Stackelberg leader in a collective action model

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Elena Skarzhinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Stackelberg Equilibrium ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Stackelberg Leadership ◽  
Action Model ◽  
Individual Effort ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Stackelberg Leader

Within a mathematical modelling framework, we analyze the conditions allowing a self-governedcollective to achieve Stackelberg equilibrium. It is assumed that members of the collective generate common income through individual effort, which income is then distributed among all members of the collective according to their predetermined share. Effort invested by each agent wields (imposes) a positive influence on the marginal income resulting from the effort invested by any other agent. Each member of the collective aims to maximize their individual gain. Within a model built on the most general principles, it is shown that a Stackelberg equilibrium outcome is preferable over Nash equilibrium. The model, utilizing the special case of income function and private costs functions; helps identify the correlation between the agents’ efforts and their individual characteristics such as the agent’s share in the income, income elasticity by effort, and subjective valuation of private costs. It is shown that additional income generatedby the move (transition) from Nash to Stackelberg equilibrium depends only on the elasticity of income vs. the leader’s effort, and the sum of elasticity indexes for all members of the collective. We introduce the definition and the conditions for the existence of a distinctive agent, who acts as a Stackelberg leader and ensures maximum individual gain for each member of the collective (including their own). The absence of a distinctive agent in a collective gives rise to the Stackelberg leadership problem, as each member of the collective is only able to obtain maximum gains when acting as a follower.

Effect of Mandatory Unit and Individual Physical Training on Fitness in Military Men and Women

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 378-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan K. Anderson ◽  
Tyson Grier ◽  
Michelle Canham-Chervak ◽  
Timothy T. Bushman ◽  
Bradley C. Nindl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physical Fitness Test ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Us Army ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to look at the effect of additional individual physical training (PT) in addition to mandatory unit PT as well as other risk factors on physical fitness. Design: A cross-sectional design. Setting: This study was conducted on a US military installation. Participants: Participants were 6290 male and 558 female active duty US Army soldiers in 3 light infantry brigades. Measures: Participants completed self-administered questionnaires asking about individual characteristics, PT, and physical fitness. Cut points were established for soldiers scoring within the top 33% for each of the 3 Army Physical Fitness Test events (2-mile run, sit-ups, and push-ups) and top 50% in each of the tests combined for overall performance. Analysis: Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from multivariate analyses were calculated. Results: Variables impacting physical fitness performance of men and women included increased body mass index, leading unit PT sessions, and individual distance running mileage. Other variables impacting physical performance for men included increased age, smoking, and individual resistance training. Conclusion: Soldiers performing additional individual PT demonstrated a positive influence on fitness compared to unit PT participation alone. Increased age and being overweight/obese negatively influenced physical fitness. To enhance fitness performance through unit PT, running by ability groups and resistance training should be encouraged by leadership.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF WORK DISCIPLINE AND INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Darwin Lie ◽  
Nana Triapnita Nainggolan ◽  
Lora Ekana Nainggolan
Keyword(s):  
Employee Performance ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Individual Character

In order to improve the performance of government agencies towards professionalism and support the creation of good public services, human resources who have work discipline and good individual character are needed. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution given by work discipline and individual characteristics to employee performance. This research method uses a quantitative approach using qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The data collection used a questionnaire and the sampling technique used a saturated sample with a total sample of 42 employees. From the research results, it can be concluded that: work discipline and individual characteristics, and employee performance are good. There is a positive influence between work discipline and individual characteristics on employee performance. Work discipline and individual characteristics have a strong relationship with employee performance. Hypothesis test results show that there is a positive and significant influence between work discipline and individual characteristics on employee performance.

scholarly journals Products of Variables in Structural Equation Models: Multiplicative Reticular Action Models

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Boker ◽  
Timo von Oertzen ◽  
Andreas Markus Brandmaier
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Action Model ◽  
Action Models ◽  
Special Case ◽  
General Method

A general method is introduced in which variables that are products of other variables in the context of a structural equation model (SEM) can be decomposed into the sources of variance due to the multiplicands. The result is a new category of SEM which we call a Multiplicative Reticular Action Model (XRAM). XRAM can include interactions between latent variables, multilevel random coefficients, latent variable moderators, and novel constructs such as factors of paths and twin genetic decomposition of multilevel random coefficients. The method relies on an assumption that all variance sources in a model can be decomposed into linear combinations of independent normal standardized variables. Although the distribution of a variable that is an outcome of multiplication between other variables is not normal, the assumption is that it can be decomposed into sources that are normal if one takes into account the non-normality induced by the multiplication. The method is applied to an example to show how in a special case it is equivalent to known unbiased and efficient estimators in the statistical literature. Two simulations are presented that demonstrate the precision of the approximation and implement the method to estimate parameters in a multilevel autoregressive framework.

scholarly journals Legal Culture as A Basic Component of Professional Training in Vocational Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 4090-4094 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Education ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Basic Component ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The Law ◽  
High Level

Introduction: Improving the legal literacy and legal awareness of citizens is an integral part of building a democratic state. One of the ways to this improvement is the development of legal culture as an integrated nationwide program, covering all segments of the population, especially youth and students of all education levels. Methods: In the new conditions of the Russian Federation’s state system, the foreground task is to form a general legal culture, as well as to develop practical skills of students in vocational education institutions. Legal culture is a universal, basic component of professional training in any field. Results: Legal education and training are intended to solve the problem of forming a legal culture of students. The content of legal culture should not only be reflected in the Law course and other educational subjects comprising elements of legislation studies, but it should also develop opinions and attitudes of students to the law implementation in general. In the process of legal education in vocational education institutions, consideration of age and individual characteristics requires not just passive adaptation of the material and methods to the characteristics of students, but their active development in accordance with the general goal of forming legal awareness. Discussion: To be involved in efficient legal education, students must know the requirements of civil society for every individual and their own capacities, see their negative and positive traits, objectively evaluate them, avoid underestimating or overestimating their abilities and capacities, level of aspirations. Conclusion: The development of vocational education in modern conditions provides opportunities for increasing the importance and relevance of legal culture. The high level of legal culture has a positive influence on the development of personality and professional activities of graduates and on the harmonization of interrelations in society

scholarly journals The Effect of Employee Characteristics on Customer Satisfaction of Islamic Banks Services in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syaifullah M. Syam ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Individual Characteristic ◽  
T Test ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Employee Characteristics

This study aims to determine the effect of employee characteristics on customer satisfaction at an Islamic bank in Palu, Indonesia. This study used the quantitative research method. The sample for this study was purposively determined, which of them were 100 Islamic banks customers. A five-scale survey was distributed to the customers, and all of the surveys were returned. Data analysis used SPSS version 17 for the windows program. The research results show that the individual characteristics variables have a significant and positive influence on customer satisfaction at Bank Syariah Mandiri Palu. The R square value was 0.262 means that the individual characteristic variable has an effect at twenty-six percent. For the t-test, the count was 5.900, which means tcount > ttable (5.900 > 0.6770) with a significance level of 0.000 <0.05. Meanwhile, the employee characteristics variable has a significant and positive effect on customer satisfaction at Bank Syariah Mandiri Palu. The R square value was 0.224 means that the individual characteristic variable has an effect of twenty-two percent. For the t-test, the count is 5.317, which means tcount > ttable (5.317 > 0.6770) with a significance level of 0.000 <0.05. We concluded that employees characteristics play important roles in determining customers satisfaction at Islamic banks.

scholarly journals DETERMINANT OF SAFETY AND WORKPLACE SAFETY IN WORK ENVIRONMENT PT. PERUSAHAAN LISTRIK NEGARA (PERSERO) SULUTTENGGO AREA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Genita Gracia Lumintang ◽  
Paulus Kindangen ◽  
Adolfina
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Workplace Safety ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Workplace Health ◽  
Workplace Health And Safety ◽  
Permanent Employees ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of organizational characteristics, and individual characteristics on physical environment component, psychosocial component, and behavior component toward workplace safety and health in PT. PLN (Persero) Suluttenggo area. The object of this research is permanent employees or outsourcing employees in PT. PLN (Persero) Suluttenggo Area. Research Design used in this research is survey research, in which the sample collected by distributing questionnaires to 50 permanent employees and outsourcing employees that already worked as work partner of PT. PLN (Persero) Suluttenggo Area. As for the analysis instrument is using partial least squares (PLS). The result shows that organizational characteristic has a positive influence on the components of work environment, either physically or psychosocially; and on behavior as well as the workplace health and safety. On the other hand, individual characteristic doesn’t have an influence. The result of this research also shows that only the individual behavior that has a positive influence on workplace health and safety, while physical work environment does not, meanwhile psychosocial component has a negative influence on workplace health and safety.

scholarly journals Social buffering: relief from stress and anxiety

2006 ◽  
Vol 361 (1476) ◽  
pp. 2215-2228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takefumi Kikusui ◽  
James T Winslow ◽  
Yuji Mori
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Social Buffering ◽  
Social Animals

Communication is essential to members of a society not only for the expression of personal information, but also for the protection from environmental threats. Highly social mammals have a distinct characteristic: when conspecific animals are together, they show a better recovery from experiences of distress. This phenomenon, termed ‘social buffering’, has been found in rodents, birds, non-human primates and also in humans. This paper reviews classical findings on social buffering and focuses, in particular, on social buffering effects in relation to neuroendocrine stress responses. The social cues that transmit social buffering signals, the neural mechanisms of social buffering and a partner's efficacy with respect to social buffering are also detailed. Social contact appears to have a very positive influence on the psychological and the physiological aspects of social animals, including human beings. Research leading towards further understanding of the mechanisms of social buffering could provide alternative medical treatments based on the natural, individual characteristics of social animals, which could improve the quality of life.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI DUAL IDENTITY ANGGOTA KOPERASI SEBAGAI WUJUD KOMITMEN ORGANISASIONAL

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalimah Chalimah ◽  
Akhmad Sakhowi
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Dual Identity ◽  
Attitude Learning ◽  
Process Ability

<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan model yang mampu meningkatkan komitmen organisasional. Peran ganda (dual identity) anggota Partisipasi penting untuk meningkatkan komitmen yang dipengaruhi beberapa faktor diantaranya karakteristik individu, kepribadian, attitude, proses belajar, kemampuan, dan persepsi, serta motivasi. Faktor-faktor tersebut akan membangun komitmen organisasional dan akan mewujudkan tinggi-rendahnya partisipasi.Penelitian ini menggunakan SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) sebagai alat analisis dengan jumlah sampel 116 responden. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa kepribadian secara langsung berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap motivasi, motivasi secara langsung berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap komitmen organisasi, proses belajar secara langsung berpe-ngaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kemampuan, kemampuan secara langsung berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap komitmen organisasi, komitmen organisasi secara langsung berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap partisipasi anggota.</p><p>The purposes of this research was to enhance organizational commitment. Members’ dual identity in a Koperasi as the owner and the customer at Koperasi is very important to improve organizational commitment since it is easier to achieve the Koperasi success. Implementing members’ dual identity is becoming the customers. The members’ participation in Koperasi activities is influenced by many factors such as; individual characteristics, personality, attitude, learning process, ability, perception, and motivation. Those factors will build the organizational commitment and realize the high or low participation. This researchis expected to produce a model whichcan improve organizational commitment and participation of Koperasi members. This study uses SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) as an analytical toolwith 116 respondents as the samples. The results showed that personality gave directly positive and significant influence toward motivation, motivation gave directly significant and positive influence toward organizational commitment, learning process gave directly positive and significant influence toward ability, ability gave directly significant and positive influence toward organizational commitment, organizational commitment gavedirectly significant and positive influence toward member participation.</p>

scholarly journals PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK INDIVIDU DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI PADA BADAN PENGELOLAAN PAJAK DAN RETRIBUSI DAERAH UPT SAMSAT PEMATANGSIANTAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Devi Desyinta ◽  
Darwin Lie ◽  
Efendi Efendi ◽  
Debi Eka Putri
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Individual Characteristic ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Correlation Result ◽  
The Individual

The result of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Individual Characteristic and Work Environment on Employee Performance are good. 2. The analysis regression is Ŷ = 20,910 + 0,816X1 + 0,399X2 have a positive influence between individual characteristic and work environment to employee performance. 3. The correlation result of r = 0,799, the analysis correlation have a moderately high and positive correlation between individual characteristic, work environment with the employee performance. 4. The result of coefficient of determination can be explained the level of employee performance is 63.90%, and the remaining 36.10% is explained by other factors not discussed in this study. From the results of the processing and calculation of the questionnaire, the authors concluded that the individual characteristics and work environment conducted by the Badan Pengelolaan Pajak dan Retribusi Daerah UPT SAMSAT Pematangsiantar had a positive and significant effect on employee performance. This is evidenced by simultaneous hypothesis testing, where the results of the test are calculated (36,214 )> ftabel (3.23) with a significance level of 0,000 < 0,05. Keywords: Individual Characteristic, Work Environment, and Employee Performance

scholarly journals ON A NEW PARADIGM OF OPTIMAL REINSURANCE: A STOCHASTIC STACKELBERG DIFFERENTIAL GAME BETWEEN AN INSURER AND A REINSURER

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (02) ◽  
pp. 905-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lv Chen ◽  
Yang Shen
Keyword(s):  
Differential Game ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
General Setting ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Stackelberg Equilibrium ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Optimal Reinsurance ◽  
Stackelberg Differential Game ◽  
Special Case

AbstractThis paper proposes a new continuous-time framework to analyze optimal reinsurance, in which an insurer and a reinsurer are two players of a stochastic Stackelberg differential game, i.e., a stochastic leader-follower differential game. This allows us to determine optimal reinsurance from joint interests of the insurer and the reinsurer, which is rarely considered in the continuous-time setting. In the Stackelberg game, the reinsurer moves first and the insurer does subsequently to achieve a Stackelberg equilibrium toward optimal reinsurance arrangement. Speaking more precisely, the reinsurer is the leader of the game and decides on an optimal reinsurance premium to charge, while the insurer is the follower of the game and chooses an optimal proportional reinsurance to purchase. Under utility maximization criteria, we study the game problem starting from the general setting with generic utilities and random coefficients to the special case with exponential utilities and constant coefficients. In the special case, we find that the reinsurer applies the variance premium principle to calculate the optimal reinsurance premium and the insurer's optimal ceding/retained proportion of insurance risk depends not only on the risk aversion of itself but also on that of the reinsurer.

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