scholarly journals Oral-Gut-Brain Axis in Experimental Models of Periodontitis: Associating Gut Dysbiosis With Neurodegenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Daniel Sansores-España ◽  
Samanta Melgar-Rodríguez ◽  
Katherine Olivares-Sagredo ◽  
Emilio A. Cafferata ◽  
Víctor Manuel Martínez-Aguilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
The Brain

Periodontitis is considered a non-communicable chronic disease caused by a dysbiotic microbiota, which generates a low-grade systemic inflammation that chronically damages the organism. Several studies have associated periodontitis with other chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, the oral bacteria considered a keystone pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, has been detected in the hippocampus and brain cortex. Likewise, gut microbiota dysbiosis triggers a low-grade systemic inflammation, which also favors the risk for both cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, the existence of an axis of Oral-Gut communication has been proposed, whose possible involvement in the development of neurodegenerative diseases has not been uncovered yet. The present review aims to compile evidence that the dysbiosis of the oral microbiota triggers changes in the gut microbiota, which creates a higher predisposition for the development of neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative diseases.The Oral-Gut-Brain axis could be defined based on anatomical communications, where the mouth and the intestine are in constant communication. The oral-brain axis is mainly established from the trigeminal nerve and the gut-brain axis from the vagus nerve. The oral-gut communication is defined from an anatomical relation and the constant swallowing of oral bacteria. The gut-brain communication is more complex and due to bacteria-cells, immune and nervous system interactions. Thus, the gut-brain and oral-brain axis are in a bi-directional relationship. Through the qualitative analysis of the selected papers, we conclude that experimental periodontitis could produce both neurodegenerative pathologies and intestinal dysbiosis, and that periodontitis is likely to induce both conditions simultaneously. The severity of the neurodegenerative disease could depend, at least in part, on the effects of periodontitis in the gut microbiota, which could strengthen the immune response and create an injurious inflammatory and dysbiotic cycle. Thus, dementias would have their onset in dysbiotic phenomena that affect the oral cavity or the intestine. The selected studies allow us to speculate that oral-gut-brain communication exists, and bacteria probably get to the brain via trigeminal and vagus nerves.

Impact of dietary fat on gut microbiota and low-grade systemic inflammation: mechanisms and clinical implications on obesity

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Galvão Cândido ◽  
Flávia Xavier Valente ◽  
Łukasz Marcin Grześkowiak ◽  
Ana Paula Boroni Moreira ◽  
Daniela Mayumi Usuda Prado Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Low Grade

scholarly journals Host–microbiota interactions in rheumatoid arthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Maeda ◽  
Kiyoshi Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Th17 Cell ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Periodontal Bacteria ◽  
Growing Body

AbstractThe gut microbiota has been proposed to be an important environmental factor in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we review a growing body of evidence from human and animal studies that supports the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota play a role in RA. Previous studies from we and others showed an altered composition of the microbiota in early RA patients. A recent study demonstrated that Prevotella species are dominant in the intestine of patients in the preclinical stages of RA. In addition, Prevotella-dominated microbiota isolated from RA patients contributes to the development of Th17 cell-dependent arthritis in SKG mice. Moreover, it was reported that periodontal bacteria correlates with the pathogenesis of RA. In this review, we discuss the link between oral bacteria and the development of arthritis. However, many questions remain to be elucidated in terms of molecular mechanisms for the involvement of intestinal and oral microbiota in RA pathogenesis.

Sinapine reduces non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 3637-3649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youdong Li ◽  
Jinwei Li ◽  
Qingfeng Su ◽  
Yuanfa Liu
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis.

Metabolic Syndrome and Its Effect on the Brain: Possible Mechanism

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul ‘Ain Arshad ◽  
Teoh Seong Lin ◽  
Mohamad Fairuz Yahaya
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Disease Type ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Metabolic Factors ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
The Brain

Background & Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an interconnected group of physiological, biochemical, clinical and metabolic factors that directly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and mortality. Rising evidence suggests that MetS plays a significant role in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Nonetheless, the factors linking this association has not yet been elucidated. As we are facing an increasing incidence of obesity and T2DM in all stages of life, understanding the association of MetS and neurodegenerative diseases is crucial to lessen the burden of the disease. Conclusion: In this review, we will discuss the possible mechanisms which may relate the association between MetS and cognitive decline which include vascular damages, elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation.

scholarly journals The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis–Heart Shunt Part II: Prosaic Foods and the Brain–Heart Connection in Alzheimer Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Obrenovich ◽  
Shams Tabrez ◽  
Bushra Siddiqui ◽  
Benjamin McCloskey ◽  
George Perry
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Heart Health ◽  
Host Liver ◽  
The Brain ◽  
French Paradox

There is a strong cerebrovascular component to brain aging, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia. Foods, common drugs, and the polyphenolic compounds contained in wine modulate health both directly and through the gut microbiota. This observation and novel findings centered on nutrition, biochemistry, and metabolism, as well as the newer insights we gain into the microbiota-gut-brain axis, now lead us to propose a shunt to this classic triad, which involves the heart and cerebrovascular systems. The French paradox and prosaic foods, as they relate to the microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodegenerative diseases, are discussed in this manuscript, which is the second part of a two-part series of concept papers addressing the notion that the microbiota and host liver metabolism all play roles in brain and heart health.

scholarly journals Alterations of Gut Microbiota and the Brain-Immune-Intestine Axis in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis After Treatment With Oral Cladribine: Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeske van Pamelen ◽  
Lynn van Olst ◽  
Andries E Budding ◽  
Helga E de Vries ◽  
Leo H Visser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
The Brain

BACKGROUND Immunological factors are the key to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Conjointly, environmental factors are known to affect MS disease onset and progression. Several studies have found that the intestinal microbiota in MS patients differs from that of control subjects. One study found a trend toward lower species richness in patients with active disease versus in patients in remission. The microbiota plays an important role in shaping the immune system. Recent studies suggest the presence of an association between the gut microbiota and inflammatory pathways in the central nervous system. However, the function of this brain-immune-intestine axis and its possible value for predicting treatment effect in MS patients is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE Our goal is to examine if the changes in gut and oral microbiota and simultaneous changes in the immune response are a predictor for the treatment response in subjects with active relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) who are being treated with oral cladribine. METHODS This is a prospective, observational, multicenter study. Eligible subjects are patients with RRMS, between the ages of 18 and 55 years, who will start treatment with oral cladribine. Patients who used probiotics 1 month prior to the start of oral cladribine will be excluded. At baseline (ie, before start) and after 3, 12, and 24 months, the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score will be assessed and fecal, oral, and blood samples will be collected. Also, subjects will be asked to register their food intake for 7 consecutive days following the visits. After 24 months, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of the brain will be performed. Responders are defined as subjects without relapses, without progression on the EDSS, and without radiological progression on MRI. RESULTS Inclusion started in January 2019. A total of 30 patients are included at the moment. The aim is to include 80 patients from 10 participating centers during a period of approximately 24 months. Final results are expected in 2024. CONCLUSIONS The results of the BIA Study will contribute to precision medicine in patients with RRMS and will contribute to a better understanding of the brain-immune-intestine axis. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT DERR1-10.2196/16162

scholarly journals Novel role of hesperidin improve obesity in HFD mice by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihua Liu ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
Chao Lei ◽  
Weiqi Song ◽  
Rong Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Helicobacter Hepaticus ◽  
Lactobacillus Salivarius ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Microbiota Analysis ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis

Abstract Background: Hesperidin is a plant-derived dihydroflavone derivative with multiple pharmacological functions. Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis. We examined the possibility that hesperidin may prevent diet-induced obesity by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were treated with hesperidin. Its effects on the gut microbiota were assessed by horizontal faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing-based microbiota analysis. Results: Gut microbiota analysis revealed that hesperidin selectively promoted the growth of beneficial Lactobacillus salivarius and harmful Staphylococcus sciuri and Desulfovibrio C21_c20 and inhibited that of beneficial Bifidobacterium pseudolongum and Mucispirillumschaedleri and harmful Helicobacter ganmani and Helicobacter hepaticus . However, hesperidin reversed obesity and inflammation and improved gut integrity in HFD-fed mice. The anti-obesity effects and hesperidin-modulated Lactobacillus salivarius, Desulfovibrio C21_c20, Mucispirillumschaedleri and Helicobacter hepaticus were transmissible via horizontal faeces transfer from hesperidin-treated mice to HFD-fed mice. Conclusions: Hesperidin plays a dual role in both beneficial and harmful microbes. However, its overall effects reduce body weight and reverse HFD-related disorders in HFD-fed mice.

scholarly journals High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3164
Author(s):  
Ida Judyta Malesza ◽  
Michał Malesza ◽  
Jarosław Walkowiak ◽  
Nadiar Mussin ◽  
Dariusz Walkowiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Nutrient Ratios ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Fat Consumption

The gut microbiota is responsible for recovering energy from food, providing hosts with vitamins, and providing a barrier function against exogenous pathogens. In addition, it is involved in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, crucial for the functional maturation of the gut immune system. The Western diet (WD)—an unhealthy diet with high consumption of fats—can be broadly characterized by overeating, frequent snacking, and a prolonged postprandial state. The term WD is commonly known and intuitively understood. However, the strict digital expression of nutrient ratios is not precisely defined. Based on the US data for 1908–1989, the calory intake available from fats increased from 32% to 45%. Besides the metabolic aspects (hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system overstimulation, and oxidative stress), the consequences of excessive fat consumption (high-fat diet—HFD) comprise dysbiosis, gut barrier dysfunction, increased intestinal permeability, and leakage of toxic bacterial metabolites into the circulation. These can strongly contribute to the development of low-grade systemic inflammation. This narrative review highlights the most important recent advances linking HFD-driven dysbiosis and HFD-related inflammation, presents the pathomechanisms for these phenomena, and examines the possible causative relationship between pro-inflammatory status and gut microbiota changes.

scholarly journals The oral and gut microbiota: beyond a short communication

2021 ◽  
pp. 405-411
Author(s):  
Sabino CECI ◽  
Pula BERATE ◽  
Sebastian CANDREA ◽  
Anida-Maria BABTAN ◽  
Daniela AZZOLLINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Introduction. The current treatment and prevention of oral disorders, dental caries, periodontal and gum diseases, follow a very non-specific control of plaque as the main causative factor. The main therapeutically approach is carried out on the sole perspective to keep the levels of oral bacteria in an acceptable range compatible with one-way vision of oral-mouth health, as something completely separated from a systemic microbial homeostasis (dysbiosis) concomitant present in the gut. A sealed compartmental view which sees separate and incommunicable responses to a specific condition without considering the presence of interacting confounding factors can negatively influence the diagnosis a diseases and of course its progression. A general non-specific antimicrobial with more general antiplaque therapy based mainly on oral care products together with surgery interventions represent at the moment the only mechanical responses in treating oral diseases. Material and method. The present paper is a narrative review concening interractions between oral and gut microbiota, with a focus on the interdisciplinary approach in antimicrobial treatment. Pubmed, Cochrane Library database were used for searching engines. Key words used were as follows: “inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS)”, “ulcerative colitis”, “oral dysbiosis”, “gut dysbiosis”, “probiotics”, “periodontitis”. Results and discussions. Literature research showed that there are few issues to be discussed the ever increasing resistance to antibiotics, the high consumption of industrial food and sugars and their negatively effect on gut and oral microbiota. There is a need to highlight and develop a novel philosophical approach in the treatments for oral diseases that will necessarily involve non-conventional antimicrobial solutions. Such approaches should preferably reduce the consumption of both intestinal and oral microbiota, that are intimately connected and host approximately well over 1000 different species of bacteria at 108–109 bacteria per mL of mucous and saliva. Preventive approaches based upon the restoration of the microbial ecological balance, rather than elimination of the disease associated species, have been proposed. Conclusions. Having both oral-gut microbiota screened is an essential moment that influence the healthy immune modulatory and regenerative capacity of the body and, the new proposed formula integrates a wider screen on the patients where oral condition is strictly evaluated together with gut screen; therefore any proposed treatment will be inevitably sustained by the use of prebiotics and probiotics to promote health-associated bacterial growth. Keywords: inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcerative colitis, oral dysbiosis, gut dysbiosis, probiotics, periodontitis,

Type 3 resistant starch from Canna edulis modulates obesity and obesity-related low-grade systemic inflammation in mice by regulating gut microbiota composition and metabolism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahui Wu ◽  
Minyi Qiu ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Caijuan Zhang ◽  
Nan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Metabolic Inflammation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The beneficial effects of Ce-RS3 might derive from gut microbiota changes, which might improve obesity and metabolic inflammation by altering host-microbiota interactions with impacts on the metabolome.

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