scholarly journals Optimization of the Vulcanization Formula of Pneumatic Rubber Fender (PRF) to Increase Resistance to the Aging Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Mahendra Anggaravidya ◽  
Sudirman Habibie ◽  
Ade Sholeh Hidayat ◽  
Hanif Yuliani ◽  
Akhmad Amry
Keyword(s):  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Resistance Test ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Tensile Strength Test ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Optimum Formula ◽  
The Impact

One rubber products, pneumatic rubber fender (PRF), is fully imported, where the raw material is made primarily by synthetic rubber. PRF products have been used in the transport sector as the impact protection of ports and ships. In this study, the mixture between natural and synthetic rubber conducted to determine the  optimum formula of  mixing rubber for  the product PRF. Then the PRF-product was subjected to Aging Resistance Test (ART). Physical and mechanical properties of the PRF were analyzed by tensile strength test, elongation at break test, tear resistance test, hardness test, and also some samples of the product of mixing were observed by Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The formula used in this study is the ratio of single-NR-100%; combinations of NR-70% and CR-30%; combinations of NR-30% and CR-70%; and the CR-100%. The results showed that the optimum mix formula for the PRF product is NR-70%: CR-30%.

scholarly journals Effect of microwave disinfection on physical and mechanical properties of acrylic resins

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Leonardo Xediek Consant ◽  
Erica Brenoe Vieira ◽  
Marcelo Ferraz Mesquita ◽  
Wilson Batista Mendes ◽  
João Neudenir Arioli-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Knoop Hardness ◽  
Microwave Energy ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Acrylic Resins ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
The Impact

This study evaluated the effect of microwave energy on the hardness, impact strength and flexural strength of the Clássico, Onda-Cryl and QC-20 acrylic resins. Aluminum die were embedded in metallic or plastic flasks with type III dental stone, in accordance with the traditional packing technique. A mixing powder/liquid ratio was used according to the manufacturer's instructions. After polymerization in water batch at 74ºC for 9 h, boiling water for 20 min or microwave energy at 900 W for 10 min, the specimens were deflasked after flask cooling at room temperature, and submitted to finishing. Specimens non-disinfected and disinfected by microwave irradiation were submitted to hardness, impact and flexural strength tests. Each specimen was immersed in distilled water and disinfected in a microwave oven calibrated to 650 W for 3 min. Knoop hardness test was performed with 25 g load for 10 s, impact test was carried out using the Charpy system with 40 kpcm, and 3-point bending test with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. Data were submitted to statistical analysis by ANOVA and Tukey's test (?=0.05). Disinfection by microwave energy decreased the hardness of Clássico and Onda-Cryl acrylic resins, but no effect was observed on the impact and flexural strength of all tested resins.

Study of the Potentiality of Residue from Kaolin Industry as Ceramic Raw Material to Produce Porcelanate Gres

2005 ◽  
Vol 498-499 ◽  
pp. 420-424
Author(s):  
M.A.F. Ramalho ◽  
Lisiane Navarro de Lima Santana ◽  
Gelmires Araújo Neves ◽  
Hélio Lucena Lira
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scanning Electron

The recycling of industrial residues has being intensified all over the world, mainly due to the increase of the impact to the environment, and the growing volume of solid residues that put in risk the public health and degrade the natural resources. So, the aim of this work is to study the potentiality of the residue from kaolin industry, as ceramic raw material to produce porcelanate gres. A composition was formulated, mixed and forming by pressing (from 30 MPa to 50 MPa). After, it was sinterized at temperatures of 1180°C, 1200°C, 1220°C and 1240°C. The samples were submitted to physical and mechanical tests and characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The preliminary results from physical and mechanical properties showed that the residue can be used to produce porcelanate gres according to Brasilian Norms (NBR 13818), at temperatures of 1220°C and 1240°C.

scholarly journals STUDY ON THE GRINDING TIME DURATION IMPACT ON THE PROPERTIES OF PAPER FROM ALTERNATIVE RAW MATERIALS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Z Galimova ◽  
◽  
H Babakhanova ◽  
M Abdunazarov ◽  
I Ismoilov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Fiber Materials ◽  
The Impact

Both raw and recycled fiber materials are used for paper production. The increase in percentage use of the latter is due to their paper-forming properties, availability and low cost. The article explores the possibility of using pulp from the inner layer of mulberry twig bark. Mulberry twigs, after removing leaves, which are the main raw material in silk production, have no practical industrial application. Recycling waste - mulberry branches - for the production of pulp is therefore relevant as it is aimed at solving raw material and environmental problems. The purpose of this work is to use local raw materials for paper production, study the impact of processing method of the grinding process on paper forming properties. During grinding the mechanical processes of changes of fibers determine mainly structure of a paper sheet, and colloidal-physical processes - bind and ability of fibers to form strong, homogenous and smooth structure of paper. The structure of the sheet of paper facilitates excessive or "selective" ink absorption into the pores of the paper and thus predetermines the quality of reproduction during the printing process. Methods for determining the physical and mechanical properties of papers were used in this work, and changes in the surface structure of samples cast at various technological modes of the milling process were studied. The results of the study revealed that the addition of cellulose mass from the inner layer of mulberry twig bark helps to obtain a strong paper. The optical properties of the paper, which contains cotton and cellulose from the inner layer of mulberry branch bark, are explained by the whiteness of the added fibers themselves. The strength properties of the paper at a weight grinding degree of 300 CWR are explained by the bond between the split and strongly interwoven fibers of the cellulose fibers. It has been established that the addition of more than 30% cellulose from the inner layer of the mulberry branch bark to the paper pulp mass is undesirable, as this adversely affects the whiteness of the paper

Analysis of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Backhoe’s Bucket Repairment with Cladding Methode

2020 ◽  
Vol 841 ◽  
pp. 254-258
Author(s):  
Yustiasih Purwaningrum ◽  
Muhammad Hafiz ◽  
Risky Suparyanto
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Low Carbon

Buckets are the most important component in backhoe construction, the bucket functions as a digger and carrier component in an excavator. Due to the heavy working media of the excavator so that this component is the most easily damaged part, damage that often occurs is wear caused by friction arising so that the thickness of the bucket is reduced which can eventually cause cracks in the bucket and in continuous use can cause the bucket to crack and broken. Cladding method is done to shorten the time or simplify the repair process is to directly patch the damaged part with a welding layer and then do the grading using a grinding. This study aims to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the material from the cladding process when compared with the raw material, the variations used are raw material, cladding with filler welding, and cladding with plates. The welding process is carried out with GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) and low carbon steel. Welding results will be tested tensile strength, bending strength , impact test, hardness test, chemical composition, and corrosion rate. From the hardness test results showed that the weld metal from plate variation has the highest hardness value of 443 VHN. From the results of tensile testing the basic material has the highest value with 359.08 MPa. From the bending test results the highest value obtained from filler verification with 494.01 Mpa and the highest impact price obtained from the plate variation cladding method with a value of 1.49 J / mm2

scholarly journals The impact of calcination on changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the diatomites of the Leszczawka Member (the Outer Carpathians, Poland)

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 269
Author(s):  
Beata Figarska-Warchoł ◽  
Marek Rembiś ◽  
Grażyna Stańczak
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Compressive Strain ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Compact Variety ◽  
Initial Melting ◽  
Mineral Components ◽  
Outer Carpathians ◽  
Silica Phases ◽  
The Impact

The work concerned the effects of the thermal treatment of diatomites from the Jawornik deposit (an example of the diatomites of the Leszczawka Member of the Polish Outer Carpathians). Five distinct lithological varieties were subjected to calcination at 600°C in ambient air.The thermal impact induced the following changes to the rocks. Their overall rock porosity increased, most distinctly in the initially softer varieties, and the internal pores of the siliceous frustules themselves usually became larger due to the initial melting of the silica phases. Most of the diatoms, quartz and feldspars cracked as a result of their brittle fracturing under compressive strain resulting from substantial and differing size changes of growing grains. Clay minerals were thermally transferred, changing their volume. The organic matter dispersed through-out the diatomites was partly oxidized and removed. At the same time, the structure of the rocks was strengthened, as confirmed by an increase in their microhardness. The microhardness of soft and porous diatomite varieties increased considerably on heating, but that of the hard and compact variety changed to a smaller degree. The increase is directly related to the content of the clay minerals. The impact of other mineral components was not detected. The calcination of lithologically diversified diatomites provided the mineral with raw material with deicing and antisliding properties. The technology of its production has been determined by the authors and submitted as a patent.

The Effect of Traditional Fumigation on Physical, Mechanical and Anatomical Properties of Wooden Handicraft in West Kalimantan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Farah Diba ◽  
Lolyta Sisillia
Keyword(s):  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Radial Shrinkage ◽  
Tangential Shrinkage ◽  
Anatomical Properties ◽  
The Impact

West Kalimantan wooden craft is internationally well known and its export is increasing. Currently, high durability and attractive color of wood material such as belian (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teysm & Binnend) is rarely available, then alternatively mangium (Acacia mangium Willd.) and laban wood (Vitex pubescens Vahl.) are used for handicraft. Fumigation is one possible way to improve wood service life and color shades. This paper determines the impact of traditional fumigation on wood raw material on physical, mechanical and anatomical properties. The timber fumigation technique was conducted for one week, with curing time from early morning until late afternoon. After treatment, the physical, mechanical and anatomical properties of wood were evaluated. The different of color before and after treatment was measured by image processing scanner Canon P 145. Physical and mechanical properties refer to the British standard method. Result shows that fumigation improves the quality of wood, especially on color of wood. The wood became dark and more shining. It’s good for the handicraft materials. The quality of wood on moisture content value, both on mangium and laban wood was increased with average 30-50%. The average value of wood density of mangium wood after treatment with fumigation was 0.52, meanwhile laban wood was 0.55. The average value of radial shrinkage of mangium wood after fumigation treatment was 3.96% and tangential shrinkage was 6.34%. The average value of radial shrinkage of laban wood after fumigation was 6.43% and tangential shrinkage was 6.08%. The average value of hardness of mangium wood after fumigation treatment was 470.13 kg/cm2  and laban wood was 625.46 kg/cm2. The Fumigated  wood color was darker and more attractive for decorative and  craft products than non-fumigated wood. In general, this method could be used to preserve wood and to increase the physical performance of wood as raw material for handicraft.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Flexible Polyether Foam Filled with Eggshell and Groundnut Husk Powder

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Uchechukwu Ofora ◽  
Rosemary Arinze ◽  
Pauline Uchechukwu Chris-Okafor
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Indentation Hardness ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Tensile Strength Test ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy Result ◽  
Foam Filled

The study investigated the effect of eggshell and groundnut husk as fillers on flexible polyether foam. The fillers with the mesh sizes of 50µm respectively were mixed in the ratio of 50-50. Varying percentages of the mixed fillers ranging from 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% were incorporated into the polyether recipes in the appropriate foam formulations and foam samples were produced. The unfilled foam (0%filler) served as the standard control sample. The physico-mechanical test carried out on the foam showed increase in the properties such as density, compression set test, indentation hardness test, tensile strength test and decrease for elongation at break test as compared to the unfilled foam. The scanning electron microscopy result showed the cell sizes became smaller and concentrated with an irregular shape as the filler load increased, thereby making it denser and thicker. Eggshell and groundnut husk can be used in the production of flexible polyether foam since they are organic materials. They can enhance the mechanical properties and biodegradability of polyurethane product. The use of fillers in polymer composite will help in sanitizing the environment by reducing landfills and producing eco-friendly waste and also it influences cost positively. 

Determination of Combined and Second Order Factor Effects for Simultaneous Optimization of Physical and Mechanical Properties of NR/BR Blend System

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-304
Author(s):  
Rajarajan Aiyengar ◽  
Jyoti Divecha
Keyword(s):  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Simultaneous Optimization ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Polybutadiene Rubber ◽  
Contour Plots

ABSTRACT The blends of natural rubber (NR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), and other forms of rubbers are widely used for enhancing the mechanical and physical properties of rubber compounds. Lots of work has been done in conditioning and mixing of NR/BR blends to improve the properties of its rubber compounds and end products such as tire tread. This article employs response surface methodology designed experiments in five factors; high abrasion furnace carbon black (N 330), aromatic oil, NR/BR ratio, sulfur, and N-oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide for determination of combined and second order effects of the significant factors leading to simultaneous optimization of the NR/BR blend system. One of the overall optimum of eight properties existed at carbon 44 phr, oil 6.1 phr, NR/BR 78/22 phr with the following values of properties: tensile strength (22 MPa), elongation at break (528%), tear resistance (30 kg/mm), rebound resilience (67%), moderate hardness (68 International rubber hardness degrees) with low heat buildup (17 °C), permanent set (12%), and abrasion loss (57 mm3). More optimum combinations can easily be determined from the NR/BR blend system models contour plots.

scholarly journals Damage Evolution of Granodiorite after Heating and Cooling Treatments

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 779
Author(s):  
Mohamed Gomah ◽  
Guichen Li ◽  
Salah Bader ◽  
Mohamed Elkarmoty ◽  
Mohamed Ismael
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Failure Mode ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Natural Rock ◽  
The Impact

The awareness of the impact of high temperatures on rock properties is essential to the design of deep geotechnical applications. The purpose of this research is to assess the influence of heating and cooling treatments on the physical and mechanical properties of Egyptian granodiorite as a degrading factor. The samples were heated to various temperatures (200, 400, 600, and 800 °C) and then cooled at different rates, either slowly cooled in the oven and air or quickly cooled in water. The porosity, water absorption, P-wave velocity, tensile strength, failure mode, and associated microstructural alterations due to thermal effect have been studied. The study revealed that the granodiorite has a slight drop in tensile strength, up to 400 °C, for slow cooling routes and that most of the physical attributes are comparable to natural rock. Despite this, granodiorite thermal deterioration is substantially higher for quick cooling than for slow cooling. Between 400:600 °C is ‘the transitional stage’, where the physical and mechanical characteristics degraded exponentially for all cooling pathways. Independent of the cooling method, the granodiorite showed a ductile failure mode associated with reduced peak tensile strengths. Additionally, the microstructure altered from predominantly intergranular cracking to more trans-granular cracking at 600 °C. The integrity of the granodiorite structure was compromised at 800 °C, the physical parameters deteriorated, and the rock tensile strength was negligible. In this research, the temperatures of 400, 600, and 800 °C were remarked to be typical of three divergent phases of granodiorite mechanical and physical properties evolution. Furthermore, 400 °C could be considered as the threshold limit for Egyptian granodiorite physical and mechanical properties for typical thermal underground applications.

scholarly journals Functionalization of Enzymatically Treated Apple Pomace from Juice Production by Extrusion Processing

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
Vera Schmid ◽  
Antje Trabert ◽  
Judith (Schäfer) Keller ◽  
Mirko Bunzel ◽  
Heike P. Karbstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Apple Pomace ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Insoluble Dietary Fiber ◽  
Extrusion Processing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Treated Apple

Food by-products can be used as natural and sustainable food ingredients. However, a modification is needed to improve the technofunctional properties according to the specific needs of designated applications. A lab-scale twin-screw extruder was used to process enzymatically treated apple pomace from commercial fruit juice production. To vary the range of the thermomechanical treatment, various screw speeds (200, 600, 1000 min−1), and screw configurations were applied to the raw material. Detailed chemical and functional analyses were performed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the extrusion processing on apple pomace composition and technofunctional properties as well as structures of individual polymers. Extrusion at moderate thermomechanical conditions increased the water absorption, swelling, and viscosity of the material. An increase in thermomechanical stress resulted in a higher water solubility index, but negatively affected the water absorption index, viscosity, and swelling. Scanning electron microscopy showed an extrusion-processing-related disruption of the cell wall. Dietary fiber analysis revealed an increase of soluble dietary fiber from 12.6 to 17.2 g/100 g dry matter at maximum thermo-mechanical treatment. Dietary fiber polysaccharide analysis demonstrated compositional changes, mainly in the insoluble dietary fiber fraction. In short, pectin polysaccharides seem to be susceptible to thermo-mechanical stress, especially arabinans as neutral side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I.

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