INHIBITION TEST OF METHANOL EXTRACT FROM SOURSOP LEAF (Annona muricata Linn.) AGAINST Streptococcus mutans BACTERIA*

Abstract. Dental caries is a disease with a high prevalence of caries in Indonesia is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus mutans. The leaves of the soursop (Annona muricata Linn.) is one of the herbs that can remove dental plaque. This study aims to determine the chemical content and measure the inhibitory antibacterial soursop leaft methanol extractin inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Phytochemical screening stated that the leaf of the soursop contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, glycosides and saponins. Test of inhibition were measured using paper disc diffusion method with variation concentrations of 5, 10, 15 20, and 25%, positive control is tetrasilkin 30 µg, and a negative control is methanol. Antibacterial test results showed that the methanol extract of soursop leaves have antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% with inhibitory diameter of 9,1; 10,57; 11,53; 12,01 and 13,75 mm respectively. Keywords: Soursop leaves, Dental caries, Streptococcus mutans, Methanol.*Judul ini telah dipresentasikan pada Seminar Nasional: Indonesian Students Conference on Science and Mathematics (ISCSM) 11-12 November 2015, Banda Aceh Indonesia

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The Effectiveness Of Anchovy Concentration (Stolephorus insularis) as Antimicrobial to Streptococcus mutans (In Vitro)

DENTA ◽

10.30649/denta.v10i1.37 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Almira Fa’Izah ◽

Istien Wardani ◽

Diana Soesilo

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Clear Zone ◽

Control Group Design

Background: Dental and oral diseases which are often found in children is dental caries. Streptococcus mutans is the main cause of caries. Caries can be prevented by using a topical application of fluoride. The Anchovy (Stolephorus insularis) contains protein, vitamins (A, B1, C), and minerals (Fe, Ca, K, F). Calcium fluoride (CaF2) within the anchovy can inhibit the occurrence of dental caries. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial ability of anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis) to Streptococcus mutans. Materials and Methods: This study was a laboratory experimental research with post test only control group design. Diffusion method were applied with 2 controls: negative control used DMSO 1%, positive control used NaF solution, and 3 concentrations of anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis) 3%, 6%, and 12%, each group were composed of 6 samples. Antimicrobial was assessed by measuring the diameter of the clear zone around the discs contained the anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis). Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney test. Result: The results from this study showed clear zone around the discs of the anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis). The more concentration of the extract showed the more antimirobial zone diameter. The average zone of antimicrobial at the concentration of 3% were 7,11 mm, 6% 9,5 mm, 12% 10,78 mm, for the negative control DMSO 1% 6 mm and the positive control NaF solution 8,16 mm. The largest diameter of the clear zone was at concentration of 12% (P < 0,05). Conclusion: The anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis) had an antimicrobial effect to the growth of Streptococcus mutans.

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Antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) essential oil on Streptococcus mutans biofilm and cytotoxic effect on keratinocytes and fibroblasts

Revista de Biología Tropical ◽

10.15517/rbt.v66i4.33140 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 1519

Author(s):

Mailen Ortega Cuadros ◽

Adriana Patricia Tofiño Rivera ◽

Luciano Jose Merini ◽

Maria Cecilia Martinez Pabon

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Human Fibroblasts ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Efficient Alternative

Dental caries is a pathology of multifactorial origin and currently natural products are an efficient alternative treatment; The work sought to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and the citral and myrcene components against Streptococcus mutans ATCC UA159, as well as their cytotoxicity on keratinocytes and human fibroblasts. The viability effect against Streptococcus mutans on biofilms was evaluated through exposure to the three substances by using the MBEC technique-high-throughput at concentrations of 1, 0.1, and 0.01 µg/mL and chlorhexidine as positive control. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated on keratinocytes and fibroblasts through the MTT reduction technique, using 0.5 mM H2O2 as cell-death control (negative control) and ethanol 1% as vehicle control (positive control). The three substances evaluated had effects on the viability of Streptococcus mutans with mortality between 74% and 96%, without significant difference among them (p > 0.393); additionally, no cytotoxicity was evident on keratinocytes and fibroblasts in a 24-h treatment. The substances evaluated showed significant antimicrobial effects; hence, these should be studied further as potential co-adjuvants to prevent dental caries that cause minor adverse effects

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Avaliação in vitro da Atividade Antimicrobiana de Extrato Alcoólico de Própolis Comparado à Solução de Clorexidina 0,12%

Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.17921/2447-8938.2017v19n2p95-97 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 95

Author(s):

Maria Paula Jacobucci Botelho ◽

Amanda Da Silva ◽

Fernanda Da Conceição Antônio Ferreira ◽

Lígia Maria Molinari Capel

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Tooth Surface ◽

Dental Biofilm ◽

Fermentable Carbohydrates ◽

Broad Understanding

Apesar dos esforços e do amplo entendimento sobre a cárie dental, está continua bastante prevalente em determinados segmentos da população. A doença apresenta etiologia multifatorial, com a dieta e os micro-organismos envolvidos desenvolvendo papéis fundamentais. Os Streptococcus mutans têm papel fundamental em seu início e é ubíquo em crianças a partir dos sete anos de idade. Para controlar essas bactérias é preciso uma dieta com baixo consumo de sacarose e de carboidratos fermentáveis, o que nem sempre se consegue. Sua remoção da superfície dentária só é possível por meio da fricção mecânica, mas pode-se prevenir sua presença no biofilme dentário através da utilização de antissépticos. O mais utilizado na Odontologia é a clorexidina, porém como não é isenta de efeitos adversos, atualmente, vêm-se estudando produtos alternativos, dentre os quais alguns agentes fitoterápicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a atividade da própolis contra os S. mutans em relação à clorexidina. Foi analisada própolis 70% diluída em álcool 96% e após diluída em água potável 5ml, própolis 50%, própolis 12% e clorexidina 0,12% (controle positivo), e solução salina (controle negativo). O operador foi cego em relação às substâncias que estava utilizando. Somente a clorexidina 0.12% e a própolis 12% apresentaram halo de inibição claro. Neste estudo, a clorexidina apresentou melhor atividade contra os S.mutans.Palavras-chave: Clorexidina. Cárie Dentária. Streptococcus mutans.AbstractDespite the efforts and the broad understanding on dental caries, it is still quite prevalent in certain segments of the population. The disease shows a multifactorial etiology, with diet and microorganisms involved developing fundamental roles. The Streptococcus mutans has key role in its beginning and is ubiquitous in children as young as seven years of age. To control these bacteria a diet is necessary with low consumption of sucrose and of fermentable carbohydrates, which is not always possible. The tooth surface removal is only possible through mechanical friction, but it is possible to prevent the presence of dental biofilm through the use of antiseptics. The most widely used in dentistry is chlorhexidine, however as it is not devoid of adverse effects, currently alternative products have been studying, among which some herbal agents. The aim of this study was to analyze the activity of propolis against S. mutans compared to chlorhexidine. Propolis was analyzed diluted in 70% ethanol 96% and further diluted in drinking water 5ml, 50% propolis, propolis 12% and 0.12% chlorhexidine (positive control), and saline (negative control). The operator was blinded for the substances he was using. Only 0.12% chlorhexidine and 12% propolis showed clear inhibition halo. In this study the chlorhexidine presented better activity against S. mutans.Keywords: Chlorhexidine. Dental Caries. Antimicrobials. Streptococcus mutans

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UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN SIRSAK (ANNONA MURICATA LINN.) TERHADAP BAKTERI PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES

BIOLINK (Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan Industri Kesehatan) ◽

10.31289/biolink.v6i1.2244 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 65

Author(s):

Yurlina Zai ◽

Agnes Yohana Kristino ◽

Sri Lestari Ramadhani Nasution ◽

Oliviti Natali

Keyword(s):

Leaf Extract ◽

Propionibacterium Acnes ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Annona Muricata ◽

Research Model ◽

Negative Controls

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of the antibacterial soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.). The method used is the agar diffusion method. The leaves were extracted by maceration method, using ethanol as a solvent. The soursop leaf extract obtained was then diluted using ethanol 96% at a concentration of 20%, 40%,60%, 80%. Positive control using clindamycin and negative controls using sterile aquadest. The research model used in this study is an experimental research model In Vitro of type. The results showed that soursop leaf extract had antibacterial effectiveness against Propionibacterium acnes with an average inhibition zone diameter of 9,7 mm; 13,7 mm; 15,7 mm; 16,3 mm; positive control (clindamysin) 21,0 mm; and negative control (aquadest) have no value tobe able to inhibit bacterial growth.

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Potensi Antijamur Ekstrak Metanol Daun Mangrove Rhizopora Mucronata Terhadap Jamur Candida Albicans Dan Aspergillus Niger

JURNAL KIMIA MULAWARMAN ◽

10.30872/jkm.v15i1.583 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Vega Julia Putri Adi ◽

Usman Usman

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Rhizophora Mucronata ◽

Test Results ◽

Chemical Test ◽

X 24

Candida Albicans and Aspergillus Niger are some of the infectious fungi. Empirically bark, flower, root and mangrove leaves Rhizophora mucronata can be a hepatitis drug. This study aims to determine the antifungal potential of methanol extract of Rhizophora mucronata leaves to Candida Albicans and Aspergillus Niger fungus. Chemical test results that have been done previously are alkaloids, Flavanoid , triterpenoids, saponins, tannins and hydroquinone phenols. The antifungal test was performed by agar diffusion method on Potatos Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium and paper disc.Paper disc soaked in methanolic extract of Rhizophora mucronatapada leaf concentration 1000 ppm, 800 ppm, 600 ppm, 400 ppm and 200 ppm. The positive control solution used ketokenazole drug and negative control using aquades with incubation period of 3 x 24 hours. The results did not prove that Rhizophora mucronata leaf methanol extract was effective to inhibit antifungal activity against Candida Albicans and Aspergillus Niger fungi.

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Ethanol extract of soursop leaves inhibits acid production and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans

Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.24198/pjd.vol33no3.29385 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 279

Author(s):

Friska Ani Rahman ◽

Rahsunji Intan

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Acid Production ◽

Ph Value ◽

Herbal Remedy ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Negative Control ◽

Annona Muricata ◽

Cariogenic Bacteria ◽

Significant Difference

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Dental caries and dental plaque are the most popular global oral health problems. The primary step of dental caries is characterized by damage of tooth surfaces affected by acids which are by-products of sugar metabolism by a cariogenic bacteria. One of the cariogenic bacteria is Streptococcus mutans. Annona muricata is traditionally applied as an herbal remedy for various illnesses and has been recognized in a previous study as an antimicrobial agent. The aim of this study was to investigate acid production and adhesion of ethanol extract of Soursop on Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Soursop leaf extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol solvent. The extracts obtained were tested at various concentrations. To examine the effect of ethanol extract of Soursop on acid production by S. mutans, the pH of the culture was determined using a pH meter. Inhibition of adhesion of S. mutans to the saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (S-HA) discs was quantified using colony counting on TYS20B agar plates. Results: The pH of S. mutans cultures in the presence of ethanol extract of Soursop leaf at various concentrations was higher than negative control, but there were no differences in pH value between the various concentrations of ethanol extract of Soursop leaf. Adhesion of S. mutans to S-HA discs was inhibited by various concentrations of ethanol extract of Soursop leaf. Adhesion decreased with increasing concentrations of ethanol extract of Soursop leaf, but there was not significant difference in colony count between the various concentrations of ethanol extract of Soursop leaf. Conclusions: Ethanol extract of Soursop leaf attenuates the acid production and adhesion of S. mutans to hydroxyapatite discs. Keywords: Soursop (Annona muricata); Streptococcus mutans; acid production; adhesion

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Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Action of Methanol Extract from Kasturi Mango Fruit (Mangifera casturi) on Caries-Causing Bacterium Streptococcus mutans

Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi ◽

10.14710/jksa.22.6.235-241 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 235-241

Author(s):

Usep Suhendar ◽

Muhammad Fathurrahman ◽

Sogandi Sogandi

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Octadecenoic Acid ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Mango Fruit ◽

Phytochemical Compounds ◽

Bacterial Cell Membrane

One of the problems frequently found in the oral cavity is dental caries caused by Streptococcus mutans. Thus far, dental caries is treated using antibiotics. However, the bacterium is known to be resistant to many antibiotics; hence, another alternative is needed. An alternative option is found in the Kasturi mango (Mangifera casturi). This study aims to identify the bioactive compounds of Kasturi mango and find out the mechanism of its action in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Kasturi mangoes were macerated using 96% methanol, then the phytochemical compounds were identified qualitatively. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out using the agar diffusion method, and bioactive compounds were identified using GCMS. The results showed that the methanol extract of Kasturi mango contains alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and saponins. In 1 gr/mL of the methanol extract of Kasturi mango fruit has an inhibitory activity against the growth of Streptococcus mutans with a zone of inhibition of ± 10 mm and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) value of 25% extract. The inhibitory action is suspected to be through a mechanism where holes in the bacterial cell membrane are made. This can be seen from the results of SEM (scanning electron microscope) images showing that cell leakage or lysis has occurred. This research also, for the first time, revealed the types of bioactive compounds from the methanol extracts of Kasturi mango (Mangifera casturi) consisting of 18 compounds with the most abundance is 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural compounds, Octadecenoic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Phenyl 4-methyl-1-piperidine carboxylate, and Methyl linolenate.

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The inhibition of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase enzyme activity by mangosteen pericarp extract

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) ◽

10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i2.p97-101 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 97 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nirawati Pribadi ◽

Yovita Yonas ◽

Widya Saraswati

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

High Performance ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Inhibitory Power ◽

Glucan Synthesis

Background: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a bacterium that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. Streptococcus mutans produces the glucosyltransferase enzyme which is capable of catalyzing glucan synthesis in the progression of dental caries. Certain treatments involving traditional plant use have been developed to eradicate Streptococcus mutans as a means of preventing the formation of dental caries. One of these is mangosteen pericarp extract containing a number of polyphenols that have the capacity to act as antibacterial agents, namely; tannin, mangostin, and flavonoid. Purpose: The research aimed to investigate the inhibitory power of mangosteen pericarp extract against Streptococcus mutans producing the glucosyltransferase enzyme. Methods: The research used mangosteen pericarp extract at concentrations of 0.39% and 0.78% as the treatments, while 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate was used as a positive control, and distilled water as a negative control. Each group consisted of six samples. Mangosteen peels extracted with 96% ethanol (maceration method) and mangosteen extract constituted 5% of the total weight of the mangosteen pericarp. Supernatant containing Gtf enzyme produced from a culture medium and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes at 4o C. Glucosyltransferase enzyme activity was measured by analyzing the extensive fructose area by means of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The extensive fructose area was determined according to time retention in each group. Results: Mangosteen peel extract at concentrations of 0.39% and 0.78% demonstrated greater ability than the negative control group (sterile aquades) and similar ability to the positive group (chlorhexidine 0.12%) to inhibit the activity of the Gtf enzyme or S. mutans bacteria. Conclusion: Mangosteen pericarp extract has the ability to inhibit the activity of Streptococcus mutans in producing glucosyltransferase enzyme.

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AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI AIR PERASAN DAN REBUSAN DAUN CALINCING (Oxalis corniculata L.) TERHADAP Streptococcus mutans

BERITA BIOLOGI ◽

10.14203/beritabiologi.v19i2.3786 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ni Luh Arisa Prahastuti Winastri ◽

Handa Muliasari ◽

Ernin Hidayati

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Growth Inhibition ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Inhibitory Zone ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Strong Growth

Inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause bacteria to become resistant and have side effects, therefore an alternative source of antibacterial is needed. One species of plant that has antibacterial properties is calincing (Oxalis corniculata L.). Antibacterial activities of the juice and decoction of calincing leaves against Streptococcus mutans have not reported yet. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the juice and decoction of calincing leaves against Streptococcus mutans. This study uses a well diffusion method with eight treatment groups, namely juice and decoction at the concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%; listerin 100% as a positive control, and distilled water as a negative control. The diameter of the inhibitory zone of the juice and decoction of calincing leaf at a concentration of 20% are 19 mm and 24.33 mm respectively, and classified as strong growth inhibition, while the concentrations of 40% and 60% are classified as very strong growth inhibition. Growth inhibition of the juice and decoction of calincing leaf at concentration of 20% was significantly higher than the positive control. The best antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans is produced by the juice and decoction of calincing leaf at concentration of 60%. Increasing in the concentration of the juice or decoction of calincing leaf also increases the diameter of the inhibitory zone.

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Formulation of Mouthwash Preparations Ethanol Extract of Coffee Beans Roasted Robusta (Coffea canephora) and Effectiveness Test on Bacteria Streptococcus mutans

Journal of Nutraceuticals and Herbal Medicine ◽

10.23917/jnhm.v4i1.15670 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 53-65

Author(s):

Syaifur Rahman ◽

Reni Ariastuti ◽

Ahwan Ahwan

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Coffee Bean ◽

Robusta Coffee ◽

The Stability

Dental caries can be caused by Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Robusta coffee bean extract has an inhibitory effect on the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Compounds that have antibacterial activity are chlorogenic acid (CGA), caffeine, caffeic acid and trigonelline. Robusta coffee bean extract has the potential to be formulated into mouthwash. This study aims to make a mouthwash formula with the active ingredient of roasted Robusta coffee extract and then evaluate the preparation and test its effectiveness against S. mutans bacteria. Mouthwash preparations were made in 3 formulas with different glycerin concentrations, namely 5%, 10%, and 15%. The stability test of the preparation used the treatment before and after the forced condition. Bacterial inhibition test using agar diffusion method with the positive control, namely commercial mouthwash Chlorhexidine and negative control mouthwash formula without extract content. Data analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis test to determine the differences in each treatment, and the Mann-Whitney test to see which treatment groups were significantly different. The results of the evaluation of the stability of the preparation showed that the three formulations of the mouthwash of roasted Robusta coffee bean extract had organoleptic stability, pH, and viscosity. The results of the inhibitory effectiveness test showed that the mouthwash formulation of formula 1 produced an inhibition zone of 1.6 mm, formula 2 of 2.1 mm, formula 3 of 2.4 mm, positive control of 6.8 mm, and negative control did not produce obstacles zone. It can be concluded that the three mouthwash formulas have antibacterial activity in the weak category (5 mm). The concentration of glycerin in the formula had no significant effect on the stability of the preparation and the antibacterial effectiveness of S. mutans. The results of the inhibitory effectiveness test showed that the mouthwash formulation of formula 1 produced an inhibition zone of 1.6 mm, formula 2 of 2.1 mm, formula 3 of 2.4 mm, positive control of 6.8 mm, and negative control did not produce obstacles zone. It can be concluded that the three mouthwash formulas have antibacterial activity in the weak category (5 mm). The concentration of glycerin in the formula had no significant effect on the stability of the preparation and the antibacterial effectiveness of S. mutans. The results of the inhibitory effectiveness test showed that the mouthwash formulation of formula 1 produced an inhibition zone of 1.6 mm, formula 2 of 2.1 mm, formula 3 of 2.4 mm, positive control of 6.8 mm, and negative control did not produce obstacles zone. It can be concluded that the three mouthwash formulas have antibacterial activity in the weak category (5 mm). The concentration of glycerin in the formula had no significant effect on the stability of the preparation and the antibacterial effectiveness of S. mutans.

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