scholarly journals Analisa Hubungan Pola Komunikasi Dan Tingkat Keaktifan Pimpinan Terhadap Loyalitas Anggota Pada Komunitas Fotografi Urban Explore Bekasi (Leadership)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Faqihar Risyan
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Communication Patterns ◽  
Communication Pattern ◽  
Research Survey ◽  
Patterns Of Communication ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Simultaneous Activity

This research aims to know the influence of communication patterns and levels of liveliness a leader against the loyalty member in urbex People community beksi region. This research was categorized in the research survey, with research instrumentin the form of a questionnaire. The research is the study of the population by the number of respondents 108 member of urbex people community Bekasi region. metode of research used in this study is a qualitative method, using the approach of Phenomenology. Results of the study found that: (1) a leader of communication patterns of a positive effect against the loyalty member. (2) the level of positive against the influential leader of the liveliness of the loyalty member. (3) the communication pattern and tiers in the influential leader of the simultaneous activity against the loyalty member. It could be said the number of members was strongly influenced by the patterns of communication and levels of liveliness leader itself. KeyWords : Communication Pattern, level of liveliness, and loyality

Pengajian Al Quran sebagai Perekat Kebhinnekaan (Kajian Pola Komunikasi dalam Pengembangan Nilai-nilai Pancasila pada Masyarakat Multikultural melalui Pengajian Al Quran di Medan, Sumatera Utara)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tantry Widiyanarti
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
The State ◽  
Communication Patterns ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Communication Pattern ◽  
National Values ◽  
Communication Goals

As a multicultural country, Indonesia has the potential to experience horizontal conflict. The conflict is usually triggered by SARA issues. Bhinneka Tunggal Ika as the motto of the state becomes forgotten. Society is divided and fragmented, fellow nation children blasphemous and hostile. If this continues, it is not impossible that the state will experience the disintegration. But, there are many ways that can be done to avoid it. One of them is digging back the local wisdom of the nation. Recitation Quran, as one part of the Indonesian local wisdom can be a part in glueing the love of the homeland, the love of diversity and the love of harmony. Knitting diversity through recitation Quran is one way to prevent the disintegration of the nation. Therefore, recitation Quran should be communicated well and correctly should be communicated well and correctly so that acceptable to the community and the national values to be conveyed through recitation Quran can be implemented. Such a thing necessarily requires the proper way of communicating so that the communication process and communication goals can be achieved. The process of communication and how to communicate will shape its own communication pattern. The communication pattern that is able to convey the purpose of recitation Quran is interesting to be studied as seen in this research. The method of this research is using qualitative method through observation, interview and documentation. This method is believed to be able to dig deep data so that the research objectives can be achievedKeywords: Recitation Quran, local wisdom, communication patterns, pancasila, multicultural

Children’s perception of their influence over purchases: the role of parental communication patterns

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Caruana ◽  
Rosella Vassallo
Keyword(s):  
Communication Patterns ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Communication Pattern ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Parental Communication ◽  
Family Patterns ◽  
Patterns Of Communication

Socialisation by children is seen as taking place within a socio‐cultural environment where family patterns of communication play a pivotal role. The socio‐ and concept‐orientation are two predominant parental communication styles that are likely to affect the perceived influence that children believe they hold. This study focuses on the perceived influence of children resulting from the communication pattern adopted by parents. Research is conducted among a dyad consisting of parent and child that visit a recreational site. Results are reported, conclusions are drawn and recommendations for future research are made.

scholarly journals A Model of Communication to Empower Fisherman Community in Bengkalis Regency

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Yasir Yasir ◽  
Nurjanah Nurjanah ◽  
Chelsy Yesicha
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Print Media ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Vocational Schools ◽  
Communication Pattern ◽  
Fishing Villages ◽  
Government Communication ◽  
Patterns Of Communication ◽  
The Media

Fishermen are generally still poor and use traditional way. The aim of this research is to understand the empowerment of communication pattern, to explain the media used, and to describe the model of government communication in empowering fishermen in Bengkalis. This research uses qualitative method. The research result shows that the patterns of communication are through mentoring and counseling, socialization and establishment of vocational schools of fishery, providing tools and capital facilities, building fishing villages, and development of villages’ tourism. The media used are website and release in the print media, billboards and banners, calendars and posters, and making a film. The model of communication in empowering fishermen relies on Marine and Fisheries Departments, especially Field Officers (PPL) and by coordinating with others departments such as academician, police, universities and society.

scholarly journals PENGARUH GAYA KOMUNIKASI ORGANISASI TERHADAP PRESTASI KERJA PEGAWAI PADA BIRO KOMUNIKASI LAYANAN MASYARAKAT KEMDIKBUD JAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Waluyo Waluyo ◽  
Hermawan Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Employee Performance ◽  
Communication Patterns ◽  
T Test ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Communication Pattern ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
High Category ◽  
Pattern Variable ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstrak - Tujuan  penelitian   adalah untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh penerapan pola komunikasi organisasi terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Biro Komunikasi Layanan Masyarakat Kemdikbud Jakarta. Sampel  dalam penelitian ini  sebanyak 50 orang karyawan dari 102 populasi. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan  kuesioner dan  diolah dengan  analisis regresi sederhana. Uji  instrumen penelitian dengan uji validitas dan uji reliabilitas. Uji hipotesis menggunakan uji t (parsial), dan analisis koefisien determinasi dengan bantuan software SPSS 21 for Windows. Dari hasil uji deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa responden yang memberikan penilaian terhadap indikator komunikasi dari atas kebawah dalam kategori tinggi yaitu sebanyak 8 orang (16%), responden yang memberikan penilaian dalam kategori sedang yaitu sebanyak 35 orang (70%), dan responden yang memberikan penilaian dalam kategori rendah yaitu sebanyak 7 orang (14%). Responden yang memberikan penilaian terhadap variabel pola komunikasi dari bawah ke atas dalam kategori tinggi yaitu sebanyak 8 orang (16%), responden yang memberikan penilaian terhadap variabel pola komunikasi dari bawah keatas dalam kategori sedang yaitu sebanyak 34 orang (68%), dan responden yang memberikan penilaian dalam kategori rendah yaitu sebanyak 8 orang (16%). Responden yang memberikan penilaian terhadap indikator variabel pola komunikasi horizontal dalam kategori tinggi yaitu sebanyak 8 orang (16%), responden yang memberikan penilaian dalam kategori sedang yaitu sebanyak 35 orang (70%), dan responden yang memberikan penilaian dalam kategori rendah yaitu sebanyak 7 orang (14%). Pola komunikasi horizontal mayoritas dinilai dalam kategori sedang (70%). Berdasarkan hasil uji koefisien maka penerapan pola komunikasi memberikan kontribusi pengaruh sebesar 48,9% terhadap kinerja pegawai, sedangkan sisanya sebesar 100% - 48,9% = 51,1%, disebabkan oleh variabel lainnya yang tidak diteliti. Berdasarkan hasil uji t diatas dapat diketahui variabel Pola Komunikasi (X) memiliki nilai thitung 6,779 > ttabel 1,667. Hal ini berarti variabel pola komunikasi berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja pegawai, dan diperoleh hasil signifikan yang menunjukkan nilai 0,000 < 0,05 yang berarti terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara pola komunikasi dan kinerja pegawai. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima, artinya variabel penerapan pola komunikasi berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Biro Komunikasi Layanan Masyarakat Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Jakarta. Sehingga, jika nilai pola komunikasi naik maka kinerja pegawai akan meningkat secara signifikan. Kata kunci : Pola Komunikasi, Prestasi Kerja Pegawai Abstract - The purpose of this research is to find out the magnitude of the effect of the application of organizational communication patterns on employee performance at the Jakarta Ministry of Education and Culture Communication Bureau The sample in this study were 50 employees from 102 populations. The data collection method used in this study is to use a questionnaire and processed with simple regression analysis. Test research instruments with validity and reliability tests. Hypothesis testing uses t test (partial), and analysis of the coefficient of determination with the help of SPSS 21 for Windows software. Descriptive test results show that respondents who gave an assessment of communication indicators from the top down in the high category were 8 people (16%), respondents who gave ratings in the medium category were 35 people (70%), and respondents who gave ratings in the low category is 7 people (14%). Respondents who gave an assessment of the communication pattern variables from the bottom up in the high category were 8 people (16%), respondents who gave an assessment of the communication pattern variables from the bottom up in the medium category were 34 people (68%), and respondents who gave assessment in the low category as many as 8 people (16%). Respondents who gave an assessment of the variable indicators of horizontal communication patterns in the high category were 8 people (16%), respondents who gave ratings in the medium category were 35 people (70%), and respondents who gave ratings in the low category were 7 people (14%). The majority of horizontal communication patterns are rated in the medium category (70%). Based on the results of the coefficient test, the application of communication patterns contributes an effect of 48.9% to employee performance, while the rest of 100% - 48.9% = 51.1%, is caused by other variables not examined. Based on the results of the t test above it can be seen that the Communication Pattern variable (X) has a thitung of 6.779> ttable 1.667. This means that the communication pattern variable has a positive effect on employee performance, and a significant result is obtained that indicates the value of 0,000 <0.05, which means that there is a significant influence between communication patterns and employee performance. This shows that Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted, meaning that the variable implementation of communication patterns had a positive effect on employee performance at the Public Service Communication Bureau of the Ministry of Education and Culture in Jakarta. Thus, if the value of the communication pattern rises, employee performance will increase significantly. Keywords: Communication Patterns, Employee Job Performance

scholarly journals Keharmonisan Keluarga Tenaga Kerja Wanita Perspektif Psikologi Keluarga Islam

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-181
Author(s):  
Umi Rohmawati ◽  
Ika Rusdiana
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Communication Patterns ◽  
Communication Pattern ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
Conflict Resolutions ◽  
Harmonious Family ◽  
Husband And Wife

Nowadays, due to the complex family economic problems, it is the reason for a wife to become a TKW abroad to improve the family's economy. This study aimed to determine the psychological analysis of Islamic families on the communication patterns of TKW families and to find out the psychological analysis of Islamic families on conflict resolution in TKW families from Gajah Village Ponorogo. The method used a qualitative method with data collection techniques with interviews and documentation. The results showed that the communication pattern of the TKW families in Gajah Village was by the Qur'an about communication ethics, namely: trustworthy, not lying, and fair. Conflict resolution in realizing a harmonious family in the TKW family in Gajah Village uses four conflict resolutions contained in QS an-Nisa' verse 35, namely: al-Ma'ruf (tenderness and harmony between husband and wife), al-Ma'ruf (tenderness and harmony between husband and wife), al-Sabru (patience), Tahammul al-Ada (freedom in conveying and receiving partner's opinion) and al-Wa'zu (advice).

scholarly journals FAMILY’S COMMUNICATION PATTERN IN PREVENTING STUDENTS’ VIOLENCE IN YOGYAKARTA

INFORMASI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168
Author(s):  
Chatia Hastasari ◽  
Suranto Aw ◽  
Mami Hajaroh
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Character Education ◽  
High School Student ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Communication Patterns ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Communication Pattern ◽  
Senior High School Student ◽  
Student Violence

This investigates the family’s communication pattern to avoid senior high school student violence in Yogyakarta. This study employs a qualitative method taking a sample of ten people consist of students’ parents (SMAN 6 Yogyakarta, SMAN 8 Yogyakarta, SMAN 9 Yogyakarta, SMA Bopkri 2 Yogyakarta, SMA Muhammadiyah 7 Yogyakarta, and SMA Tamansiswa Yogyakarta); teachers and society figure. The results are (1) Communication pattern which is used effectively to avoid students’ violence is one way communication. In this situation parents can give advice and become a role model for their children; and (2) Communication patterns which are used innefectively to avoid students’ violence are interaction and transaction communication. It is because parents’ knowledge about the importance of interaction communication in character education is very low and the transaction communication among parents-children-third party tends to not intensive.POLA KOMUNIKASI KELUARGA DALAM MENCEGAH KENAKALAN PELAJAR SMA DI KOTA YOGYAKARTATujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola komunikasi keluarga dalam mencegah kenakalan pelajar SMA di Kota Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dan menggunakan 10 narasumber yang mencakup wali siswa (SMAN 6 Yogyakarta, SMAN 8 Yogyakarta, SMAN 9 Yogyakarta, SMA Bopkri 2 Yogyakarta, SMA Muhammadiyah 7 Yogyakarta, dan SMA Tamansiswa Yogyakarta); wali kelas dan tokoh masyarakat. Dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat disebutkan bahwa (1) Pola komunikasi keluarga yang digunakan secara efektif sebagai upaya untuk mencegah kenakalan pelajar dalam penelitian ini adalah komunikasi sebagai aksi atau komunikasi satu arah dimana orang tua memberikan nasihat atau memberikan contoh secara langsung melalui perbuatan; dan (2) Pola komunikasi keluarga yang masih belum dapat dilakukan secara efektif untuk mencegah kenakalan pelajar adalah komunikasi sebagai interaksi dan komunikasi banyak arah. Hal ini disebabkan karena minimnya pengetahuan orang tua mengenai pentingnya komunikasi dua arah dalam proses penanaman pendidikan karakter seorang anak dan juga karena komunikasi banyak arah yang terjalin antara orang tua-anak-pihak ketiga cenderung tidak intens.  

scholarly journals PENGARUH GAYA KOMUNIKASI ORGANISASI TERHADAP PRESTASI KERJA PEGAWAI PADA BIRO KOMUNIKASI LAYANAN MASYARAKAT KEMDIKBUD JAKARTA

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Waluyo Waluyo
Keyword(s):  
Employee Performance ◽  
Communication Patterns ◽  
T Test ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Communication Pattern ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
High Category ◽  
Pattern Variable ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstrak - Tujuan  penelitian   adalah untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh penerapan pola komunikasi organisasi terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Biro Komunikasi Layanan Masyarakat Kemdikbud Jakarta. Sampel  dalam penelitian ini  sebanyak 50 orang karyawan dari 102 populasi. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan  kuesioner dan  diolah dengan  analisis regresi sederhana. Uji  instrumen penelitian dengan uji validitas dan uji reliabilitas. Uji hipotesis menggunakan uji t (parsial), dan analisis koefisien determinasi dengan bantuan software SPSS 21 for Windows. Dari hasil uji deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa responden yang memberikan penilaian terhadap indikator komunikasi dari atas kebawah dalam kategori tinggi yaitu sebanyak 8 orang (16%), responden yang memberikan penilaian dalam kategori sedang yaitu sebanyak 35 orang (70%), dan responden yang memberikan penilaian dalam kategori rendah yaitu sebanyak 7 orang (14%). Responden yang memberikan penilaian terhadap variabel pola komunikasi dari bawah ke atas dalam kategori tinggi yaitu sebanyak 8 orang (16%), responden yang memberikan penilaian terhadap variabel pola komunikasi dari bawah keatas dalam kategori sedang yaitu sebanyak 34 orang (68%), dan responden yang memberikan penilaian dalam kategori rendah yaitu sebanyak 8 orang (16%). Responden yang memberikan penilaian terhadap indikator variabel pola komunikasi horizontal dalam kategori tinggi yaitu sebanyak 8 orang (16%), responden yang memberikan penilaian dalam kategori sedang yaitu sebanyak 35 orang (70%), dan responden yang memberikan penilaian dalam kategori rendah yaitu sebanyak 7 orang (14%). Pola komunikasi horizontal mayoritas dinilai dalam kategori sedang (70%). Berdasarkan hasil uji koefisien maka penerapan pola komunikasi memberikan kontribusi pengaruh sebesar 48,9% terhadap kinerja pegawai, sedangkan sisanya sebesar 100% - 48,9% = 51,1%, disebabkan oleh variabel lainnya yang tidak diteliti. Berdasarkan hasil uji t diatas dapat diketahui variabel Pola Komunikasi (X) memiliki nilai thitung 6,779 > ttabel 1,667. Hal ini berarti variabel pola komunikasi berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja pegawai, dan diperoleh hasil signifikan yang menunjukkan nilai 0,000 < 0,05 yang berarti terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara pola komunikasi dan kinerja pegawai. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima, artinya variabel penerapan pola komunikasi berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Biro Komunikasi Layanan Masyarakat Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Jakarta. Sehingga, jika nilai pola komunikasi naik maka kinerja pegawai akan meningkat secara signifikan. Kata kunci : Pola Komunikasi, Prestasi Kerja Pegawai Abstract - The purpose of this research is to find out the magnitude of the effect of the application of organizational communication patterns on employee performance at the Jakarta Ministry of Education and Culture Communication Bureau The sample in this study were 50 employees from 102 populations. The data collection method used in this study is to use a questionnaire and processed with simple regression analysis. Test research instruments with validity and reliability tests. Hypothesis testing uses t test (partial), and analysis of the coefficient of determination with the help of SPSS 21 for Windows software. Descriptive test results show that respondents who gave an assessment of communication indicators from the top down in the high category were 8 people (16%), respondents who gave ratings in the medium category were 35 people (70%), and respondents who gave ratings in the low category is 7 people (14%). Respondents who gave an assessment of the communication pattern variables from the bottom up in the high category were 8 people (16%), respondents who gave an assessment of the communication pattern variables from the bottom up in the medium category were 34 people (68%), and respondents who gave assessment in the low category as many as 8 people (16%). Respondents who gave an assessment of the variable indicators of horizontal communication patterns in the high category were 8 people (16%), respondents who gave ratings in the medium category were 35 people (70%), and respondents who gave ratings in the low category were 7 people (14%). The majority of horizontal communication patterns are rated in the medium category (70%). Based on the results of the coefficient test, the application of communication patterns contributes an effect of 48.9% to employee performance, while the rest of 100% - 48.9% = 51.1%, is caused by other variables not examined. Based on the results of the t test above it can be seen that the Communication Pattern variable (X) has a thitung of 6.779> ttable 1.667. This means that the communication pattern variable has a positive effect on employee performance, and a significant result is obtained that indicates the value of 0,000 <0.05, which means that there is a significant influence between communication patterns and employee performance. This shows that Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted, meaning that the variable implementation of communication patterns had a positive effect on employee performance at the Public Service Communication Bureau of the Ministry of Education and Culture in Jakarta. Thus, if the value of the communication pattern rises, employee performance will increase significantly. Keywords: Communication Patterns, Employee Job Performance

scholarly journals POLA KOMUNIKASI ANTAR ANGGOTA KOMUNITAS ANAK PUNK DI KOTA CURUP KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendi Septiadi ◽  
Vethy Octaviani ◽  
Antonio Imanda
Keyword(s):  
Communication Patterns ◽  
Communication Pattern ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Mobile Media ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Causal Direction ◽  
Patterns Of Communication ◽  
Community Data

This study aimed to determine the communication patterns between punk community member in Curup Rejang Lebong. This study used qualitative research methods, with descriptive research approach. Informants in this study were four members of the punk community. Data collection techniques used by researchers were observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the patterns of communication used by members of punk were: one-way communication pattern, two-way communication pattern, and multidirectional communication pattern. In the pattern of one-way communication, punk community members act as listeners or communication made in the form of instructions through mobile media (handphone). This two-way communication patterns better clarify the pattern of one-way communication where the causal direction alternates for their feedback whether the message could be understood and accepted. Multidirectional communication patterns occur in this community go well, because here they exchange ideas or discuss and receive advice among fellow community through consultation conducted every month to pull out the ideas that could be useful for the progress of the punk community members and strengthen the relationships between community members.

scholarly journals Communication Patterns of Indonesian Diaspora Women in Their Mixed Culture Families

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Seti Indriani ◽  
Deddy Mulyana
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Communication Patterns ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
Depth Interviews

AbstractThis research underlines the communication patterns of Indonesian diaspora women in their mixed culture families and how they use these patterns in Australia. There are some differences in interpreting meanings because of the differences in language and culture. Thus, researchers are interested in examining communication patterns experienced by these diaspora women who live in Australia. The research was conducted through a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Data collection techniques used were in-depth interviews with 13 Indonesian women who had been living in Australia for more than 5 years and observation and documentation studies. The study showed that the communication patterns of Indonesian diaspora women living within their mixed culture families consist mainly of verbal communication classified into five categories: (1) pure English, (2) mixed language, (3) unstructured grammar English, (4) compliments and appreciation, and (5) obscene words or swearing.

scholarly journals TEACHER AND PARENT COMMUNICATION PATTERNS IN INCREASING STUDENT LEARNING MOTIVATION

Al-Mujahidah ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Suraji
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Student Motivation ◽  
Group Communication ◽  
Communication Patterns ◽  
Parent Communication ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Teachers And Parents ◽  
Media And Technology ◽  
Increasing Student Learning ◽  
Positive Effect

The purpose of this study is to determine the Communication Patterns of Teachers and Parents of Students in Increasing Student Motivation at SD Negeri 5 Banyu Biru, Semarang Regency, Central Java. The method used is descriptive quantitative method. Based on the description of the communication patterns between teachers and parents at SD Negeri 5 Banyu Biru, it can be concluded that the communication patterns used by teachers and parents at SD Negeri 5 Banyu Biru are: a) interpersonal communication because this communication is carried out by two people or more and the message delivered can also be replied directly; b) group communication because communication that occurs in a group can make existing information easily known by other student guardians. There are some Factors supporting and hindering teacher to communicate with parents at SD Negeri 5 Banyu Biru, those are: (1) Guardians who are proactive with their constructive ideas, criticisms and suggestions are one of the supporting factors for communication at SD Negeri 5 Banyu Biru, (2) limited activity in School so that it has a positive effect on smooth communication, especially between teachers and guardians of students, (3) The use of media and technology is not optimal because there are no special teachers to handle or operate school websites. (4) Limited facilities and infrastructure owned by the school.

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