scholarly journals Comparative analyses of technical characteristics of modern models of personal respiratory protective equipment

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
L.A. Ustinova ◽  
R.M. Shvets ◽  
N.V. Kurdil ◽  
V.A. Barkevych ◽  
V.I. Saglo ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT. This article analyses the main features of respiratory protective equipment used during combat actions under the conditions of chemical and radiation contamination. Objective: To study the technical characteristics of respiratory protective equipment that the Armed Forces of Ukraine are equipped with for compliance with NATO standards. Materials and methods. Analysis of sources of scientific information about respiratory protective equipment in operational service with Ukraine and NATO have been conducted. Study methods used: analytical, historical, bibliographic, systematic and informational approach. Results and discussion. It was established that the majority of respiratory protective equipment that the Armed Forces of Ukraine are equipped with has been manufactured before 1991. Their shelf lives exceed the acceptable ones, and the standards by which they were manufactured do not meet modern requirements. The authors have defined the principal directions for improving respiratory protective equipment: versatility for various tactical tasks; possibility of use along with optical devices; compliance of intercommunication systems and breathing valves with NATO standards; providing respiratory protection against a wide range of chemicals; long shelf life; resistance to special treatment means (degassing); possibility of rapid switch to combat position; portability and ease of use. Conclusion. Modern technical characteristics of respiratory protective equipment should comply with the nature of the threats and the best international standards. An important direction in the development of weaponry and military equipment in Ukraine is the improvement of domestic technologies and development of own production of personal protective equipment, technologically compatible with the samples that are in the operational service with NATO countries. Keywords: military toxicology, military radiology, medical protection, respiratory protective equipment.

Author(s):  
LILIANA BROŽIČ

Reading the title of this editorial, many might think that Contemporary Military Challenges have not been published for so many years, and that before there was another publication, entitled Bulletin of the Slovenian Armed Forces. In a way, this is, of course, true. Nevertheless, this year indeed marks 20 years since the General Staff of the Slovenian Armed Forces began to publish its own publication, at the time called the Bulletin of the Slovenian Armed Forces. Its purpose was to inform the internal and external public about the novelties in the fields of security, defence and the military or better armed forces. Normally, in NATO and EU member states, professional and scientific defence-related works are published by ministries of defence, or research institutes within the ministries, which issue publications on defence-strategy related topics. General Staffs, however, publish their own publications, which are typically intended for military professionals. Educational organizational units usually issue publications intended for the publication of graduation thesis of students at various levels of military education, while military museums or related units are responsible for the development of topics relating to military history. Following this concept, the publication Vojstvo (Armed Forces) was published between 1996 and 2000 by the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Slovenia. The General Staff of the Slovenian Armed Forces first published the Bulletin of the Slovenian Armed Forces in 1999. The date written in the first issue is September 1999; however, according to the co-workers who contributed to this success, the first issue was in fact printed in November 1999. In addition to the Contemporary Military Challenges, two other periodicals are being published in the Slovenian Armed Forces, namely, Vojaškošolski zbornik (Military Schools Bulletin), issued by the Military Schools Centre, and Vojaška zgodovina (Military History) issued by the Military Museum, which also forms a part of the Military School Centre. The gap, which occurred after Vojstvo was no longer published, was gradually filled by the Bulletin of the Slovenian Armed Forces, later the Modern Military Challenges, which publishes scientific and professional articles by Slovenian and foreign authors. The name of the publication was changed upon the advice of Editorial Board members on the grounds that the name “bulletin” did not reflect the contents or the subject field of the publication. In the dictionary of standard Slovene, the Slovene equivalent for “bulletin” is defined as a short official message to the public, a note, an informative periodical or newsletter. Consequently, the editorial board undertook the demanding task of finding a new name for the publication and found the name Contemporary Military Challenges. Much work and effort have been invested in the production of a military publication. The majority of those who contributed to this effort were engaged primarily on their own initiative, in private time. Writing articles according to international standards requires order, effort and discipline. Many gave up before they even started to write and, the authors who did write articles for this military publication, in most cases, departed from the average further down their careers. The authors were numerous. Sixty people have been members of the editorial board between the beginning of the publication and the end of 2018. Since 2008, when peer review was introduced, 279 authors have contributed their articles, many of them repeatedly. The one especially standing out is a Slovenian Armed Forces Major who has written 10 articles. The list of all referees includes 103 names. The referee who has contributed the largest number of reviews is a Brigadier General with 54 reviews. There are also 18 referees who have contributed more than ten reviews. The long years of effort have been fruitful and resulted in a fact that, in 2010, the Slovenian Armed Forces publication was indexed in the PAIS International database within Proquest. Consequently, it was included in the list of the journals of the Slovenian Research Agency. For the publication of articles in the Contemporary Military Challenges, the authors are therefore granted 30 academic points. Year No of articles Scientific articles Professional articles Editorial 2017 24 21 (87.5%) 3 (12.5%) 5 2016 25 18 (72%) 7 (28%) 5 2015 21 10 (48%) 11 (52%) 4 2014 25 16 (64%) 9 (36%) 4 2013 24 12 (50%) 12 (50%) 10 2012 26 11 (44%) 14 (56%) 4 2011 31 17 (54%) 14 (45%) 4 2010 45 17 (37%) 28 (62%) 4 2009 42 18 (43%) 24 (57%) 7 There is no need to worry about the quality of the contents in the future, since the editorial board and the editorial council provide a wide range of authors from various fields, institutions and countries. On the 20th anniversary of the publication, appreciation goes to every single person who has contributed to the fact that, even when everything did not run smoothly, the publication kept going and was regularly published. There have been and still are individuals who have contributed more, better and with more motivation, but everyone deserves credit for the success of the publication. In this last issue of the jubilee year, the authors devoted themselves to very topical subjects.


2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
L.A. Ustinova ◽  
V.A. Barkevych ◽  
N.V. Kurdil ◽  
R.M. Shvets ◽  
V.I. Saglo ◽  
...  

Relevance. Nowadays, Ukraine, where armed conflict takes place, has the highest risk of chemical hazard among countries of European region that induces the need for completing medical service and specialforces of Ukrainian Armed Forces with modern chemical-warfare reconnaissance means. Objective: analysis of modern methods for identification of chemical warfare agents and chemical-warfare reconnaissance means that are assured by the Ukrainian Armed Forces in terms of correspondence with current EU and NATO standards. Materials and methods. Analysis of domestic and foreign sources of scientific information in terms of use of chemical warfare agents and chemical weapon in modern warfare and armed conflicts was performed. Traditional methods and means for identification of chemical warfare agents were reviewed. The following methods of scientific study were applied: analytical, historical, bibliographic, systemic and informational approach. Results and discussion. Authors have performed the analysis of technical characteristics of chemical-warfare reconnaissance means and controls used in the Ukrainian Armed Forces, and have determined promising trends in retooling of outmoded devices. It has been emphasized that historical problem for Ukraine is the lack of own industrial production basis for technical modernization and development of novel devices for chemical-warfare reconnaissance, chemical analysis and appropriate consumables (indicator kits, indicator tubes, chemical reagents, etc.). Proposals are provided in terms of improvement of the abilities of the medical service for the assurance of medical protection of military servants under conditions of terrorist threats and warfightings, when an enemy uses mass destruction weapons. Authors underline that current technical chemical-warfare reconnaissance and chemical control means that are in the operational service of medical service and Special Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces require refitting and modernization via import phase-out of the current Soviet (Russian) pieces with analogues that are produced and are in the operational service of NATO countries. The specified way will significantly reduce time to retool the military forces and will not require special retraining of professionals. Conclusion. Modern tasks of chemical-warfare reconnaissance require principally new approach to the development of the methods and technologies for creation of the technical means basis in Ukraine that would provide the required sensitivity, efficiency and specificity in terms of identification of chemical warfare agents and chemical weapons. Key words: military toxicology, chemical weapon, identification of chemical warfare agents.


2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Fager ◽  
Jenna LeDoux ◽  
David Beukelman

Long-term acute medical care hospital (LTACH) units serve a wide range of individuals, with serious medical problems requiring intense, special treatment for an extended period of time. Some of LTACH patients are unable to meet all of their communication needs using their natural speech, either temporarily or permanently. The purpose of this investigation was to survey personnel groups who routinely work in LTACH units regarding their preferences related to 3 communication options containing 27 representative communication boards, that were supported by mobile technology including an iPad only, an iPad with a flat screen that mirrored the iPad screen, and an iPad with a projected image that mirrored the iPad screen. Participants from 3 groups, (1) registered nurses and nursing assistants; (2) allied health professionals including respiratory, physical, and occupational therapists; and (3) speech-language pathologists, ranked the iPad-only AAC choice highest for patients in LTACH units followed by the iPad with screen, and iPad with projector. For the ease of use items by patients, families, and staff, all participant groups rated the iPad alone higher than the iPad with flat screen or the iPad with projector.


Author(s):  
V. Lyashenko ◽  
V. Kuznecov ◽  
O. Kipriianov ◽  
F. Yermolenko ◽  
T. Pavliuk

Testing ground measuring and computing complex (TGMCC) is a set of interconnected hardware and software designed to perform measurements and processing of measuring information to determine the tactical and technical characteristics of objects in different conditions of their application, objective evaluation of test results of armament and military equipment (AME). For radar measurements of trajectory parameters of moving objects, mobile and stationary radar stations of trajectory measurements are used, including Doppler radar systems of external trajectory measurements. Such radar stations of trajectory measurements are one of the components of TGMCC. They are designed to measure, process and record the parameters of the trajectories of moving objects in a given spatial volume with a given accuracy and reliability during testing of a wide range of new and upgraded samples of AME, as well as perform measurements along with optoelectronic stations of trajectory measurements, or they could be used separately from them. Therefore, currently there is a problem of creation of mobile testing ground measuring and computing complex which consists in its equipping by modern means of external trajectory measurements, both domestic and foreign. Thus, the proposed recommendations for the integrated application of Doppler radar systems of external trajectory measurements as a part of a mobile testing ground measuring and computing complex will allow to conduct testing and certification of armament and military equipment offered for supply to the Armed Forces of Ukraine more efficiently and with increased quality.


Author(s):  
O. Y. Balalaieva ◽  

The purpose of the article is to study the dynamics of electronic dictionaries development abroad and in Ukraine using methods of analysis of scientific sources, comparison, generalization and systematization. Electronic dictionaries have been found to be a relatively new phenomenon in the lexicographic market, evolving from machine-readable dictionaries, exact copies of paper editions to complex digital lexicographic systems with a powerful arsenal of functions over the decades. The stages of development of autonomous and online dictionaries are described. Electronic dictionaries due to the advanced search capabilities, speed, simplicity, ease of use, accessibility and compactness have gained popularity among a wide range of users. Today they are used in many spheres of human activity – scientific, educational, professional, everyday communication. However, the analysis of the current level of development of Ukrainian electronic resources indicates a shortage of electronic dictionaries both common and terminological vocabulary. The lack of electronic dictionaries is due to a number of objective problems, both practical and theoretical, that is why research in the field of domestic computer lexicography is a promising area of further research.


Author(s):  
О. Кravchuk ◽  
V. Symonenkov ◽  
I. Symonenkova ◽  
O. Hryhorev

Today, more than forty countries of the world are engaged in the development of military-purpose robots. A number of unique mobile robots with a wide range of capabilities are already being used by combat and intelligence units of the Armed forces of the developed world countries to conduct battlefield intelligence and support tactical groups. At present, the issue of using the latest information technology in the field of military robotics is thoroughly investigated, and the creation of highly effective information management systems in the land-mobile robotic complexes has acquired a new phase associated with the use of distributed information and sensory systems and consists in the transition from application of separate sensors and devices to the construction of modular information subsystems, which provide the availability of various data sources and complex methods of information processing. The purpose of the article is to investigate the ways to increase the autonomy of the land-mobile robotic complexes using in a non-deterministic conditions of modern combat. Relevance of researches is connected with the necessity of creation of highly effective information and control systems in the perspective robotic means for the needs of Land Forces of Ukraine. The development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine management system based on the criteria adopted by the EU and NATO member states is one of the main directions of increasing the effectiveness of the use of forces (forces), which involves achieving the principles and standards necessary for Ukraine to become a member of the EU and NATO. The inherent features of achieving these criteria will be the transition to a reduction of tasks of the combined-arms units and the large-scale use of high-precision weapons and land remote-controlled robotic devices. According to the views of the leading specialists in the field of robotics, the automation of information subsystems and components of the land-mobile robotic complexes can increase safety, reliability, error-tolerance and the effectiveness of the use of robotic means by standardizing the necessary actions with minimal human intervention, that is, a significant increase in the autonomy of the land-mobile robotic complexes for the needs of Land Forces of Ukraine.


Author(s):  
R. Zinko ◽  
P. Kazan ◽  
D. Khaustov ◽  
O. Bilyk

A small intelligence robot (SSR) is a special military intelligence means. It is used to obtain information about the enemy - the collection of intelligence, the search for targets and target indication, observation of the situation, etc. The use of a small intelligence robot is assumed in various natural and climatic conditions: in temperate terrain, on soils with low bearing capacity, at low temperatures, in the desert, on sandy and marshy soils, on rocky soils, in elevated temperature and dustiness of air, and also in conditions highlands In the article an overview of modern developments of remotely controlled robotic military complexes, principles of their construction and perspective directions of development in the armed forces are reviewed. The issues of robotization of existing weapons and military equipment are considered. Every sample of a SSR used in combat action must possess all combat characteristics at once in an optimal ratio between them, ensuring its maximum effectiveness. Ignoring any of the properties or enhancing one property at the expense of others will not enable the full realization of the small surveillance robot. It is reasonable to select the relevant properties at the design stage, using the possibilities of mathematical modeling. The set of tactical and technical characteristics of the SSR allowed forming this. Its characteristics determine the scope and possibilities of application. The mathematical model of the SSR motion is written in the Matlab Simulink environment. Recorded mathematical model of SSR motion, formed single test cycle and input data allowed to conduct computer simulation of motion in possible conditions of operation of small surveillance robot.The single trial cycle presented contains a set of individual sites and reproduces the testing test cycle of a real polygon. On the basis of the developed tactical and technical characteristics of the SSR, the experimental sample was made. An example of the use of SSR for the intelligence of the settlement and at keeping the node of barriers has been provided. The efficiency of performing intelligence units’ tasks and reducing the risk of human losses are shown.


Author(s):  
Maasoumeh Marhamati ◽  
Asma Afshari ◽  
Behzad Kiani ◽  
Behrooz Jannat ◽  
Mohammad Hashemi

Background: Nitrate and nitrite can get into the body through the consumption of contaminated water either directly or indirectly. The accumulation of these compounds in the body, in the long run, leads to health problems, for example, digestive disorders, cancers, and even death threats in children. The aim of this review is to investigate nitrate and nitrite pollution levels in drinking water and fruit juices in Iran. Methods: In this review data were collected through searching the Scientific Information Database, Science-Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Magiran databases using the keywords Nitrate, Nitrite, Drinking water, Drinking Water Resources, Juice and Iran. Finally, the location of the studies was geocoded through the Google My Maps (https://www.google.com/mymaps) software. Results: Studies clearly indicated that the juices are safe in terms of nitrate. Nitrate and nitrite values were less than the national and international standards in all samples of bottled drinking water except for a few of the studies. The results of the reviewed studies also indicated that the nitrate content was higher than that written on the label in 96% of the samples, and nitrite was not labeled in 80% of them. The nitrate quantity was higher than the permissible limit, in the water distribution network of Bushehr, Gilan and Mazandaran Provinces. Talesh, Ardabil, Hashtgerd, Divandareh, and Kerman cities had high nitrate levels in more than 50% of wells. Conclusion: Using nitrogen fertilizers and lack of a wastewater treatment system were the main reasons for the presence of nitrate and nitrite.


Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Shashina ◽  
Valentina V. Makarova ◽  
Denis V. Shcherbakov ◽  
Tatiana S. Isiutina-Fedotkova ◽  
Nadezhda N. Zabroda ◽  
...  

The use of face masks has assumed a leading spot among nonspecific prevention measures during the coronavirus pandemic. The effectiveness of this protective measure depends on the specifics of individual use. The purpose of our study was to analyze the use of respiratory protective equipment (RPE) by medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The evaluation of face mask use was based on the results of a survey of medical students at Sechenov University. There were 988 participants in the study: 97.5% used RPE during the pandemic, 89.1% used disposable medical and hygienic face masks, 27.4% used reusable cloth face masks, and 13.2% used respirators. The majority of respondents (75.2%) were found to wear face masks correctly. However, 17.0% of the respondents were found to cover only their mouths with a face mask, while 7.8% reported often shifting their face mask under the chin due to perceived discomfort. Only 25.1% of respondents changed their disposable face mask after 2-3 h of wearing, while 13.0% decontaminated and used it several times. Most cloth face mask users (93.7%) decontaminated their marks, but only 55.7% of respondents did so daily. Face masks were most often worn in medical organizations (91.5%), and 1.4% of respondents did not use respiratory protection anywhere. In conclusion, we consider it necessary to introduce a special module on nonspecific prevention in the discipline of hygiene.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2627
Author(s):  
Pierre-Edouard Fournier ◽  
Sophie Edouard ◽  
Nathalie Wurtz ◽  
Justine Raclot ◽  
Marion Bechet ◽  
...  

The Méditerranée Infection University Hospital Institute (IHU) is located in a recent building, which includes experts on a wide range of infectious disease. The IHU strategy is to develop innovative tools, including epidemiological monitoring, point-of-care laboratories, and the ability to mass screen the population. In this study, we review the strategy and guidelines proposed by the IHU and its application to the COVID-19 pandemic and summarise the various challenges it raises. Early diagnosis enables contagious patients to be isolated and treatment to be initiated at an early stage to reduce the microbial load and contagiousness. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we had to deal with a shortage of personal protective equipment and reagents and a massive influx of patients. Between 27 January 2020 and 5 January 2021, 434,925 nasopharyngeal samples were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2. Of them, 12,055 patients with COVID-19 were followed up in our out-patient clinic, and 1888 patients were hospitalised in the Institute. By constantly adapting our strategy to the ongoing situation, the IHU has succeeded in expanding and upgrading its equipment and improving circuits and flows to better manage infected patients.


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