scholarly journals Penentuan Resistivity Tanah Di Dalam Menetapkan Area Pemasangan Grounding Gardu Distribusi 20 Kv Mengunakan Kombinasi Grid dan Rod di Kampus Politeknik Negeri Padang

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Junaidi Asrul ◽  
Wiwik Wiharti ◽  
Efendi - ◽  
Firmansyah -
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Resistivity Measurement ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
The State ◽  
Voltage Response ◽  
Soil Resistivity ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Resistivity Meter

To obtain a small earth (near zero) resistivity value is determined by the number of planted electrodes and soil type properties. Difficulty in obtaining this small resistivity value often errors in estimating soil properties or soil type resistance so that failure to obtain soil barriers often occurs.To determine the desired amount of material can be measured soil type resistor value, by measuring the soil resistivity value so that the estimated material cost estimation can be achieved well. then in this research using geoelectric method with Schlumberger configuration. Schlumberger method is a method with a constant system of spacing rules with the note of the 'n' multiplier is the comparison of the distance between the C1-P1 or (C2-P2) electrodes with P1-P2. The instrument used is a resistivity meter ( Naniura) equipped with four electrodes which have the ability to read output voltage response due to current injected into the ground surface through two current electrodes and two potential electrodes. In this study used progress to map the 2D isoresistivity beneath the measured surface. .The results of this soil resistivity measurement can be determined with certainty the amount of material used and the cost of workmanship provided to establish the proper grounding system to be attached to a 20 kV Distribution substation at the State Polytechnic Padang State Electricity Laboratory. So that the grounding system in pairs meet the standards that have been determined and can be categorized both and safe for humans and equipment for grounding Distribution Distributors 20 kV Electricity Engineering Laboratory at the State Polytechnic Campus Padang

scholarly journals Perbandingan Cost Significant Model Dengan Metode Parametrik Untuk Estimasi Biaya Gedung Bertingkat 2 di Provinsi Sumatera Barat

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Jajang Atmaja ◽  
Elvi Roza Syofyan ◽  
Anne Fadillah
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
The State ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Cost Estimation Model ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Error Percentage ◽  
Significant Model

The estimated cost at the initial or conceptual stage is an estimate made when there is still little information about the image, description and specifications of the work to be done. This estimate is needed to provide information on the initial description of the total construction costs. Estimated costs must be accurate so as not to cause problems in the future. To obtain a method that meets these needs, we compare two estimation methods, namely the Cost Significant Model and the Metode Parametrik. This study aims to determine the components of the calculation needed by the Cost Significant Model and Parametric Method and the comparison of the two in making cost estimates and for determining the most accurate method. This research was applied to the construction of a 2-storey building in the province of West Sumatra. Data related to the study were collected from consultants in the city of Padang with 9 (nine) RAB data complete with project information originating from 2013 s.d. 2016Based on the Cost Significant Model analysis, the regression analysis formula is obtained: Y = 1,340,187,179 + 3,175 X2 + 0,295 X10 + 7,072 X11 + 1,881 X4 - 4,134 X13, where X2 is Foundation Work Cost, X10 is Wall Work Cost, X11 is Door Work Cost and Window, X4 is Column Work Costs, X13 is Floor Work Costs. This cost estimation model has been validated with an average error percentage of 0%. Metode Parametrik Analysis using the formula set out in Presidential Regulation No. 73 of 2011 Article 14: Total Project Costs = HSBGN x K x Project Area, where HSBGN is the Price of the State Building Building Unit and K is the multiplier multiplier for multi-storey buildings. This cost estimation model has been validated with an average error percentage of 32%. Based on the results of this error percentage, it is concluded that the most accurate method is the Cost Significant Model.To obtain a small earth (near zero) resistivity value is determined by the number of planted electrodes and soil type properties. Difficulty in obtaining this small resistivity value often errors in estimating soil properties or soil type resistance so that failure to obtain soil barriers often occurs.To determine the desired amount of material can be measured soil type resistor value, by measuring the soil resistivity value so that the estimated material cost estimation can be achieved well. then in this research using geoelectric method with Schlumberger configuration. Schlumberger method is a method with a constant system of spacing rules with the note of the 'n' multiplier is the comparison of the distance between the C1-P1 or (C2-P2) electrodes with P1-P2. The instrument used is a resistivity meter ( Naniura) equipped with four electrodes which have the ability to read output voltage response due to current injected into the ground surface through two current electrodes and two potential electrodes. In this study used progress to map the 2D isoresistivity beneath the measured surface. .The results of this soil resistivity measurement can be determined with certainty the amount of material used and the cost of workmanship provided to establish the proper grounding system to be attached to a 20 kV Distribution substation at the State Polytechnic Padang State Electricity Laboratory. So that the grounding system in pairs meet the standards that have been determined and can be categorized both and safe for humans and equipment for grounding Distribution Distributors 20 kV Electricity Engineering Laboratory at the State Polytechnic Campus Padang.

scholarly journals Merchantability and assortment structure of pine stands affected by root rot in the Volyn Polissya region, Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
Sergiy Musienko ◽  
Volodymyr Luk’yanets ◽  
Oksana Tarnopylska ◽  
Oleksii Kobets ◽  
Vira Babenko
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Average Length ◽  
The State ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
State Enterprise ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The study was conducted in the forests of the State Enterprise “Gorodotske Forest Economy”, located in the Manevytsko-Volodymyretsky region of the Volyn Polissya in Ukraine. The annosum root rot (Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.) impact on timber merchantability was investigated. The comparison of the cost estimation of stands assortment structure was carried out on the basis of the market value at current selling prices of the State Enterprise “Gorodotske Forest Economy” of the Volyn Regional Department of Forestry and Hunting as of 2017, taking into account the quality and the average length of the assortments. We present a comparative analysis of productivity, merchantability and assortment structure and financial value of timber volume by various assortments of pine and birch stands of the Volyn Polissya region affected by annosum root rot. We found that in the pine plantations, the overall productivity and the value of merchantable wood was higher by 42% in the control sites (areas between the fungal disease centers) as compared with those in the root rot disease centers. In the middle-aged birch-pine stands, the value of merchantable wood was higher than that in pine plantations of 34 the comparable age: by 9% in the disease centers and by 8% in control sites.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Resistivity Measurement on the Safe Design of Grounding Systems

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3170
Author(s):  
Vasilios P. Androvitsaneas ◽  
Katerina D. Damianaki ◽  
Christos A. Christodoulou ◽  
Ioannis F. Gonos
Keyword(s):  
Resistivity Measurement ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Soil Resistivity ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Uncertainty Of Measurements ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Ground Profile ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

A prerequisite for the proper and safe designing of a grounding system is the full knowledge of the ground structure in the terrain of installation. Through soil resistivity measurements, engineers are able to illustrate the ground profile, which constitutes the most significant parameter for the design of a grounding system and for determining the maximum permissible limits of step and touch voltages. This paper highlights the high importance and necessity for engineers to choose the proper measurement axes of soil resistivity in the terrain of interest and to choose suitable measurement depths, as well the combination of axes for the final determination of the ground profile. The variance of soil resistivity values, as a function of axis distance and the impact of axis placement on determining the uncertainty of measurements, is also analyzed in detail in this study. Furthermore, this work studies the value variance of step and touch voltages as a function of measurement axes, considering two- and three-layer soil models, based on soil resistivity field measurements performed at the university campus. Therefore, the proper and premeditated measurement of soil resistivity, particularly in anisotropic ground, is proved to be of major importance for the full designing of a safe grounding system.

scholarly journals Planning, Scheduling and Resource Optimization for Road Construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 2625-2629
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Resource Optimization ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Railway Station ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Shortest Route ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Water Passage

In1916, the construction of Railway station in Guntur was done at that time; there as was full of small fresh water rivers near Guntur bus stand and near railway station and flow of water from bus stand to railway station is known as pichukalagunta. There is a low level water passage below the railway track was established. After few years the area was developed and the low level passage was become used for traffic flow. But at the time of rainy season the water gets stagnated. And the route is in much usage in normal seasons because it is shortest route to go from bus stand to lakshmipuram and railway station. We are not only giving the station for that low lying area sand also Estimating the cost that required for using porous material for reducing the Stagnant of water in that particular area. During this study, we found that solution which we use percolate the water into the ground surface and also cost estimation in primavera software.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF A MECHANISM FOR STATE REGULATION OF SOCIAL GUARANTEES IN THE REGION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Lobas ◽  
◽  
Elena Petryaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Periodic Review ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
State Management ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with modern mechanisms for managing social protection of the population by the state and the private sector. From the point of view of forms of state regulation of the sphere of social protection, system indicators usually include the state and dynamics of growth in the standard of living of the population, material goods, services and social guarantees for the poorly provided segments of the population. The main indicator among the above is the state of the consumer market, as one of the main factors in the development of the state. Priority areas of public administration with the use of various forms of social security have been identified. It should be emphasized that, despite the legislative conflicts that exist today in Ukraine, mandatory indexation of the cost of living is established, which is associated with inflation. Various scientists note that although the definition of the cost of living index has a well-established methodology, there are quite a lot of regional features in the structure of consumption. All this is due to restrictions that are included in the consumer basket of goods and different levels of socio-economic development of regions. The analysis of the establishment and periodic review of the minimum consumer budgets of the subsistence minimum and wages of the working population and the need to form state insurance funds for unforeseen circumstances is carried out. Considering in this context the levers of state management of social guarantees of the population, we drew attention to the crisis periods that are associated with the market transformation of the regional economy. In these conditions, there is a need to develop and implement new mechanisms and clusters in the system of socio-economic relations. The components of the mechanisms ofstate regulation ofsocial guarantees of the population are proposed. The deepening of market relations in the process of reforming the system of social protection of the population should be aimed at social well-being.

The Self-Undermining State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Final Section ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
Central Authority ◽  
Interstate War ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Willingness To Sacrifice ◽  
The Cost

This chapter provides an informal rationalist model of state formation as an exchange between a central authority and a population. In the model, the central authority protects the population against external threats and the population disarms and pays taxes. The model specifies the conditions under which the exchange is self-enforcing, meaning that the parties prefer the exchange to alternative courses of action. These conditions—costly but winnable interstate war—are historically rare, and the cost of such wars can rise beyond the population’s willingness to sacrifice. At this point, the population prefers to avoid war rather than fight it and may prefer an alternative institution to the state if that institution can prevent war and reduce the level of extraction. Thus the modern centralized state is self-undermining rather than self-enforcing. A final section addresses alternative explanations for state formation.

Constructing Images of Deviance: A Look at State Intervention into the Problem of Wife-Battery

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 60-76
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Social Problem ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Wife Battering ◽  
The Social ◽  
Class Context ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost

Patricia Morgan's paper describes what happens when the state intervenes in the social problem of wife-battering. Her analysis refers to the United States, but there are clear implications for other countries, including Britain. The author argues that the state, through its social problem apparatus, manages the image of the problem by a process of bureaucratization, professionalization and individualization. This serves to narrow the definition of the problem, and to depoliticize it by removing it from its class context and viewing it in terms of individual pathology rather than structure. Thus refuges were initially run by small feminist collectives which had a dual objective of providing a service and promoting among the women an understanding of their structural position in society. The need for funds forced the groups to turn to the state for financial aid. This was given, but at the cost to the refuges of losing their political aims. Many refuges became larger, much more service-orientated and more diversified in providing therapy for the batterers and dealing with other problems such as alcoholism and drug abuse. This transformed not only the refuges but also the image of the problem of wife-battering.

scholarly journals Methodology for the Concept Design of Locally Reinforced Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7246
Author(s):  
Julius Moritz Berges ◽  
Georg Jacobs ◽  
Sebastian Stein ◽  
Jonathan Sprehe
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Parameter Study ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Cost Weight ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Plastics ◽  
The Cost

Locally load-optimized fiber-based composites, the so-called tailored textiles (TT), offer the potential to reduce weight and cost compared to conventional fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP). However, the design of TT has a higher complexity compared to FRP. Current approaches, focusing on solving this complexity for multiple objectives (cost, weight, stiffness), require great effort and calculation time, which makes them unsuitable for serial applications. Therefore, in this paper, an approach for the efficient creation of simplified TT concept designs is presented. By combining simplified models for structural design and cost estimation, the most promising concepts, regarding the cost, weight, and stiffness of TT parts, can be identified. By performing a parameter study, the cost, weight, and stiffness optima of a sample part compared to a conventional FRP component can be determined. The cost and weight were reduced by 30% for the same stiffness. Applying this approach at an early stage of product development reduces the initial complexity of the subsequent detailed engineering design, e.g., by applying methods from the state of the art.

Keynote

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
Ingo Weber
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
System Throughput ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Distributed Ledger Technology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Application Developers

Blockchain is a novel distributed ledger technology. Through its features and smart contract capabilities, a wide range of application areas opened up for blockchain-based innovation [5]. In order to analyse how concrete blockchain systems as well as blockchain applications are used, data must be extracted from these systems. Due to various complexities inherent in blockchain, the question how to interpret such data is non-trivial. Such interpretation should often be shared among parties, e.g., if they collaborate via a blockchain. To this end, we devised an approach codify the interpretation of blockchain data, to extract data from blockchains accordingly, and to output it in suitable formats [1, 2]. This work will be the main topic of the keynote. In addition, application developers and users of blockchain applications may want to estimate the cost of using or operating a blockchain application. In the keynote, I will also discuss our cost estimation method [3, 4]. This method was designed for the Ethereum blockchain platform, where cost also relates to transaction complexity, and therefore also to system throughput.

The impact of labor freedom on geographic cost of living differentials

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-395
Author(s):  
Richard Cebula ◽  
James E. Payne ◽  
Donnie Horner ◽  
Robert Boylan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of labor market freedom on state-level cost of living differentials in the USA using cross-sectional data for 2016 after allowing for the impacts of economic and quality of life factors. Design/methodology/approach The study uses two-stage least squares estimation controlling for factors contributing to cost of living differences across states. Findings The results reveal that an increase in labor market freedom reduces the overall cost of living. Research limitations/implications The study can be extended using panel data and alternative measures of labor market freedom. Practical implications In general, the finding that less intrusive government and greater labor freedom are associated with a reduced cost of living should not be surprising. This is because less government intrusion and greater labor freedom both inherently allow markets to be more efficient in the rationalization of and interplay with forces of supply and demand. Social implications The findings of this and future related studies could prove very useful to policy makers and entrepreneurs, as well as small business owners and public corporations of all sizes – particularly those considering either location in, relocation to, or expansion into other markets within the USA. Furthermore, the potential benefits of the National Right-to-Work Law currently under consideration in Congress could add cost of living reductions to the debate. Originality/value The authors extend the literature on cost of living differentials by investigating whether higher amounts of state-level labor market freedom act to reduce the states’ cost of living using the most recent annual data available (2016). That labor freedom has a systemic efficiency impact on the state-level cost of living is a significant finding. In our opinion, it is likely that labor market freedom is increasing the efficiency of labor market transactions in the production and distribution of goods and services, and acts to reduce the cost of living in states. In addition, unlike previous related studies, the authors investigate the impact of not only overall labor market freedom on the state-level cost of living, but also how the three sub-indices of labor market freedom, as identified and measured by Stansel et al. (2014, 2015), impact the cost of living state by state.

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