraghe (25%), sepsis (15%), eklampsia (12%), abstructed labor (8%). World Health Organization (WHO), 35-37% of pregnant women in developing coutries get anemy. Causing factor’s of anemy on pregnant women is age of pregnant, parity, economi socio, job, education, and nutritional status. Purpose of this research is to know the associated factors with incidence of anemy on pregnant women at the Health Center Talang Ratu Palembang in 2014. This research use analytic survey method with “cross sectional” approach. Population in this research is all of preganant women in medical treatment at Talang Ratu Palembang in 2014. Sample taking in this research with non random samplingmethod and accidental sampling technic. Analysis with univariatly and bivariatlywith Chi Square Statistic test with significant level α 0,05. The result of this research show that from 35 respondent there is (48,6%) respondent with anemy, high–risk age (28,6%), high parity (60,0%) and low economi socio (37,1%). This result show that there is significant relationship between age with incidence of anemy on pregnant women at the health center Talang Ratu Palembang in 2014 with p value0,027, there is significant relationship between parity with incidence of anemy on pregnant women at the health center Talang Ratu Palemabang in 2014 with p value0,023, and there is significant relationship between economi socio with incidence of anemy on pregnant women at the health center Talang Ratu Palembang in 2014 with p value0,026. Of the result, the author hope that health service worker at Talang Ratu health center can improve health service to pregnant women and often giving information about anemy on pregnant and nutritional for pregnant women during pregnancy.     ABSTRAK Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) merupakan barometer pelayanan kesehatan ibu di suatu negara. Pada saat ini angka kematian ibu di Indonesia masih sangat tinggi. Menurut Survey Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) tahun 2007, angka kematian kematian ibu adalah 28 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup. Penyebab langsung kematian ibu di Indonesia seperti halnya Negara lain adalah perdarahan (25%), sepsis (15%), eklampsi (12%), partus lama (8%). Menurut World Health Organization (WHO), 35-37% ibu hamil di negara berkembang dan 18% di negara  maju mengalami anemia. Faktor penyebab terjadinya anemia pada ibu hamil secara tidak langsung adalah umur ibu, paritas, sosial ekonomi, pekerjaan, pendidikan, jarak kehamilan, dan status gizi.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor - faktor apa saja yang berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil di Puskesmas Talang Ratu Palembang Tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey analitikdengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu hamil yang berobat di Puskesmas Talang Ratu Palembang Tahun 2014. Pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini dengan metode non random sampling dengan teknik Accidental sampling. Analisis dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat. Dengan uji statistik chi square tingkat kemaknaan α 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 35 responden terdapat (48,6%) responden yang anemia, umur yang beresiko  tinggi (28,6%), paritas tinggi (60,0%), dan sosial ekonomi rendah (37,1%). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara umur dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil di Puskesmas Talang Ratu Palembang Tahun 2014 dengan  p value0,027,  ada hubungan bermakna antara paritas dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil di Puskesmas Talang Ratu Palembang Tahun 2014 dengan p value0,023 dan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara sosial ekonomi dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil di Puskesmas Talang Ratu Palembang Tahun 2014 dengan p value0,026. Dari hasil penelitian ini penulis berharap petugas kesehatan di Puskesmas Talang Ratu Palembang meningkatkan pelayanan kesehatan pada ibu hamil dan lebih sering melaksanakan penyuluhan anemia pada kehamilan dan nutrisi yang baik bagi ibu hamil.    

THE RELATION BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARD BEHAVIOR OF ANTIBIOTIC USAGE ON SOCIETY IN TALANG JAWA HEALTH CENTER OF SOUTH LAMPUNG AUGUST PERIOD 2019

1970 ◽  
pp. 132-141
Author(s):  
Lilik Koernia Wahidah
Keyword(s):  
Health Center ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Public Health Centre ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Use Behavior

In developing countries, many antibiotics are used without a doctor's prescription, causing someone to use antibiotics incorrectly. Lack of knowledge about antibiotics is a major factor that triggers an increase in the rate of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Knowledge and attitude become one of the social cognitive factors that influence antibiotic use behavior.This study aims to determine the relationship of knowladge and attitudes toward of antibiotic usage behavior in community of Talang jawa public health centre. The research is an observasional analytic research using cross sectional study design. sampling using non-probability sampling methode with type purposive sampling and instruments in the form of questionnaires. The data analysis was based univariate and bivariate analysis eqipped with chi square. The study was conducted on 100 community respondents in the Talang Jawa Health Center. The results showed respondents with good knowledge (25%), enough (27%) and less (48%). Respondents with positive attitudes (64%) and negative attitudes (35%). Respondents with positive behavior (43%) and negative behavior (57%). Chi square test result showed that there was a significant relationship between knowladge and antibiotic use behavior (p= 0,000) and there was a significant relationship between attitude and antibiotic use behavior (p= 0,000). This study has a meaningful relationship between and attitudes with antibiotic use behavior in Talang Jawa Health Center. Keywords: Antibiotics,Knowledge, Attitudes, Behavior

scholarly journals Do Camels (Camelus dromedarius) Need Shaded Areas? A Case Study of the Camel Market in Doha

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Martina Zappaterra ◽  
Laura Menchetti ◽  
Leonardo Nanni Costa ◽  
Barbara Padalino
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Variable Space ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Poor Welfare ◽  
Group 1

This study aimed at documenting whether dromedary camels have a preference for shade and how their behavior would change depending on the presence of shade and variable space allowance. A total of 421 animals kept in 76 pens (66 with shelter (Group 1), and 10 without shelter (Group 2)) at the camel market in Doha (Qatar) were recorded for 1 min around 11:00 a.m. when the temperature was above 40 °C. The number of animals in the sun and shade and their behaviors were analyzed using an ad libitum sampling method and an ad hoc ethogram. The results of a chi-square test indicated that camels in Group 1 had a clear preference for shade (p < 0.001). The majority of Group 1 camels were indeed observed in the shade (312/421; 74.11%). These camels spent more time in recumbency and ruminating, while standing, walking, and self-grooming were more commonly expressed by the camels in the sun (p < 0.001). Moreover, locomotory stereotypic behaviors (i.e., pacing) increased as space allowance decreased (p = 0.002). Based on the findings of this pilot study, camels demonstrated a preference for shade; shade seemed to promote positive welfare, while overcrowding seemed to trigger stereotypy and poor welfare. Overall, our preliminary results are novel and provide evidence that shaded areas are of paramount importance for camel welfare. Further research, involving designed studies at multiple locations is needed to confirm these results.

Introducing Problem-based Learning to Special Needs Dentistry—A Case Study

2002 ◽  
Vol os9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raman Bedi ◽  
Jackie A Champion ◽  
Roger Davies
Keyword(s):  
Special Needs ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Training And Education ◽  
Mixed Response ◽  
Conventional Teaching ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Made In

Introduction In order to promote training and education in special-needs dentistry an attempt was made to introduce problem-based learning (PBL) as a method of postgraduate dental education. The aim of this paper was to review the principles of PBL and report on a case study using this methodology. Method The case study was of a PBL session, on the subject of ‘problems of obtaining appropriate dental care for people with epilepsy’, undertaken at a national conference. Delegates were asked to complete a pre- and post-session questionnaire on PBL and their attitudes to the session. Results The session received a mixed response. Only 33 (35%) thought the session was valuable and only 20 (31%) thought it was better than conventional teaching methods and yet over half (55%) said they would like to attend more PBL in special-needs dentistry. Professionals complementary to dentistry were more likely to find the PBL session of value and to prefer the method to a more conventional format than dentists were (chi-square=5.5, df=1, p<0.05 and chi-square=5.9, df=1, p<0.05 respectively). Conclusion Valuable feedback was received from delegates. This will enable improvements to be made in future courses so that the effectiveness of PBL can be optimised.

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