scholarly journals Assessment of temporal trend of COVID-19 outbreak in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitesh Gupta ◽  
Biswajeet Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Abrupt Change ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pettitt Test ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Entire Country ◽  
Increasing Trend

The COVID-19 pandemic has outspread obstreperously in India. Within a period of 95 days, from March 02 to June 04, India surpassed 2 lakh in count of infected cases. Approximately 3 out of each 1000 people in India has been tested till date and 53 per 1000 tests results positively infected. During the first week of March, only 14 out of each 1000 tests were resulting as positively infected and it has been extended at a rate of 71/1000 tests in the first week of June, which may indicate a sign of community spread of this disease. Mann-Kendall test denotes that the count of daily confirmed cases is significantly increasing with estimated Sen’s slope of ~ 76 persons/day in entire country. This trend has escalated from ~ 5 persons/day in March to ~ 249 persons/day in the very first week of June. Among major affected cities, Mumbai and Delhi are noted with extremely high rate of increase. In the 3 out of 5 megacities in India: Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai, the count of daily transmission have reached beyond of 1200 after the third week of May which indicate that the allowance to the migrants might make an easy-way of coronavirus transmission. Additionally, Pettitt test indicates an abrupt change in increasing trend over entire country on April 17, 2020. The nationwide transmission rate was ~ 22 persons/day before April 17 and afterward it amplified to ~ 174 persons/day. Moreover, all the major affected cities also registered multi-fold increase in transmission rate after the evaluated change point over that city; explicitly, this increment was more than 20 times over Pune, Chennai and Ahmedabad. Therefore, the nationwide imposed lockdown in India might have very less impact on flattening the curve of daily confirmed case.

scholarly journals Historical trends and variability of temperature extremes in two climate vulnerable regions of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-292
Author(s):  
Khalid Mahmud ◽  
Susmita Saha ◽  
Tanvir Ahmad ◽  
Ummay Saima Satu
Keyword(s):  
Kendall Test ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Decadal Variations ◽  
Cold Extremes

Research on temperature extremes deserves more importance because it reacts sensitively to climate change. As elsewhere across the world, Bangladesh has already become a victim of temperature extremes. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the trends and variability of 11 temperature-related extreme indices based on daily maximum (TX) and daily minimum (TN) temperature recorded at Rajshahi and Barisal over the period 1976–2015. The indices were calculated on annual basis and their average annual and decadal trends were evaluated by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimate. Significant (p ≤ 0.01) upward trend was observed in some of the hot extremes, such as SU35: number of days with TX > 35°C and TR25: number of days with TN > 25°C, indicating that the number of days and nights with extreme hot temperature are increasing in both sites. Significant decreasing rate (-0.308 day/year) of SU25: number of days with TX > 25°C and increasing rate (1.00 day/year) of SU35 demonstrate that moderate hot days are converting to extreme hot days at Rajshahi. All cold indices showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) variations at Rajshahi implying that cold extremes are becoming severe in this area. Significant rising trend of diurnal temperature range (DTR) indicated the higher rate of increase in TX than in TN at Rajshahi. The increasing trend of all hot indices at Barisal, close to the coast, reveals more warming in hot extremes. However, no significant trends of cold indices were observed at Barisal. Significant average decadal variations of temperature indices were only observed for hot index TNx: annual maximum TN (0.372 °C/decade) and cold index CD25: number of days with TX < 25°C (4.70 days/decade) at Rajshahi and hot index SU35 (5.650 days/decade) at Barisal. So, the relatively dry western region of the country is vulnerable to both hot and cold extremes, whereas coastal area is susceptible to only hot extremes.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(2): 283-292, August 2018

scholarly journals A Study on the Characteristics of Academic Topics Related to Renewable Energy Using the Structural Topic Modeling and the Weak Signal Concept

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1497
Author(s):  
Chankook Park ◽  
Minkyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Topic Modeling ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Weak Signals ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Probabilistic Topic Modeling ◽  
To Receive

It is important to examine in detail how the distribution of academic research topics related to renewable energy is structured and which topics are likely to receive new attention in the future in order for scientists to contribute to the development of renewable energy. This study uses an advanced probabilistic topic modeling to statistically examine the temporal changes of renewable energy topics by using academic abstracts from 2010–2019 and explores the properties of the topics from the perspective of future signs such as weak signals. As a result, in strong signals, methods for optimally integrating renewable energy into the power grid are paid great attention. In weak signals, interest in large-capacity energy storage systems such as hydrogen, supercapacitors, and compressed air energy storage showed a high rate of increase. In not-strong-but-well-known signals, comprehensive topics have been included, such as renewable energy potential, barriers, and policies. The approach of this study is applicable not only to renewable energy but also to other subjects.

scholarly journals Lower extremity reamputation in people with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e002325
Author(s):  
Rongqi Liu ◽  
Brian J Petersen ◽  
Gary M Rothenberg ◽  
David G Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Contralateral Limb ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Parametric Survival ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

In this study, we determined the reamputation-free survival to both limbs and to the contralateral limb only following an index amputation of any-level and assessed whether reamputation rates have changed over time. We completed a systematic search using PubMed and screened a total of 205 articles for data on reamputation rates. We reported qualitative characteristics of 56 studies that included data on reamputation rates and completed a meta-analysis on 22 of the studies which enrolled exclusively participants with diabetes. The random-effects meta-analysis fit a parametric survival distribution to the data for reamputations to both limbs and to the contralateral limb only. We assessed whether there was a temporal trend in the reamputation rate using the Mann-Kendall test. Incidence rates were high for reamputation to both limbs and to the contralateral limb only. At 1 year, the reamputation rate for all contralateral and ipsilateral reamputations was found to be 19% (IQR=5.1%–31.6%), and at 5 years, it was found to be 37.1% (IQR=27.0%–47.2%). The contralateral reamputation rate at 5 years was found to be 20.5% (IQR=13.3%–27.2%). We found no evidence of a trend in the reamputation rates over more than two decades of literature analyzed. The incidence of lower extremity reamputation is high among patients with diabetes who have undergone initial amputations secondary to diabetes, and rates of reamputation have not changed over at least two decades.

scholarly journals Antigoitrogenic effect of combined supplementation with dl-alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and beta-carotene and of dl-alpha-tocopherol alone in the rat

1998 ◽  
Vol 156 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Mutaku ◽  
MC Many ◽  
I Colin ◽  
JF Denef ◽  
MF van den Hove
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Free Radical Scavengers ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

The effects of the vitamins dl-alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and beta-carotene, free radical scavengers and lipid peroxidation inhibitors, were analyzed in male Wistar rats made goitrous by feeding a low iodine diet (< 20 micrograms iodine/kg) and perchlorate (1% in drinking water) for 4, 8, 16, and 32 days. Groups of control or goitrous rats received for at least 16 days before killing a diet containing 0.6% vitamin E (as dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate), 1.2% vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and 0.48% beta-carotene, either simultaneously (vitamin cocktail) or separately. This treatment led to a 5-fold increase of vitamin E in the thyroid gland, a 24-fold increase in the liver and a 3-fold increase in the plasma. In control rats, vitamin cocktail administration increased slightly the thyroid weight with little changes in thyroid function parameters. During iodine deficiency, administration of the vitamin cocktail or vitamin E alone reduced significantly the rate of increase in thyroid weight, and DNA and protein contents, as well as the proportion of [3H]thymidine labeled thyroid follicular cells, but not that of labeled endothelial cells. Plasma tri-iodothyronine, thyroxine, TSH levels, thyroid iodine content and concentration as well as relative volumes of glandular compartments were not modified. The proportion of necrotic cells rose from 0.5% in normal animals to about 2% after 16 days of goiter development. No significant protective effect of the vitamins was observed. These results suggest that these vitamins, particularly vitamin E, modulate one of the regulatory cascades involved in the control of thyroid follicular cell growth, without interfering with the proliferation of endothelial cells.

scholarly journals Projected Changes in Intense Precipitation over Europe at the Daily and Subdaily Time Scales*

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (15) ◽  
pp. 6193-6203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Scoccimarro ◽  
Gabriele Villarini ◽  
Marcello Vichi ◽  
Matteo Zampieri ◽  
Pier Giuseppe Fogli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Intense Precipitation ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Daily Scale ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract Heavy precipitation is a major hazard over Europe. It is well established that climate model projections indicate a tendency toward more extreme daily rainfall events. It is still uncertain, however, how this changing intensity translates at the subdaily time scales. The main goal of the present study is to examine possible differences in projected changes in intense precipitation events over Europe at the daily and subdaily (3-hourly) time scales using a state-of-the-science climate model. The focus will be on one representative concentration pathway (RCP8.5), considered as illustrative of a high rate of increase in greenhouse gas concentrations over this century. There are statistically significant differences in intense precipitation projections (up to 40%) when comparing the results at the daily and subdaily time scales. Over northeastern Europe, projected precipitation intensification at the 3-hourly scale is lower than at the daily scale. On the other hand, Spain and the western seaboard exhibit an opposite behavior, with stronger intensification at the 3-hourly scale rather than the daily scale. While the mean properties of the precipitation distributions are independent of the analyzed frequency, projected precipitation intensification exhibits regional differences. This finding has implications for the extrapolation of impacts of intense precipitation events, given the daily time scale at which the analyses are usually performed.

Research on L-PPM Modulation Rate of Pulse Fiber Lasers

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 1787-1790
Author(s):  
Zi Qiang Hao ◽  
Hong Zuo Li ◽  
Xin Ren
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Laser ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Repetition Frequency ◽  
High Rate ◽  
High Peak Power ◽  
Device Processing ◽  
Rate Transmission ◽  
Modulation Rate ◽  
Pulsed Fiber Laser

Compared with continuous laser, pulsed fiber laser has the advantages of high peak power, which is widely used in device processing, military defense and other areas. As the repetition frequency of pulsed fiber laser is low and therefore it cannot realize high rate transmission, this paper does the research on L-PPM modulation of pulsed fiber laser to find a method of effectively improving the modulation rate of pulsed fiber laser. Experimental results show that the L-PPM modulation can improve the transmission rate of the pulsed fiber laser whose repetition frequency is 200K to 1.387Mbps. The research results are useful for the application of pulsed fiber laser in communication.

scholarly journals Mesoscale Spatial Variability of Linear Trend of Precipitation Statistics in Korean Peninsula

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaehyeon Lee ◽  
Jaehyun Ahn ◽  
Eunsoo Choi ◽  
Dongkyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Characteristic Scale ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Variance ◽  
Approximate Characteristic

This study analyzed the spatial variability of the linear trend of the precipitation mean, variance, lag-1 autocorrelation coefficient, and probability of dryness (PD) based on the precipitation data between 1981 and 2015 observed at 65 rain gages located across Korean Peninsula. While the result of the Mann-Kendall test based on the yearly statistics showed no temporal trend at most of the gage locations, the same test based on the 20-yearly statistics showed that statistically significant temporal trend exists at 54% (mean), 60% (variance), 61% (autocorrelation), and 61% (PD) among the total 65 rain gages. In addition, this study produced the map of the linear trend of the precipitation statistics. The map showed a clear regional and seasonal tendency implying that the impact of the climate change varies significantly within Korea. The variogram analysis revealed that the approximate characteristic scale of linear trend of hourly and daily precipitation statistics ranges between 50 km and 200 km and between 100 km and 250 km, respectively. This characteristic scale is significantly smaller than the spatial scale of atmospheric circulation, which suggests that future water resources management plans of Korea should consider this mesoscale variability that otherwise can be missed if it is based only on the GCM simulation results.

scholarly journals A High Performance Target Tracing Transmission Model Oriented to Lifecycle Maximization

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zhong-Nan Zhao ◽  
Pei-Li Qiao ◽  
Jian Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Speed Sensor ◽  
Rate Transmission

For the high speed sensor networks applications such as Internet of Things, multimedia transmission, the realization of high-rate transmission under limited resources has become a problem to be solved. A high speed transmission and energy optimization model oriented to lifecycle maximization is proposed in this paper. Based on information-directed mechanism, the energy threshold set and the relay node distance selection will be done in the process of target tracing, as a result, retaining a balance between transmission rate and energy consumption. Meanwhile, multiagent coevolution is adopted to achieve the maximum of network lifecycle. Comparing with the relevant methods, indexes for network such as hops, throughput, and number of active nodes, standard deviation of remaining energy, and the network lifecycle are considered, and the simulated experiments show that the proposed method will promote the transmission rate effectively, prolong the network lifecycle, and improve network performance as a whole.

scholarly journals Interleukins and IgA synthesis. Human and murine interleukin 6 induce high rate IgA secretion in IgA-committed B cells.

1989 ◽  
Vol 169 (6) ◽  
pp. 2133-2148 ◽  
Author(s):  
K W Beagley ◽  
J H Eldridge ◽  
F Lee ◽  
H Kiyono ◽  
M P Everson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Tnf Alpha ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Ig Synthesis

Freshly isolated murine PP B cells were cultured with 10 different cytokines, including IL-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta, to investigate a possible role for these cytokines in induction of Ig synthesis. Of interest was the finding that only IL-5 and both mouse recombinant (mr) and human recombinant (hr) IL-6 enhanced IgA synthesis. The effect was greater with either mrIL-6 or hrIL-6 than with mrIL-5. IL-6 induced cycling mIgA+ PP B cells to secrete high levels of IgA (approximately 7-fold increase over control). Of importance was the finding that mrIL-6 had little effect on secretion of IgM or IgG by PP B cell cultures. hrIL-6 also increased IgA secretion by PP B cells and this enhancement was abolished by a goat anti-hrIL-6 antiserum. mrIL-6 did not cause B cell proliferation but induced a sharp increase in numbers of B cells secreting IgA. Isotype-switching was not a mechanism for this marked increase in IgA synthesis since mIgA- PP B cells were not induced to secrete IgA by mrIL-6. From these studies we conclude that IL-6 plays an important role in promoting the terminal differentiation of PP B cells to IgA-secreting plasma cells.

Two Novel Polymorphisms in 5' Flanking Region of the Mesothelin Gene are Associated with Soluble Mesothelin-Related Peptide (SMRP) Levels

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Cristaudo ◽  
Rudy Foddis ◽  
Alessandra Bonotti ◽  
Silvia Simonini ◽  
Agnese Vivaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pleural Mesothelioma ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Flanking Region

Background and aims Increased concentrations of soluble mesothelin-related peptides (SMRP) have been found in sera of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) even if a relatively high rate of false positives has hampered their clinical use as a tumor marker. Individual SMRP levels could be affected by polymorphic elements. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms within the promoter-5'UTR regions and SMRP levels in healthy asbestos-exposed individuals and patients suffering from MPM. Methods The promoter-5'UTR regions of the mesothelin gene were genotyped in 59 healthy asbestos-exposed subjects and 27 MPM patients. SMRP levels were measured using a commercially available ELISA kit. Results Two novel polymorphisms, an A>C variant (called New1) and a C>T variant (called New2), were identified. In healthy subjects, high SMRP levels were associated with the C-variant of New1, with an average 1.62-fold increase compared with AA homozygotes (p<0.0001). Most of the C-allele carriers had SMRP levels above the threshold of 1.00 nM. We set two different SMRP cutoffs on the basis of the combined New1+New2 genotypes. Conclusions New1-New2 genotypes could be employed as markers for setting individualized and appropriate thresholds of “normality” when SMRP is used in surveillance programs of asbestos-exposed people.

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