Classification, synthesis, characterization and biomedical application of nanoparticle: Detailed review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 7980-7984
Author(s):  
Ranganathan K ◽  
Muruganantham V
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Nano Technology ◽  
Nano Science ◽  
Nano Medicine

The branches of science like Nano medicine, Nano technology, Nano chemistry and Nano science are a few of those departments that have the word 'nano' in their name and were frequently published in books and journals and became familiar to the public and the research professionals too. It was an emerging science in the 20th century and is the trend currently. It is not a single isolated technique or method that is applicable in one field, but it is multi-dimensional and is applied in various fields considering the advantages. Its arena ranges from the synthesis, designs, large scale production and potential application of nano-sized materials. They are the systems of a matrix of drug carriers that are uniformly dispersed in the polymeric membranes. This review concentrates on the methods of preparation of nano particles, evaluation methods, advantages and applications of nano particles in medicine. Nanotechnology mostly provides better drug delivery in order to transfer into the smaller parts of the body. This is mostly implemented to enter the ultrathin areas in the body. So, the drugs such as genetic medicine can easily permeated into the cell walls to produce maximum growth within a few more years. The doctors are paid by the patients. The patients who are receiving this therapy shows better bioavailability, decreased drug toxicity, lesser cost of treatment, and extend the life of proprietary drugs.

scholarly journals Protein nano-cages: Novel carriers for optimized targeted remedy

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negar Etehad Roudi ◽  
Neda Saraygord-Afshari ◽  
Maryam Hemmaty
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Multiple Protein ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Novel Protein

Since 1980, when the idea of drug-delivery was proposed, various drug-carriers have been developed, including DNA, proteins, liposomes and several other polymer cages, consisting of many well established natural and synthetic nano-particles. All these drug-carriers can self-assemble in the body and can be manipulated for safer delivery into target tissues. By definition, nano-scale drug delivery systems encompass any structure (either cage or particle) in the form of solid colloids, which range in size from 10 nm to 100 nm. Today, optimization of these nano drug-vehicles is a topic in many research centers. Researchers are trying to improve the carrier’s solubility and their loading capacity and also wish to increase the half-life of drug delivery cargos in target tissues. Efforts in recent years have led to the introduction of novel protein nano-cages composed of multiple protein subunits, which self-assemble within a superfine and precise format. Science their introduction these promising structure have shown many unique characteristics, including low toxicity, bio-system compatibility, minor immunogenicity, high solubility, and a relatively easy production in large scale. Herein, we review and discuss the recently developed protein nano-carriers that are used as drug cargos for targeted delivery and/or diagnostic tools.

Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in Biomedicine, Chemistry, and Engineering

Oncology ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 342-351
Author(s):  
Sivapriya Kirubakaran ◽  
Vijay Thiruvenkatam
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Nano Materials ◽  
Nano Technology ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Nano Science ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Nano Medicine

This chapter introduces the basic concepts of nano science to readers. Some novel methodologies for synthesizing nano particles are discussed briefly. Since the book title suggests diverse applications of nano materials, this chapter also summarizes the applications of nano technology in medicine (nano medicine), where tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are discussed. Other applications DNA nanotechnology in living organisms are discussed briefly. Overall, this chapter introduces the readers to broad sections of nano science and its applications in chemistry, engineering, and medicine.

Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in Biomedicine, Chemistry, and Engineering

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Sivapriya Kirubakaran ◽  
Vijay Thiruvenkatam
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Nano Materials ◽  
Nano Technology ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Nano Science ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Nano Medicine

This chapter introduces the basic concepts of nano science to readers. Some novel methodologies for synthesizing nano particles are discussed briefly. Since the book title suggests diverse applications of nano materials, this chapter also summarizes the applications of nano technology in medicine (nano medicine), where tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are discussed. Other applications DNA nanotechnology in living organisms are discussed briefly. Overall, this chapter introduces the readers to broad sections of nano science and its applications in chemistry, engineering, and medicine.

scholarly journals Silver Nanoparticles: Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, Applications and Future Trends

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil T. Galatage ◽  
Aditya S. Hebalkar ◽  
Shradhey V. Dhobale ◽  
Omkar R. Mali ◽  
Pranav S. Kumbhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Vital Importance ◽  
Environmentally Safe

Nanotechnology is an expanding area of research where we use to deal with the materials in Nano-dimension. The conventional procedures for synthesizing metal nanoparticles need to sophisticated and costly instruments or high-priced chemicals. Moreover, the techniques may not be environmentally safe. Therefore “green” technologies for synthesis of nanoparticles are always preferred which is simple, convenient, eco-friendly and cost effective. Green synthesis of nanoparticle is a novel way to synthesis nanoparticles by using biological sources. It is gaining attention due to its cost effective, ecofriendly and large scale production possibilities. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most vital and fascinating nanomaterials among several metallic nanoparticles that are involved in biomedical applications. It has vital importance in nanoscience and naomedicines to treat and prevent vital disease in human beings especially in cancer treatment. In current work we discussed different methods for synthesis of AgNPs like biological, chemical and physical along with its characterization. We have also discussed vital importance of AgNPs to cure life threatnign diseases like cancer along with antidiabetic, antifungal, antiviral and antimicrobial alog with its molecular mode of action etc. Finally we conclude by discussing future prospects and possible applications of silver nano particles.

Production factors in the thermal processing of polyethylene and the problem of assessing their damaging effect on the body of workers

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-203
Author(s):  
N. Kh. Amirov ◽  
L.na R. Tukhvatullina
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Large Scale Production

Large-scale production and polyethylene processing enterprises in our country have been developing since the 60s. Since the early 1990s, the industry of polyolefins, including high and low pressure polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) and polypropylene, has been ranked first in terms of production among other plastics.

Analysis of quality and safety indicators in the production of halal meat products

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
A. I. Novak ◽  
Y. O. Lyashchuk ◽  
K. A. Ivanishchev ◽  
O. V. Platonova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The Body ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Quality Protein ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The article presents the results of the analysis of quality and safety indicators in the production of halal meat products using the example of beef. A fairly large-scale production of Halal meat has been organized in our country. Despite the 5-10% price increase, these products are in great demand not only among Muslims, but also among consumers who prefer high-quality and environmentally friendly products. Beef is characterized by a high protein content (in particular, myosin and myoglobin). Beef meat contains B vitamins, vitamin B12 is especially important, which the body receives only from animal food. Beef is a supplier of high quality protein essential for building cells, especially muscle cells. Balanced composition of amino acids, which includes arginine and glutamine. In the course of the research, the authors analyzed the veterinary and sanitary characteristics of the production of halal meat products and carried out its veterinary and sanitary assessment. The beef samples were examined by us for compliance with the requirements of TR CU 021/2011 "On food safety" and TR CU 034/2013 "On the safety of meat and meat products" in terms of microbiological and physical and chemical safety. Based on the results of the analysis of the content of toxic elements, physicochemical and microbiological studies, it was concluded that the indicators of both samples meet the requirements of regulatory documents, do not contain toxic elements and are safe. Organoleptic studies showed that both samples under study are of excellent quality category and appearance, however, the consistency of sample 1 is denser and more elastic, the smell and taste of both samples is characteristic of this type of meat, however, the broth obtained from sample 1 is more aromatic and has a bright, rich meat taste. In this connection, according to the results of the study, the authors concluded that sample 1 ("halal beef") has higher quality indicators than sample 2 (beef obtained in the classical way).

scholarly journals Genome-based engineering of ligninolytic enzymes in fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dare Asemoloye ◽  
Mario Andrea Marchisio ◽  
Vijai Kumar Gupta ◽  
Lorenzo Pecoraro
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Pathway Engineering ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Metabolic Pathway Engineering ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background Many fungi grow as saprobic organisms and obtain nutrients from a wide range of dead organic materials. Among saprobes, fungal species that grow on wood or in polluted environments have evolved prolific mechanisms for the production of degrading compounds, such as ligninolytic enzymes. These enzymes include arrays of intense redox-potential oxidoreductase, such as laccase, catalase, and peroxidases. The ability to produce ligninolytic enzymes makes a variety of fungal species suitable for application in many industries, including the production of biofuels and antibiotics, bioremediation, and biomedical application as biosensors. However, fungal ligninolytic enzymes are produced naturally in small quantities that may not meet the industrial or market demands. Over the last decade, combined synthetic biology and computational designs have yielded significant results in enhancing the synthesis of natural compounds in fungi. Main body of the abstract In this review, we gave insights into different protein engineering methods, including rational, semi-rational, and directed evolution approaches that have been employed to enhance the production of some important ligninolytic enzymes in fungi. We described the role of metabolic pathway engineering to optimize the synthesis of chemical compounds of interest in various fields. We highlighted synthetic biology novel techniques for biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) activation in fungo and heterologous reconstruction of BGC in microbial cells. We also discussed in detail some recombinant ligninolytic enzymes that have been successfully enhanced and expressed in different heterologous hosts. Finally, we described recent advance in CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-Cas (CRISPR associated) protein systems as the most promising biotechnology for large-scale production of ligninolytic enzymes. Short conclusion Aggregation, expression, and regulation of ligninolytic enzymes in fungi require very complex procedures with many interfering factors. Synthetic and computational biology strategies, as explained in this review, are powerful tools that can be combined to solve these puzzles. These integrated strategies can lead to the production of enzymes with special abilities, such as wide substrate specifications, thermo-stability, tolerance to long time storage, and stability in different substrate conditions, such as pH and nutrients.

scholarly journals Features of bioaccumulation and toxic effects of copper (II) oxide nanoparticles under repeated inhalation exposure in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 1139-1144
Author(s):  
Nina V. Zaitseva ◽  
Marina A. Zemlyanova ◽  
Mark S. Stepankov ◽  
Anna M. Ignatova ◽  
Alena E. Nikolaeva
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Cuo Nps

Introduction. Active use in various spheres of economic activity, large-scale production and the availability of data on toxicity determine the relevance of studying the effects of copper (II) oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on the body during inhalation exposure. Material and Methods. The size, surface area, and pore volume of CuO NPs were determined. The study and assessment of biochemical and hematological parameters of blood, the degree of bioaccumulation of nanomaterial, pathomorphological changes in organs of rats exposed to CuO NPs were carried out. The studies were carried out in comparison with a microsized analogue (CuO MPs). Results. The size of CuO NPs in the composition of the native powder is 305.00 times less than that of CuO MPs. The surface area and pore volume are 9.61 and 9.33 times larger, respectively. After exposure to CuO NPs in the blood of rats relative to the control, the levels of activity of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, LDH, amylase, AOA, MDA and the concentration of CRP increased by 1.49-2.23 times, the content of urea decreased by 1.41 times; relative number of eosinophils, leukocyte count, RDW by 1.31-5.39 times increased, relative number of segmented neutrophils decreased by 1.37 and monocytes by 1.42 times. The effect of NPs, in comparison with MPs, is more pronounced in increasing the activity of ALT, AST, LDH, MDA and the concentration of CRP by 1.25-1.68 times and in reducing the concentration of urea by 1.21 times; in increase the relative number of eosinophils by 2.37 and the count of leukocytes by 1.61 times. The concentration of copper under the action of NPs increases relative to the control in the lungs, liver, stomach, intestines and kidneys by 1.59-6.99 times. The degree of bioaccumulation of nanoparticles is 1.20-2.12 times higher than that of microparticles in the lungs, liver, stomach, and kidneys. Conclusion. Functional and pathomorphological changes caused by CuO NPs are more pronounced in the lungs, stomach, and small intestine in comparison with microparticles. It was confirmed that the studied CuO particles are nanomaterials. They have a more pronounced bioaccumulation and toxic effect relative to the microdispersed analogue.

scholarly journals PILOT PLANT SCALE-UP STUDIES FOR PARENTERAL - A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
V. Manikandan
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Pilot Plant Scale

The dosage form of parenteral is sterile and gives a quick beginning of activity and gives an immediate action to accomplishing the medication impact inside the body. The route of parenteral administration is the most well-known and productive route for the conveyance of dynamic medication substances with poor bioavailability and medications with a tight therapeutic index. The principal objective of the technique was to endeavour to talk about the different procedures needed for the pilot plant production considers. The pilot plant is the term that is normally more modest than large-scale production plants yet it is the underlying scope of sizes. It is planned for learning, and making the definitions on a limited scale to accomplish the relationship with the enormous scope production, and they are normally more adaptable perhaps to the detriment of the economy. Most of the pilot plants are implicit in the maker's own research centres of the manufacturer utilizing stock lab hardware. These pilot plant studies are performed by using a technology transfer (TT) documentation report which is made by the research and development department for product development. Hence, this process would meet product quality, safety, and efficacy and further this production techniques will transfer to large-scale production for parenteral preparation.

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