scholarly journals To artificial inoculation of sunflower plants with modern pathotypes of rust for breeding on immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
N.М. Araslanova ◽  
◽  
T.S. Antonova ◽  
S.L. Saukova ◽  
M.V. Ivebor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Puccinia Helianthi ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Optimal Temperature Range ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
New Races

Under global warming of the last decade, there is observed an intensive spread of rust in sunflower fields in the Russian Federation, due to the emergence of new races of the pathogen. It is obvious that there is a need to breed sunflower for resistance to new pathotypes and to correct the technique of artificial inoculation of plants in relation to them. Sunflower breeding for rust resistance has not been carried out since the 1980s. Objective of the study is determining the optimal temperature range for artificial inoculation of sunflower leaves with modern pathotypes (300 and 700) of the rust pathogen. The work was performed in the laboratory of immunity of the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops in 2020–2021 using monopustular isolates of Puccinia helianthi with virulence codes 300 and 700. The germination of mature urediniospores, the duration of the incubation period and the degree of damage to sunflower plants at different temperatures were studied. The incubation period of pathotypes 300 and 700 of P. helianthi at a temperature of 26–28 °C is reduced by 2–3 days, which is essential both for the rapid identification of the racial identity of the pathogen isolates and for shortening the period for assessing sunflower genotypes when breeding for immunity. To speed up this work, the infection of sunflower plants should be carried out in the phase of the first pair of true leaves at a temperature of 22 °C, followed by a 24-hour stay in a humid chamber at 20 °C and a further increase in the growing temperature to 26–28 °C.

scholarly journals The modification of method of the artificial inoculation of sunflower seedlings with Phoma rot pathogen in the laboratory conditions to identify the colonizing activity of strains-producer of microbiopreparations

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (184) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
L.V. Maslienko ◽  
◽  
A.Kh. Voronkova ◽  
L.A. Datsenko ◽  
E.A. Efimtseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Intensive Development

We carried the work in the biomethod laboratory of the crop management department of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops. We modified the method of artificial inoculation of sunflower seedlings with a pathogen in a laboratory conditions for the secondary screening of antagonist strains from the collection of the biomethod laboratory to Phoma rot pathogen. We developed a five-point scale for evaluation of affection degree of sunflower seedlings by Phoma rot pathogen: 0 points – healthy seedlings; 1 point – darkening of the root tip, intensive development of lateral roots; 2 points – darkening of the root by a third or up to the middle, but intensive development of lateral roots; 3 points – necking of rot in the middle of the root or between the hypocotyl and the root, lateral roots are poorly developed; 4 points – root rotting to the middle or necking between the hypocotyl and the root, but intensive development of lateral roots; 5 points – complete rotting of the root, lateral roots are poorly developed or absent; 1-3 – viable seedlings; 4-5 – non-viable seedlings. The optimal period of exposure of the root tips of sunflower seedlings to the pathogen colony equal to 3 hours develops an average background of infection with the pathogen (60.0 %) already on the first day, at which it is possible to evaluate at an early stage the difference between the variants by the colonizing activity of laboratory samples of microbiological preparations.

RESISTANCE OF SUNFLOWER BREEDING MATERIAL TO PHOMOSIS DAMAGE

1970 ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
S. L. Saukova ◽  
T. S. Antonova ◽  
N. M. Araslanova ◽  
М. V. Ivebor ◽  
Е. N. Ryzhenko
Keyword(s):  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
First Case ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Syringe Injection ◽  
Russian Research

The comparative study of sunflower constant lines resistance to Phoma rot using different methods of artificial inoculation with the disease pathogen was conducted. The most aggressive isolate of the Phoma rot pathogen Plenodomus lindquistii was used for inoculation. It was isolated from the stem of the affected sunflower plant in the breeding nursery of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops. In a greenhouse conditions, there were used two methods of artificial inoculation with a fungus at bottom of the leaf petiole of sunflower plants at the stage of the first pair of true leaves. In the first case agar pieces with mycelium, pycnidia, and picnospores were applied; in the second one 0.2 ml of the suspension of fungal spores was introduced by syringe injection. In the two control variants, plants were injected with sterile water, or pieces of sterile agar nutrient medium OA (oatmeal agar) were applied to them. The number of replications was four (10 plants each). The plants were cultivated at a variable temperature of 25-30 oС during the day and 25 оС at night (16-hour photoperiod). The cultivation duration was until the budding stage, and we recorded the affection on the 30th day after the start of inoculation. The intensity of the Phoma rot development was determined using a five-point immunological scale. The first method of inoculation (without injury) revealed resistant (VK 900, L 86) and mid-resistant (L 107, L 132) sunflower lines. The second method identified five susceptible (L 2385, L 103, L 136, L 131, L 128) and one highly susceptible (L 82) sunflower lines. In laboratory, the inoculation of the roots of sunflower seedlings by the quick test revealed two constant lines L 116 and L 136 with more than 50 % of plants with healthy root systems or with a small affection degree (1 point). Lines L 2385, L 103, L 131, and L 120 showed the largest number of plants with a medium degree of root affection (2 and 3 points). The resistance of stem and roots to Phoma rot affection in different sunflower lines was manifested both in combination and separately, which should be taken into consideration when selecting genotypes resistant to Phoma rot.

scholarly journals Breeding of sunflower lines resistant to race G of Broomrape

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
Elena N. Ryzhenko ◽  
Nina M. Araslanova ◽  
Sergei V. Goncharov
Keyword(s):  
Oil Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
New Races ◽  
Russian Research

Relevance. Over the past decades, new and extremely virulent races have appeared in the southern regions of the Russian Federation, which overcame the resistance of domestic and foreign sunflower range of varieties. The most effective, long-term, and biologically safe way to protect sunflower from broomrape is to develop varieties and hybrids resistant to new races.Methods. We identified broomrape seeds of race G using internationally accepted differentiator lines: Record 1-3 (C), S-1358 (D), P-1380 (E), LC1093 and P96 (F). We used sunflower lines and hybrids of the breeding of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops as a parent material. We carried out the evaluation of broomrape resistance by the method of A.Ya. Panchenko. To develop an infectious background, we introduced seeds of broomrape race G into boxes with a soil and sand mixture at the rate of 200 mg per 1 kg of the mixture, distributing them evenly. We grew sunflower plants at a temperature of 25-27 °С and a 16-hour photoperiod. In 25-30 days after the emergence if seedlings, we dug up plants and counted the broomrape specimens on their roots by a scale.Results. We developed sunflower lines resistant to races of broomrape from A to G. All of them are of branched form, with different lengths of the period from germination to flowering, they differ in height and oil content. The line L 82 is distinguished by a high content of oleic acid in oil — 91%. The lines have a high combinability. We obtained experimental hybrid combinations using these lines.

TEMPERATURE IN RELATION TO THE TRANSMISSION AND PATHOGENICITY OF WHEAT STRIATE MOSAIC VIRUS

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1123-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Slykhuis ◽  
P. L. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Acquisition Access Period ◽  
The North ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
North American Type ◽  
Test Plants

Endria inimica Say acquired the North American type of wheat striate mosaic virus during periods of 15 minutes or longer on diseased plants held at five constant temperatures ranging from 10 to 33 °C. When infective insects were given inoculation access periods varying from 1 to 4 days at different temperatures, the percentage of test plants infected increased with temperature from 12.5% at 10° to 81.4% at 33 °C. After an acquisition access period of 2 days at 24 °C, insects kept at 8 or 10 °C did not transmit virus, but the percentage of others that transmitted at successively higher temperatures increased from 3.3% at 16 °C to 73.3% at 33 °C. The preinfective period was more than 29 days for insects kept at 16 °C and only 5 days for some kept at 27, 30, and 33 °C. The average preinfective period was 11 days at 20 °C, but decreased to 6.4 days as temperature increased to 33 °C. The percentage of test plants that became infected increased from 0.1% at 16 °C to 44.3%, at 33 °C. Stewart and Ramsey wheat seedlings exposed to infective E. inimica for 2 days did not develop symptoms during a subsequent 60 day period at 10 °C. After the same plants were placed in a greenhouse at 20–25 °C, 26% and 27%, respectively, developed symptoms. The incubation period for symptoms in plants ranged from 17 to more than 62 days at 16 °C. It decreased as temperature increased but varied from 6 to 25 days at 30 °C. Forty-two and 48% of Stewart and Ramsey wheat plants respectively, developed symptoms at 16 °C, and increased to almost 100% for both varieties at 30 and 33 °C. The above results indicate that high temperatures during early summer are prerequisite for severe epidemics of wheat striate mosaic in spring wheat.

High-throughput screening in the diagnostics industry

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 794-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wilson ◽  
S. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Target Antigen ◽  
Cycle Times ◽  
Development Cycle ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Product Development Cycle ◽  
Automated Screening

The diagnostics industry is constantly under pressure to bring innovation quicker to market and so the impetus to speed up product-development cycle times becomes greater. There are a number of steps in the product-development cycle where the application of high-throughput screening can help. In the case of lateral-flow immunodiagnostics the selection of antibody reagents is paramount. In particular, rapid identification of antibody pairs that are able to ‘sandwich’ around the target antigen is required. One screen that has been applied successfully is the use of surface plasmon resonance biosensors like Biacore®. Using such a system one can evaluate over 400 antibody pairings in under 5 days. Conventional approaches to screen this number of antibody pairs would take many months. Other automated screening systems like DELFIA® can be used in processing the vast amount of tests required for clinical trials. In addition, the use of robotics to automate routine product testing can be used to shorten the product-development cycle.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Russian Rapeseed Collection and Association Mapping of Novel Loci Affecting Glucosinolate Content

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 926
Author(s):  
Rim Gubaev ◽  
Lyudmila Gorlova ◽  
Stepan Boldyrev ◽  
Svetlana Goryunova ◽  
Denis Goryunov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Mapping ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Independent Direction ◽  
Agronomical Traits

Rapeseed is the second most common oilseed crop worldwide. While the start of rapeseed breeding in Russia dates back to the middle of the 20th century, its widespread cultivation began only recently. In contrast to the world’s rapeseed genetic variation, the genetic composition of Russian rapeseed lines remained unexplored. We have addressed this question by performing genome-wide genotyping of 90 advanced rapeseed accessions provided by the All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK). Genome-wide genetic analysis demonstrated a clear difference between Russian rapeseed varieties and the rapeseed varieties from the rest of the world, including the European ones, indicating that rapeseed breeding in Russia proceeded in its own independent direction. Hence, genetic determinants of agronomical traits might also be different in Russian rapeseed lines. To assess it, we collected the glucosinolate content data for the same 90 genotyped accessions obtained during three years and performed an association mapping of this trait. We indeed found that the loci significantly associated with glucosinolate content variation in the Russian rapeseed collection differ from those previously reported for the non-Russian rapeseed lines.

scholarly journals Ultrasonography of the Peripheral Nerves of the Forearm, Wrist and Hand: Definition of Landmarks, Anatomical Correlation and Clinical Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 (11) ◽  
pp. 1060-1072
Author(s):  
Leonhard Gruber ◽  
Alexander Loizides ◽  
Siegfried Peer ◽  
Lisa Maria Walchhofer ◽  
Verena Spiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Anatomical Correlation ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Resolution Ultrasonography ◽  
Small Nerve

Background Peripheral nerve pathologies of the upper extremity are increasingly assessed by high-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS), yet rapid identification of nerve segments can be difficult due to small nerve diameters and complex regional anatomy. We propose a landmark-based approach to speed up and facilitate evaluation and intervention in this region. Method Relevant landmarks and section planes for eleven nerve segments of the forearm, wrist and hand were defined by ultrasonography in cadaver arms before cryosection and topographical neurovascular preparation. Information on all nerve segments and a pictorial guide including anatomical cross-sections, topographical preparations and HRUS images are provided. The identification rates of these nerve segments were then assessed in 20 healthy volunteers. Results and Conclusion Sonographic landmarks and guidelines for the rapid identification and assessment of nerves of the forearm, wrist and hand are presented in pictorial and tabular form, including discussion of normal variants. Utilizing this overview should facilitate training, diagnostic examinations and intervention for nerves of the upper extremity. Key Points:  Citation Format

scholarly journals The results of preliminary trial experimental hybrids of winter rapeseed bred at VNIIMK by economically valuable traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 188 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
E.A. Strelnikov ◽  
◽  
E.B. Bochkaryova ◽  
L.A. Gorlova ◽  
V.V. Serdyuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Zone ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Hybrid Combination ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Economically Valuable Traits ◽  
Winter Rapeseed ◽  
Standard Cultivar ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the research was a preliminary estimation of ten experimental hybrids of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) bred in the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops by the primary economically valuable traits. The research was conducted in the central zone of the Krasnodar region in 2019–2020. The results of the research are presented for the first time. On average for two years, nine of ten the best experimental hybrids increased by seeds yield by 0.32–0.76 t per ha both the standard cultivar Loris and the foreign hybrid Mercure. Middle seed yield of the studied hybrids varied significantly, variance range was from 4.99 t per ha (VN-3 × ОРK-10) to 5.62 t per ha (VN-4 × ОРK-20). Maximal values of seed and oil yields per a unit area were fixed for a hybrid combination VN-4 × ОРK-20. Except that, the hybrid is characterized with high weight of 1000 seeds (4.5 g). A hybrid combination VN-13 × ОРK-10 demonstrated high average by years seeds yield (5.33 t per ha) and oil yield (2.25 t per ha).Oil content in seeds and weight of 1000 seeds of this combination were at the level of the standard cultivar and the foreign hybrid. This hybrid shows the lowest glucosinolate content in seeds – 16.7 µmol/g, that is less that the foreign hybrid Mercure has by 2.3 µmol/g. The preliminary conclusion based on our researches is: the selected hybrids after confirmation of the competitive trial results can be of a great interest for production.

scholarly journals The number of glandular trichomes on the peduncles of true lavender inflorescences as an additional breeding trait for essential oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 188 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
S.V. Zelentsov ◽  
◽  
E.V. Moshnenko ◽  
T.P. Shuvaeva ◽  
I.V. Gaytotina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Distribution Density ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Russian Research

The main receptacle of essential oil in true lavender is the peltate glandular trichomes of the calyxes in the whorls of the inflorescences. Their average size is 175 ± 25 µm, in some cases – up to 250 µm. For the extraction of lavender oil, not only the calyxes are used, but the whole inflorescences including the flowering shoots. The surface of the peduncles of lavender inflorescences is also covered with peltate glandular trichomes. However, their contribution to the total volume of essential oil in the inflorescence has almost never been determined. The aim of this research was to study the distribution density of glandular trichomes within the inflorescence and to determine the proportion of the contribution of flowering trichomes to the formation of essential oil in the inflorescence. The research was carried out in 2021 on the basis of the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops in two ecological and geographical points of the Krasnodar region. The object of the study was the true lavender varieties Voznesenskaya 34, Rannyaya, Yuzhanka and Voznesenskaya Aroma. It was found that the size of glandular trichomes on peduncles of true lavender is 90 ± 15 µm. Their number on peduncles, depending on the variety, varies from 2141 to 3003 pcs. The density of distribution of glandular trichomes on the surface of peduncles is equal to 8.60–14.93 pcs/mm3 . The total volume of essential oil in all glandular trichomes of peduncles is 0.41–0.57 cmm . The total volume of essential oil in the inflorescences varied from 2.28 to 5.15 cmm . The share of essential oil in the glandular trichomes of the peduncles in relation to the entire inflorescence ranged from 9.33 to 19.56%. It is concluded that peltate glandular trichomes on flower-bearing axes make a significant contribution to the essential oil content of lavender inflorescences. For the selection of true lavender to increase the essential oil content and the yield of essential oil, an additional selection trait is proposed – the amount of glandular trichomes on the surface of peduncles, which can be regulated by changing their distribution density on the surface of peduncles, or increasing the length of inflorescences.

scholarly journals Anatomical features of conductive tissues of soybeans that prevent the penetration of pathogenic agents of bacterial blight into seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 188 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
S.V. Zelentsov ◽  
◽  
G.M. Saenko ◽  
E.V. Moshnenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Sieve Plates ◽  
Soybean Leaves ◽  
Pathogenic Agents

The ways of penetration of pathogenic bacteria from the infected vegetative parts of plants into soybean seeds remain practically unexplored. It is widely believed that soybean seeds are infected through the vascular system from already infected areas of the vegetative parts. The aim of the present research was to study the possibility of penetration of pathogens of bacterial blight into soybean seeds through the conductive tissues of plants. The studies were carried out in 2019–2021 in V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops on plants and seeds of soybean variety Vilana. It was found that the size of stomatal slots in soybean leaves is 8–12 µm. This ensures free penetration of bacteria with a diameter of 1.3–1.7 µm into the leaf mesophyll. The pore sizes of the sieve plates of the phloem range from 0.4–0.7 to 0.8–1.6 µm, depending on the age of the plants. The largest pores of the phloem sieve plates are comparable to the diameters of pathogenic bacteria. However, a large number of transverse sieve plates located in the vessels of the phloem every 0.05–0.1 mm will filter and partially retain bacteria in each sieve tube along the path of cell sap in the phloem. Therefore, the pathogenic bacteria passing through the entire phloem from leaves infected with bacteriosis up to pods is physically unlikely. In pods, the vascular system ends in the area of attachment of the placenta to the seed hilum. In the hilum, there are no conductive tissues, and the further flow of water and nutrients into the seed is carried out diffusely through the plasmodesma of cell walls. It was found that the anatomical structure of the soybean phloem prevents the free movement of pathogenic bacteria along the conductive system directly into the inner tissues of the seeds. Therefore, the hypothesis of infection of soybean seeds with pathogens of bacterial blight through the conducting system of the plant should be considered untenable

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