scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Extracts of Coprinopsis Cinerea, A Coprophilous Fungus Against Multidrug Resistant Nosocomial Pathogens

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
J. Savitha ◽  
Mohankumar S
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Culture Filtrate ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Coprinopsis Cinerea ◽  
Nosocomial Pathogens ◽  
Time Kill

Our study explored Coprinopsis cinerea (C2), a coprophilous basidiomycetous fungus isolated from horse dung to combat beta-lactamase and carbapenamase producing multidrug resistant nosocomial pathogens in vitro. The isolated strain was cultivated under sub-merged fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) for 10 days at 30°C and at pH 6 in dark. After the growth period, the extracellular metabolites were extracted using polar and non-polar solvents and the extracts were subjected for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion, microbroth dilution and time-kill kinetics assay. The methanolic extract of fruit bodies and mycelial biomass of C. cinerea (C2) grown under wheat flour agar and wheat flour broth respectively, showed significant antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae with a zone of inhibition ranging between 10 and 14 mm in diameter. On the contrary, ethyl acetate seems to be the effective solvent for extraction of antimicrobial compounds from culture filtrate of Smf and SSF grown C. cinerea (C2). Among the solid substrates (agrowaste materials), wheat bran supported maximum growth and antimicrobial metabolite production with a significant zone of inhibition ranging between 20 and 22 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ethyl acetate extract of C. cinerea (C2) culture filtrate was 3.12-12.5 mg/mL and 6.25-25 mg/mL, respectively. The time-kill kinetics assay showed the extracted metabolites of culture filtrate was bactericidal in nature.

scholarly journals UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI FRAKSI DARI MASERAT Zibethinus folium TERHADAP Escherichia coli

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Choirul Huda ◽  
Amalia Eka Putri ◽  
Devri Windi Sari
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
One Way Anova

Durian leaf (Zibethinus folium) is part of the plant that has antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of Zibethinusfoliumfraction against Escherichia coliATCC 25922 in vitro. The research method used is experimental. Leaf samples were extracted using maceration method with 70% ethanol and purified by fractionation methods using aqua distilled, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate. Positive controlisclindamycin gel and negative controlis5% DMSO. Statistical analysis was performed with One-Way Anova. Phytochemical screening results show that macerateZibethinus folium contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids. The test results of antibacterial activity aqua distilled fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of macerateZibethinus foliumshows antibacterial activity against Escherichia coliATCC 25922, while the n-hexane fraction of macerateZibethinus foliumshowed no antibacterial activity against Escherichia coliATCC 25922. aqua distilled fraction of 40% showed a response the most well barriers with zone of inhibition 8.33 ± 0.76 mm, meaning that aqua distilled fraction of 40%  including medium category. 

scholarly journals Phytochemical and antibacterial screening of different fractions of root part of Ipomea Turpethum

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
Tehmina Sohail ◽  
Sadia Ferheen ◽  
Hina Imran ◽  
Zahra Yaqeen ◽  
Atiq Ur Rehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Antibacterial Screening

Objective: In folk medicines, different herbs and plants have been used for many thousands of years .Now it is important to investigate these plants and herbs scientifically which have been used in traditional medicines. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity and preliminary phytochemical screening of root of Ipomea turpethum extracted in methanol and its fractions.Methods: The methanol extract was further extracted with three solvents ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane and analyzed for their antibacterial activity using by agar well diffusion method. They were tested against six bacteria; Echrichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas auroginosa and Salmonella typhi. The susceptibility of microorganisms to all three fractions was compared with each other and with standard antibotic (Ampicillin). The fractions of Ipomea turpethum was also qualitatively analyzed for the presence of chemical components, i.e. saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides.Result: Among all fractions methanol exhibited highest antibacterial activity (average zone of inhibition 23.53mm ± 1.3) while ethyl acetate exhibited least antibacterial activity (average zone of inhibition 18.50mm ± 3.5). Minimum inhibitory concentration of methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane fractions was found in the range of 650ug/ml to 2500ugl/ml against microorganisms.Conclusion: Results obtained from this preliminary in-vitro experiment indicate that, all three fractions of Ipomea turpethum has good antibacterial activity against all microorganisms used. By phytochemical analysis of extract, it has been found to contain some nutrient and chemical components which support its ethenomedicinal use but further work is required for development of new antibiotic compounds.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(1) 2018 p.93-97

scholarly journals Phytochemical Composition and Antibacterial Activities of the Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract of Ocimum basilicum

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Japheth Wambani Rapando ◽  
Mathew Piero Ngugi ◽  
Margaret Muturi ◽  
James Opiyo Ogutu
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Phytochemical Composition

Abstract IntroductionAntibiotic resistance is a serious threat to humankind. There is need for the development of new therapeutic options. Ocimum basilicum has been used traditionally as a medicinal herb against infectious diseases and as a food additive. ObjectiveThis study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activities of the ethyl acetate leaf extract of Ocimum basilicum. MethodsOcimum basilicum leaves were collected from Mbeere, Embu County, Kenya and ethyl acetate extraction done at Kenyatta University. Phytochemical composition was evaluated by Gas chromatograph mass spectrophotometry while antibacterial activities were evaluated by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The test microorganisms were methicillin resistant S. aureus, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. ResultsThe extract exhibited a broad spectrum antibacterial activity. The gram negative bacteria showed more susceptibility to the organic extract compared to the gram positive bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the highest zone of inhibition (27.00 ± 2.00 mm), while the S. aureus isolate had the lowest zone of inhibition (24.00 ± 1.00 mm). Escherichia coli, S. aureus and MRSA species had an MIC of 62.5 mg/ml compared to P. aeruginosa with an MIC of 125mg/ml when exposed to the leaf extract. The antibacterial activity could be attributed to the synergistic effects of phytochemicals such as terpenoids, alkaloids, essential oils, fatty acids, flavonoids and aldehydes that have been known to have antimicrobial properties. A total of 30 phytochemical compounds were eluted from the extract of O. basilicum. Nootkatone, a sesquiterpenoid had the highest concentration at 20.86mg/g. The compound 1,3-Dimethyl-5-isobutylcyclohexane, a fatty acid had the lowest concentration at 0.10mg/g. ConclusionO. basilicum has antibacterial activities on the tested pathogens and can be used to treat infections. Phytochemicals with antibacterial effects in the herb can be used as lead molecules in developing new antibacterial drugs.

scholarly journals Chemical Profiling and Antimicrobial Properties of Phyto-Active Extracts from Terminalia glaucescens Stem Against Water Microbial Contaminants

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeyemi Ojutalayo Adeeyo ◽  
John Odiyo ◽  
Kehinde Odelade
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Water Contaminants ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal Activities ◽  
Microbial Contaminants

Background: The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemicals of Terminalia glaucescens stem extracts and test their antimicrobial potency against water microbial contaminants reported to be multidrug resistant. Method: Dry stem powder was extracted with ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform. These fractions were then examined for antimicrobial activity by using disc diffusion assay against typical clinical bacteria and fungal isolates which have been reported as water contaminants. The microbial strains were exposed to five different concentrations of extracts: 500 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml. Result: It was observed in this study that increase in the concentration of extracts correlated with microbial growth inhibition. In-vitro phytochemical screening of plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, steroid and anthraquinones. Ethanolic extract performs better than ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts, as it recorded the highest zone of inhibition of 20.5 mm against Streptococcus pneumoniae while ethyl acetate and chloroform recorded 17.50 mm each against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus, respectively. Ethanolic extract also showed the highest antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus niger. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of active extracts were observed in the increasing order Ethanol>Chloroform≥ethyl acetate with respect to the maximum zone of inhibition. Activity of crude extract from ethanol, when further compared with commercial antibiotics (Gentamicin, Streptomycin and Nystatin), was significantly higher. Conclusion: This plant crude extracts could therefore serve as potential source of new biocides with application in water research and other biotechnological fields.

scholarly journals Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 1 In Vitro Time–Kill Kinetics Using Single Phages and Phage Formulations—Modulating Death, Adaptation, and Resistance

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 877
Author(s):  
Ana Mafalda Pinto ◽  
Alberta Faustino ◽  
Lorenzo M. Pastrana ◽  
Manuel Bañobre-López ◽  
Sanna Sillankorva
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Swarming Motility ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Time Kill

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for nosocomial and chronic infections in healthcare settings. The major challenge in treating P. aeruginosa-related diseases is its remarkable capacity for antibiotic resistance development. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is regarded as a possible alternative that has, for years, attracted attention for fighting multidrug-resistant infections. In this work, we characterized five phages showing different lytic spectrums towards clinical isolates. Two of these phages were isolated from the Russian Microgen Sextaphage formulation and belong to the Phikmvviruses, while three Pbunaviruses were isolated from sewage. Different phage formulations for the treatment of P. aeruginosa PAO1 resulted in diversified time–kill outcomes. The best result was obtained with a formulation with all phages, prompting a lower frequency of resistant variants and considerable alterations in cell motility, resulting in a loss of 73.7% in swimming motility and a 79% change in swarming motility. These alterations diminished the virulence of the phage-resisting phenotypes but promoted their growth since most became insensitive to a single or even all phages. However, not all combinations drove to enhanced cell killings due to the competition and loss of receptors. This study highlights that more caution is needed when developing cocktail formulations to maximize phage therapy efficacy. Selecting phages for formulations should consider the emergence of phage-resistant bacteria and whether the formulations are intended for short-term or extended antibacterial application.

scholarly journals 1293. Sulbactam-durlobactam is active against recent, multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from the Middle East

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S662-S662
Author(s):  
Alita Miller ◽  
Sarah McLeod ◽  
Samir Moussa ◽  
Meredith Hackel
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Spectrum Activity

Abstract Background The incidence of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) is increasing at an alarming rate in certain regions of the world, including the Middle East. Sulbactam (SUL) has intrinsic antibacterial activity against Ab; however, the prevalence of β-lactamases in Ab has limited its therapeutic utility. Durlobactam (DUR, formerly ETX2514) is a diazabicyclooctenone β-lactamase inhibitor with broad-spectrum activity against Ambler class A, C and D β-lactamases that restores SUL activity in vitro against MDR Ab. SUL-DUR is an antibiotic designed to treat serious infections caused by Acinetobacter, including multidrug-resistant strains, that is currently in Phase 3 clinical development. In global surveillance studies of >3600 isolates from 2012-2017, the MIC90 of SUL-DUR was 2 mg/L. Although surveillance systems to monitor MDR infections in the Middle East are currently being established, quantitative, prevalence-based data are not yet available. Therefore, the potency of SUL-DUR was determined against 190 recent, diverse Ab clinical isolates from this region. Methods 190 Ab isolates were collected between 2016 - 2018 from medical centers located in Israel (N = 47), Jordan (N = 36), Qatar (N = 13), Kuwait (N = 42), Lebanon (N = 8), Saudi Arabia (N = 24) and United Arab Emirates (N = 20). Seventy-five percent and 20.5% of these isolates were from respiratory and blood stream infections, respectively. Susceptibility to SUL-DUR and comparator agents was performed according to CLSI guidelines, and data analysis was performed using CLSI and EUCAST breakpoint criteria where available. Results This collection of isolates was 86% carbapenem-resistant and 90% sulbactam-resistant (based on a breakpoint of 4 mg/L). The addition of SUL-DUR (fixed at 4 mg/L) decreased the sulbactam MIC90 from 64 mg/L to 4 mg/L. Only 3 isolates (1.6%) had SUL-DUR MIC values of > 4 mg/L. This potency was consistent across countries, sources of infection and subsets of resistance phenotypes. Conclusion SUL-DUR demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against recent clinical isolates of Ab from the Middle East, including MDR isolates. These data support the global development of SUL-DUR for the treatment of MDR Ab infections. Disclosures Alita Miller, PhD, Entasis Therapeutics (Employee) Sarah McLeod, PhD, Entasis Therapeutics (Employee) Samir Moussa, PhD, Entasis Therapeutics (Employee)

scholarly journals In VitroPharmacodynamics of Simulated Pulmonary Exposures of Tigecycline Alone and in Combination againstKlebsiella pneumoniaeIsolates Producing a KPC Carbapenemase

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1420-1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora E. Wiskirchen ◽  
Pornpan Koomanachai ◽  
Anthony M. Nicasio ◽  
David P. Nicolau ◽  
Joseph L. Kuti
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Model ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Prolonged Infusion ◽  
Bacterial Killing ◽  
Epithelial Lining Fluid ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Organisms ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
Additional Reduction

ABSTRACTMultidrug-resistantKlebsiella pneumoniaestrains that produce a serine carbapenemase (KPC) are emerging worldwide, with few therapeutic options that retain consistent susceptibility. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of combination therapy with tigecycline versus tigecycline alone against KPC-producing isolates (KPC isolates). Anin vitropharmacodynamic model was used to simulate adult steady-state epithelial lining fluid concentrations of tigecycline (50 mg every 12 h) given alone and in combination with either meropenem (2 g by 3-hour infusion every 8 h) or rifampin (600 mg every 12 h). Five KPC isolates with various phenotypic profiles were exposed over 48 h. Time-kill curves were constructed, and the areas under the bacterial killing and regrowth curves (AUBCs) were calculated. No regimens tested were able to maintain bactericidal reductions in CFU over 48 h. The AUBCs for tigecycline and meropenem monotherapies at 48 h ranged from 375.37 to 388.11 and from 348.62 to 383.83 (CFU-h/ml), respectively. The combination of tigecycline plus meropenem significantly reduced the AUBCs at 24 and 48 h for isolates with tigecycline MICs of ≤2 μg/ml and meropenem MICs of ≤16 μg/ml (P< 0.001) but added no additional activity when the meropenem MIC was 64 μg/ml (P= 0.5). Rifampin provided no additional reduction in CFU or AUBC over tigecycline alone (P= 0.837). The combination of tigecycline with high-dose, prolonged-infusion meropenem warrants further study as a potential treatment option for these multidrug-resistant organisms.

scholarly journals Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial Creams and Gels Containing Metal Ions for Topical Application

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei X. Chen ◽  
Kenneth S. Alexander ◽  
Gabriella Baki
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Zinc Sulfate ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Minimum Effective Concentration ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics

Background. Skin infections occur commonly and often present therapeutic challenges to practitioners due to the growing concerns regarding multidrug-resistant bacterial, viral, and fungal strains. The antimicrobial properties of zinc sulfate and copper sulfate are well known and have been investigated for many years. However, the synergistic activity between these two metal ions as antimicrobial ingredients has not been evaluated in topical formulations. Objective. The aims of the present study were to (1) formulate topical creams and gels containing zinc and copper alone or in combination and (2) evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of these metal ions in the formulations. Method. Formulation of the gels and creams was followed by evaluating their organoleptic characteristics, physicochemical properties, and in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results. Zinc sulfate and copper sulfate had a strong synergistic antibacterial activity in the creams and gels. The minimum effective concentration was found to be 3 w/w% for both active ingredients against the two tested microorganisms. Conclusions. This study evaluated and confirmed the synergistic in vitro antibacterial effect of copper sulfate and zinc sulfate in a cream and two gels.

scholarly journals Anti-bacterial activity of three essential oils - An in vitro study

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1049-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geetha RV ◽  
John Rozar Raj B ◽  
Lakshmi Thangavelu
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Thyme Oil ◽  
Rosemary Oil

To conduct a study regarding the antibacterial activity of essential oils against bacteria causing Caries. Essential oils are distillates of the volatile compounds of a plant’s secondary metabolism and may act as photoprotective agents. Their curative effect has been known since antiquity. It is based on a variety of pharmacological properties which are specific for each plant species. The mouth contains a variety of oral bacteria, but only a few species of bacteria are believed to cause dental caries. Antibacterial activity of the three essential oils, Rosemary oil, Holy basil oil, Thyme oil was screened against Streptococcus mutans, using disc diffusion technique. The rosemary oil was more effective against Streptococcus mutans with a zone of inhibition of 52 mm diameter (at concentration 200 µl), Rosemary oil showed a zone of inhibition of 44 mm diameter and with thyme oil, the zone diameter was 30 mm. The results of this study showed that the essential oils at different concentrations exhibited antibacterial activity against the bacterial species tested.

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