scholarly journals TEORETIČNI VIDIKI ODNOSA MED STRATEGIJO IN OBRAMBNIM PLANIRANJEM NA VARNOSTNO- OBRAMBNEM IN VOJAŠKEM PODROČJU

2016 ◽  
pp. 15-37
Author(s):  
PAVEL VUK
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
The State ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sound Management

Poznavanje in razumevanje teoretičnih značilnosti strategije in obrambnega planiranja je nujen predpogoj za premišljeno obvladovanje kompleksnega procesa uresničevanja političnih ciljev države na varnostno-obrambnem in vojaškem področju ter oblikovanje skladnega načrta (strategije ali obrambnega plana) za premostitev vrzeli med aktualno realnostjo in želeno prihodnostjo. Zato strategijo in obrambno planiranje upravičeno uvrščamo med najpomembnejše in hkrati tudi najzahtevnejše aktivnosti vsake države. Izvajanje strategije in obrambnega planiranja sta neločljivo povezana procesa, nujna za prihodnjo nacionalno varnost ter zagotavljanje obrambne sposobnosti države za soočenje z najbolj verjetnimi nevarnostmi prihodnosti. Naložba države v razvijanje strateške misli ter planskega znanja in veščin ne bi smela biti predmet kalkulacije vloženih sredstev, ampak predmet dolgoročne investicije v razvijanje miselnih procesov, zamisli o prihodnjih vojaških ciljih, konceptih bojevanja in prihodnjih opcijah oboroženih sil. Zavedanje političnih odločevalcev o pomenu dolgoročnega, skladnega in kontinuiranega razvoja obrambne sposobnosti države ne bi smelo biti vprašanje, temveč dejstvo, glede na to, da varnosti ni mogoče dobiti neposredno. To pomeni, da se mora državno vodstvo spoprijeti s paradoksom priprave na vojno tudi v miru, če želi zagotavljati državljanom pričakovano visoko stopnjo nacionalne varnosti in ohraniti mir. Knowledge and understanding of the theoretical characteristics of strategy and defence planning are a prerequisite for sound management of the complex process of implementing national political goals of the state in security, defence and military fields and of developing a coherent plan (strategy or defence plan) to bridge the gap between the current reality and the desired future. Therefore, strategy and defence planning are rightly considered to be the most important and the most demanding activities in each country. The implementation of the strategy and defence planning are inextricably linked processes indispensable for future national security and ensuring the defence capability of a country to deal with the most likely future threats. National investments in the development of strategic thinking and planning skills and knowledge should not be subject to calculation of invested funds, but subject to long-term investment in the development of thought processes, ideas about the future of military objectives, concepts of warfare and future options of the armed forces. The awareness of decision-makers on the importance of the long-term, consistent and continuous development of the defence capacity of a country should not be an issue, but a fact, since security cannot be obtained directly. This means that the state leadership should deal with the paradox of preparing for war in peace, if it is to provide citizens with a high level of national security and preserve peace.

Ostatni będą pierwszymi? LNG w polityce energetycznej Rosji

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-120
Author(s):  
Szymon Kardaś
Keyword(s):  
Energy Markets ◽  
The State ◽  
External Energy ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Constant State ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the article is to analyze the current condition and development prospects for the Russian LNG sector. Taking into account the specifics of the functioning of the Russian state, the author chose the realistic paradigm (neoclassical realism), which is useful in the context of showing the relationship between internal structures and external activity of the state. The author argues that Russian expansion in the LNG sector is the result of the lobbying capacity of Novatek – the largest private gas producer in Russia. Although the state budget incurs significant costs related to the implementation of Novatek projects, in particular due to fiscal preferences, it also achieves the possibility of achieving the objectives in external and internal energy policy. Novatek’s expansion increases Russia’s share in external energy markets; at the same time LNG expansion, it is used for internal purposes. Novatek’s dominant position in the LNG sector is confirmed by both already implemented projects and plans for further expansion. The factors favoring Russian expansion are constant state support for Novatek projects, high level of internationalization of implemented projects and favorable forecasts on energy markets. The strong competition between currently dominant LNG producers and the risk of internal competition between Russian exporters are among the key long-term challenges.

STATE EXTERNAL SECURITY MODEL IN POLITICAL THOUGHT OF LAW AND JUSTICE

2011 ◽  
Vol 161 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-231
Author(s):  
Joanna SANECKA-TYCZYŃSKA
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
State Government ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Security Model ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Law And Justice

Law and Justice (PiS) is a conservative party founded by Jaroslaw Kaczynski and Lech Kaczynski in 2001. Law and Justice had a coherent idea of the State covering the ideological basis, the model of state system and the organization of state power and national security. The problem of national security for PiS was of utmost importance - associated with the raison d'état. External security was a priority for the state government. In the political thought of Law and Justice, the Polish external security model is based on three pillars. The first and most important pillar was military cooperation with the United States within NATO. PiS politicians were in favour of the Atlantic international security model of the guiding role of NATO. The second pillar was the armed forces. The third one, extra security, was the pillar of the Polish membership in the European Union.

scholarly journals ВИСОКОАДАПТИВНИЙ СОРТ СОЇ АКВАМАРИН

2018 ◽  
pp. 67-69
Author(s):  
Л. Г. Білявська ◽  
Ю. П. Васецький ◽  
О. В. Пилипенко ◽  
Ю. В. Білявський ◽  
А. О. Діянова
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
The State ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
State Register ◽  
High Level ◽  
Soy Production ◽  
Abiotic Environmental Factors

Показано цінність білкової культури сої, універсальність її використання, генетичний потенціал, вимоги споживача та переробника. Розглядаються шляхи та перспективи формування сортових ресурсів сої в Україні. До державного Реєстру сортів рослин, придатних для поширення в Україні, занесено значну кількість різноманітних сортів сої. Відмічається зростання частки скоростиглих сортів. Відповідно до сучасних вимог, сорт сої повинен бути високоврожайним, адаптивним, із високим генетичним потенціалом та мати відповідний рівень захисту рослин від біотичних та абіотичних факторів середовища. Базуючись на довготривалому практичному досвіді в селекції сої, у полтавському селекцентрі створено сорти з підвищеним базовим потенціалом. Серед них особливу цінність має сорт Аквамарин, занесений до Державного реєстру сортів рослин, придатних для поширення в Україні в 2013 році. Представлено окремі вимоги до елементів агротехніки. The value of protein culture of soy, the universality of its use is shown. The ways of increasing soy production in Ukraine are considered. To the State Register of plant varieties, suitable for distribution, a significant number of various soybean varieties are listed in Ukraine, most of which have a narrow ecological-geographical adaptation. In modern conditions, the soybean must be highly productive, adaptive, with a high level of resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Based on long-term practical experience in soybean selection, the hybridization of sources of adaptability to stress factors of the environment resulted in a variety with a higher base potential. Aquamarine variety, entered in the State Register of plant varieties, is suitable for distribution in Ukraine. The morphological and biological characteristics of the variety are given.

scholarly journals The role of intellectual property in security defense capacity of the state.

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-68
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Zaikivskyi ◽  
Oleksandr Onistrat
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
National Security ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Military Security ◽  
The Military ◽  
State Modernization

Keywords: defense capability, intellectual property, regulatory support The conceptual issues of the legislation of Ukraine,which determine the state policy in the field of national security and defence, regardingthe settlement of issues related to ensuring the state defence capabilities are considered.The scientific publications on actual questions in this sphere concerningproblems and prospects of increase of defence capability of Ukraine are analysed.The role of intellectual property in all components of Ukraine's defence system hasbeen studied, and it has been noted that unresolved problems in the field of intellectualproperty management pose an increasing threat to Ukraine's national security.The importance of ensuring the protection of intellectual property in the process ofimplementing measures to improve the defence capabilities of the state and the needto improve legislation in this area is defined. Recommendations for improving the regulatory framework for national securityand defence in order to address the problematic issues of intellectual property in thisarea are submitted.State defence capability is the ability of state to defend itself in the event of armedaggression or armed conflict. It consists of material and immaterial elements and is aset of military, economic, social and moral and political potential in the field of defenceand appropriate conditions for its implementation.Resolving the issues of reforming not only the Armed Forces of Ukraine, but firstthe entire state, modernization and rearmament of the Ukrainian army has become avital necessity. Only the solution of this issue will allow to raise the defence capabilityof our state to the proper level for the preservation of independent Ukraine.Ensuring the military security of Ukraine largely depends on equipping the ArmedForces of Ukraine with modern types and models of weapons and military equipment,developed on the basis of intellectual property rights.It is the military-technical sphere where the objects of intellectual property rightsbelonging to the sphere of national security and defence are created, and the state isobliged to ensure their protection. This will increase the competitiveness of the domesticdefence industry and make claims impossible for anyone in the mass productionof weapons and military equipment for their own needs and for exports, which directlyaffects defence capabilities.And this requires proper protection of intellectual property rights both in theprocess of own production of weapons and military equipment, as well as in militarytechnicalcooperation.

scholarly journals Security and defense sector of Ukraine in the mechanism of realization of the defense function of the state

2020 ◽  
pp. 78-82
Author(s):  
Viacheslav Alexandrov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
National Security ◽  
National Guard ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Defense Function

The article highlights the aspects of the Security and Defense Sector’s defense function. Based on the analysis of the legislationof Ukraine, the specifics of the normative regulation of the content of the category “defense”, as well as the diversity of doctrinal understandingof this category are highlighted. It is noted that the defense function of the state is realized, in fact, by all elements of the powermechanism. In this way, the state of readiness of the state “defense forces” necessary for the flow of armed aggression is achieved.Along with this, it was noted that within the framework of the state mechanism, it is expedient to single out those structures whosecompetence directly provides for the implementation of the defense function.The structure of the security and defense sector contains four components, which are differentiated according to their functionalpurpose and legal nature. In particular, these are: 1) security forces; 2) defense forces; 3) defense-industrial complex; 4) public associationsthat voluntarily participate in ensuring national security. It is also worth noting that the institutional components of Ukraine’ssecurity and defense sector belong to both the state apparatus and civil society institutions.The content of the categories “security forces” and “defense forces” is distinguished. Security forces are law enforcement andintelligence agencies, state bodies of special purpose with law enforcement functions, civil defense forces, as well as other bodiesentrusted by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine with functions to ensure the national security of Ukraine. In turn, the defense forcesinclude the Armed Forces of Ukraine, as well as other military formations, law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies formedin accordance with the laws of Ukraine, as well as special purpose bodies with law enforcement functions, which are assigned by theConstitution and laws of Ukraine. The main institutional element of the Security and Defense Sector is the Armed Forces of Ukraine.It is the Armed Forces that protect the sovereignty of the state and territorial integrity, as well as ensure the inviolability of state borders.Emphasis is placed on the function of the National Guard of Ukraine and the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine as important componentsof the security and defense sector.It is noted that today the subordination of military institutions and law enforcement agencies to various ministries and authoritiesis a factor that may negatively affect their interaction in the process of performing the tasks provided by law. Therefore, we consider itexpedient for the President of Ukraine, as the Head of State and the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, toadopt a normative act on cooperation between the Security and Defense Sector in the process of armed defense of Ukraine’s territorialintegrity and state sovereignty.

scholarly journals Characteristic aspects of the state as the central institution of political system (from the perspective of the guarantor of national security)

Moldoscopie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Oleinic ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Public Power ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
European Standards ◽  
The Right

The establishment of a democratic state, an open society in which the citizen is the subject of social-political processes and feels safe, represent in essence a complex process. The main role in achieving these objectives largely depends by the state, by the public power, which is essentially obliged to create the right conditions and mechanisms for the involvement of all progressive forces in the construction of the new edifice. In this vein, the factor of awareness of the state’s correlation with national security is very important in order to make proposed objectives work. As a result, in order to increase the effectiveness the state focuses on reporting and accommodating to modern European standards and principles on the activity, organization and functioning of political processes and institutions in society as a whole in correlation with assuring national security issues.

scholarly journals GENERAL APPROACHES TO THE SUBSTANTIATION OF COMBAT STAFF OF THE ARMED FORCES DEPENDING ON MILITARY-ECONOMIC CAPABILITIES OF THE STATE

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Mozharovskyi ◽  
Serhii Hodz
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Target Level ◽  
Calculation Process ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Impact

The article presents the essence and main points of the methodological approach to the substantiation of the optimal combat staff of the armed forces from the perspective of the theory of prevented damage of our troops in the operation and taking into account military-economic capabilities of the state, in particular, financial constraints on the procurement and maintenance of combat means of relevant j-types. Inconsistency between tasks scope, which are entrusted to the armed forces (AF) for national security, and level of their combat capability has been and remain one of the fundamental problems that adversely affects the process of their forming, developing, preparing and using. That kind of inconsistency is caused by the impact of some factors, primarily factors characterizing economic-military capabilities of the state. Such factors also involve the capacities of the defense industrial complex in terms of development, production, modernization and providing military units (MU) with weapons and defense equipment (WME). The experience of the troops shows that current financial constraints on the procurement and maintenance of the necessary WME negatively affect the level of MU fighting potential. Thus, the problem and need for the substantiation of optimal combat staff of the AF have been and remain inherent components of the process of their forming and developing taking into account military-economic capabilities of the state. The above defines the relevance of the research under consideration and needs new scientific approaches to the justification of optimal combat staff of the AF, which would ensure guaranteed execution of national security tasks. Based on the analysis of recent research and publications related to the problems of substantiation of the AF staff as well as the assessment of the impact of CP of MU on the level of their combat capability, the paper establishes that available methodologies (methodological approaches) don’t specify some issues, including what should the optimal AF combat staff be for guaranteed execution of their intended targets, taking into account the military-economic potential of the state? One of the alternate solutions of the problem is the methodological approach, which is presented in the article, to the justification of the optimal combat staff of the armed forces from the perspective of the theory of prevented damage of our troops in the operation and taking into account military-economic capabilities of the state, in particular, financial constraints on the procurement and maintenance of fighting means of relevant j-types. To get a much better sense of the essence and content of the research subject, the authors define a range of the concepts: “military-economic factors”, “prevented damage”, “prevented damage theory”, “combat potential”, “combat capability”, “combat staff”, “effectiveness of combat use of forces”. The authors believe that compared to the available methodological approaches (methods), the methodological approach set out in the article allows: formalizing the interrelation between the level of combat capability of our forces and the desired value of their prevented damage (CP maintenance) for a defined period of operation, which is achieved by the results of counteraction (fire effect) of fighting means of j-types of our troops against the enemy. This enables us to determine the number of combat means of all j-types of our troops required at the initiation of the operation, which (taking into account losses for T days of combat activities) ensures the target level of their fighting efficiency; carrying out the differentiated approach to the determination of the role (contribution) of every kind of our forces in the execution of tasks set in the operation that makes it possible: to calculate the contribution of every j-type of combat means (military branch) to the tasks of general damages on enemy and achievement of combat actions of the required correlation of parties’ CP during T days; to define the contribution of combat means of every j- types (military branch) to reducing the predicted value of the average-daily costs of the original CP of our troops to the acceptable one, the accomplishment of the necessary absolute value of our troops and maintenance of the target level of their combat capability during the T-days operation; improving (based on the indicators of prevented damage) the mathematical model of the optimization problem and elements of the calculation process (algorithm) that allows studying the interdependence between core indicators, which evaluate the effectiveness of combat use of troops during the operation, more specifically. Prospects for future research are the detailed elaboration of mathematical models and elements of the calculation process (algorithm) for upgrading methodical apparatus, which makes it possible to substantiate the optimal combat staff of the AF required for the successful execution of state security tasks from the perspective of the theory of prevented damage of our troops and taking into account military-economic capabilities of the state.

China’s Security Challenge to the United States in Latin America and the Caribbean

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Evan Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Security ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Security Challenge ◽  
The Rise Of China

The national security challenge presented by the People’s Republic of China (P.R.C.) to the United States in the Western Hemisphere is principally long-term and indirect. It is a challenge that is widely misunderstood, and only partly related to the growing activities of P.R.C. armed forces in the hemisphere. The severity of the challenge, and its potential to transform from a difficult-to-define erosion of U.S. global position and long-term prosperity to an acute military threat, will depend, in part, on the adeptness of U.S. policymakers in navigating the landscape of threats and opportunities stemming from the rise of China as a dominant global actor. Whether U.S. policymakers are successful or not, China’s presence in the Western Hemisphere will likely continue to be a defining consideration for U.S. national security in the mid-21st century. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss that security challenge and the response of the U.S. to date, and to offer recommendations for U.S. policymakers.

Cognitive Bias and the Misuse of Military Power

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-103
Author(s):  
Ned Dobos
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Military Establishment ◽  
Political Decision

Wherever there is a military establishment, there is a danger that its use will not be confined to the prosecution of ‘just wars’ and interventions. In other words, there is a risk of the armed forces being overused or misused by the state. In this chapter I argue that some unjust wars are bound to be perceived as just by our political decision makers, not because of the unique pressures they face, or because they are morally deranged, or because they are ignorant of the facts, but simply because they carry the same unconscious biases as the rest of us. This means the prospect of military misuse is not limited to societies whose political elites are hawkish warmongers or sociopathic careerists. We can fully expect that even ‘decent’ governments, genuinely committed to never waging unjust wars, will wage them sometimes.

THE CARING FISCAL-MILITARY STATE DURING THE SEVEN YEARS WAR, 1756–1763

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 921-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERICA CHARTERS
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Alliances ◽  
German States ◽  
British State ◽  
Military Victory ◽  
Practical Level

ABSTRACTThis article re-examines the concept of the fiscal-military state in the context of the British armed forces during the Seven Years War (1756–63). This war, characteristic of British warfare during the eighteenth century, demonstrates that British victory depended on the state caring about the wellbeing of its troops, as well as being perceived to care. At the practical level, disease among troops led to manpower shortages and hence likely defeat, especially during sieges and colonial campaigns. During the 1762–3 Portuguese campaign, disease was regarded as a sign of ill-discipline, and jeopardized military and political alliances. At Havana in 1762, the fear, reports, and actual outbreaks of disease threatened American colonial support and recruitment for British campaigns. Throughout the controversial campaigns in the German states, disease was interpreted as a symptom of bad governance, and used in partisan criticisms concerning the conduct of the war. Military victory was not only about strategy, command, and technology, but nor was it solely a question of money. Manpower could not simply be bought, but needed to be nurtured in the long term through a demonstration that the British state cared about the welfare of its armies.

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