scholarly journals Impact of Hydrogen Peroxide on Protein Synthesis in Yeast

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 952
Author(s):  
Cecilia Picazo ◽  
Mikael Molin
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Accumulation Of Damage ◽  
Expensive Process

Cells must be able to respond and adapt to different stress conditions to maintain normal function. A common response to stress is the global inhibition of protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is an expensive process consuming much of the cell’s energy. Consequently, it must be tightly regulated to conserve resources. One of these stress conditions is oxidative stress, resulting from the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly produced by the mitochondria but also by other intracellular sources. Cells utilize a variety of antioxidant systems to protect against ROS, directing signaling and adaptation responses at lower levels and/or detoxification as levels increase to preclude the accumulation of damage. In this review, we focus on the role of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, as a signaling molecule regulating protein synthesis at different levels, including transcription and various parts of the translation process, e.g., initiation, elongation, termination and ribosome recycling.

scholarly journals Lon Protease Is Important for Growth under Stressful Conditions and Pathogenicity of the Phytopathogen, Bacterium Dickeya solani

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3687
Author(s):  
Donata Figaj ◽  
Paulina Czaplewska ◽  
Tomasz Przepióra ◽  
Patrycja Ambroziak ◽  
Marta Potrykus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Lon Protease ◽  
Theoretical Mass ◽  
Pectinolytic Enzymes ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Dickeya Solani

The Lon protein is a protease implicated in the virulence of many pathogenic bacteria, including some plant pathogens. However, little is known about the role of Lon in bacteria from genus Dickeya. This group of bacteria includes important potato pathogens, with the most aggressive species, D. solani. To determine the importance of Lon for pathogenicity and response to stress conditions of bacteria, we constructed a D. solani Δlon strain. The mutant bacteria showed increased sensitivity to certain stress conditions, in particular osmotic and high-temperature stresses. Furthermore, qPCR analysis showed an increased expression of the lon gene in D. solani under these conditions. The deletion of the lon gene resulted in decreased motility, lower activity of secreted pectinolytic enzymes and finally delayed onset of blackleg symptoms in the potato plants. In the Δlon cells, the altered levels of several proteins, including virulence factors and proteins associated with virulence, were detected by means of Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH-MS) analysis. These included components of the type III secretion system and proteins involved in bacterial motility. Our results indicate that Lon protease is important for D. solani to withstand stressful conditions and effectively invade the potato plant.

scholarly journals Role of Jasmonates, Calcium, and Glutathione in Plants to Combat Abiotic Stresses Through Precise Signaling Cascade

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima Aslam ◽  
Nadia Gul ◽  
Mudasir A. Mir ◽  
Mohd. Asgher ◽  
Nadiah Al-Sulami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Signaling Cascade ◽  
Antioxidant Systems

Plant growth regulators have an important role in various developmental processes during the life cycle of plants. They are involved in abiotic stress responses and tolerance. They have very well-developed capabilities to sense the changes in their external milieu and initiate an appropriate signaling cascade that leads to the activation of plant defense mechanisms. The plant defense system activation causes build-up of plant defense hormones like jasmonic acid (JA) and antioxidant systems like glutathione (GSH). Moreover, calcium (Ca2+) transients are also seen during abiotic stress conditions depicting the role of Ca2+ in alleviating abiotic stress as well. Therefore, these growth regulators tend to control plant growth under varying abiotic stresses by regulating its oxidative defense and detoxification system. This review highlights the role of Jasmonates, Calcium, and glutathione in abiotic stress tolerance and activation of possible novel interlinked signaling cascade between them. Further, phyto-hormone crosstalk with jasmonates, calcium and glutathione under abiotic stress conditions followed by brief insights on omics approaches is also elucidated.

Ribosome Hibernation as a Stress Response of Bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1082-1091
Author(s):  
Tianwen Wang ◽  
Chen Liang ◽  
Mengyuan Zheng ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
Yafei An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Functional Change ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Protein Synthesis Rate ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
A Cell

Ribosome is primarily regarded as the committing organelle for the translation process. Besides the expansion of its function from a translational machine for protein synthesis to a regulatory platform for protein quality control, the activity regulation and recycling of ribosome have been deepened significantly. Recent advances have confirmed a novel mechanism in the regulation of ribosome activity when a cell encounters adverse conditions. Due to the binding of certain protein factors onto a ribosome, the structural and functional change of the ribosome inside the cell will take place, thereby leading to the formation of inactive ribosomes (70S monomer or 100S dimer), or ribosome hibernation. By ribosome hibernation, the overall protein synthesis rate of a cell could be slowed down. The resistance to adverse conditions or chemicals of the host cell will be enhanced. In this paper, we discussed the phenomenon, molecular mechanism, and physiological effect of ribosome hibernation when cells are under stresses. And then, we discussed the resuscitation of a hibernating ribosome and the role of ribosome hibernation in the treatment of antimicrobial infection.

scholarly journals The Role of Phyto-Melatonin and Related Metabolites in Response to Stress

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yu ◽  
Yan Lv ◽  
Yana Shi ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Yanchun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Photosynthesis Inhibition ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Plant Stress Tolerance ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Catabolism Pathway

Plant hormone candidate melatonin has been widely studied in plants under various stress conditions, such as heat, cold, salt, drought, heavy metal, and pathogen attack. Under stress, melatonin usually accumulates sharply by modulating its biosynthesis and metabolic pathways. Beginning from the precursor tryptophan, four consecutive enzymes mediate the biosynthesis of tryptamine or 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, N-acetylserotonin or 5-methoxytryptamine, and melatonin. Then, the compound is catabolized into 2-hydroxymelatonin, cyclic-3-hydroxymelatonin, and N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxyknuramine through 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase catalysis or reaction with reactive oxygen species. As an ancient and powerful antioxidant, melatonin directly scavenges ROS induced by various stress conditions. Furthermore, it confreres stress tolerance by activating the plant’s antioxidant system, alleviating photosynthesis inhibition, modulating transcription factors that are involved with stress resisting, and chelating and promoting the transport of heavy metals. Melatonin is even proven to defense against pathogen attacks for the plant by activating other stress-relevant hormones, like salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonic acid. Intriguingly, other precursors and metabolite molecules involved with melatonin also can increase stress tolerance for plant except for unconfirmed 5-methoxytryptamine, cyclic-3-hydroxymelatonin, and N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxyknuramine. Therefore, the precursors and metabolites locating at the whole biosynthesis and catabolism pathway of melatonin could contribute to plant stress resistance, thus providing a new perspective for promoting plant stress tolerance.

scholarly journals HigB1 Toxin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Upregulated During Stress and Required to Establish Infection in Guinea Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Sharma ◽  
Kalpana Sagar ◽  
Neeraj Kumar Chauhan ◽  
Balaji Venkataraman ◽  
Nidhi Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Cumulative Evidence ◽  
Host Tissues

The extraordinary expansion of Toxin Antitoxin (TA) modules in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has received significant attention over the last few decades. The cumulative evidence suggests that TA systems are activated in response to stress conditions and are essential for M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. In M. tuberculosis, Rv1955-Rv1956-Rv1957 constitutes the only tripartite TAC (Toxin Antitoxin Chaperone) module. In this locus, Rv1955 (HigB1) encodes for the toxin and Rv1956 (HigA1) encodes for antitoxin. Rv1957 encodes for a SecB-like chaperone that regulates HigBA1 toxin antitoxin system by preventing HigA1 degradation. Here, we have investigated the physiological role of HigB1 toxin in stress adaptation and pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. qPCR studies revealed that higBA1 is upregulated in nutrient limiting conditions and upon exposure to levofloxacin. We also show that the promoter activity of higBA1 locus in M. tuberculosis is (p)ppGpp dependent. We observed that HigB1 locus is non-essential for M. tuberculosis growth under different stress conditions in vitro. However, guinea pigs infected with higB1 deletion strain exhibited significantly reduced bacterial loads and pathological damage in comparison to the animals infected with the parental strain. Transcriptome analysis suggested that deletion of higB1 reduced the expression of genes involved in virulence, detoxification and adaptation. The present study describes the role of higB1 toxin in M. tuberculosis physiology and highlights the importance of higBA1 locus during infection in host tissues.

Evaluation of the role of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems in the radiation resistance of Deinococcus

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravindranath Shashidhar ◽  
Sanjukta A. Kumar ◽  
Hari S. Misra ◽  
Jayant R. Bandekar
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Radiation Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Antioxidant Metabolites ◽  
Radiation Resistant

Antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant metabolites appear to have different roles in the oxidative stress resistance responses of radiation-resistant bacteria belonging to the Deinococcus – Thermus group. Twelve distinct strains belonging to 7 Deinococcus species were characterized for their responses to hydrogen peroxide, ciprofloxacin, and ionizing radiation. The levels of catalase and peroxidase activities in these strains showed a positive correlation with resistance to hydrogen peroxide and ciprofloxacin. However, the levels of these enzymes and carotenoids did not appear to contribute significantly to radiation resistance. Our findings support the idea that enzymatic defense systems are not sufficient to account for the extreme radiation resistance of Deinococcus species. Consistent with previously published reports, the Deinococcus strains had high intracellular manganese/iron ratios. No significant correlation was found between intracellular manganese/iron ratios and radiation resistance within different Deinococcus species, suggesting that other components are involved in conferring radiation resistance.

scholarly journals A Conserved Stress-activated Protein Kinase Regulates a Core Stress Response in the Human PathogenCandida albicans

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 4179-4190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Smith ◽  
Susan Nicholls ◽  
Brian A. Morgan ◽  
Alistair J.P. Brown ◽  
Janet Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
The Core ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Molecular Circuitry

Previous work has implicated the Hog1 stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) in osmotic and oxidative stress responses in the human pathogen Candida albicans. In this study, we have characterized the role of Hog1 in mediating these and other stress responses in C. albicans. We provide evidence that a SAPK-dependent core stress response exists in this pathogen. The Hog1 SAPK is phosphorylated and it accumulates in the nucleus in response to diverse stress conditions. In addition, we have identified Hog1-regulated genes that are induced in response to stress conditions that activate Hog1. These analyses reveal both activator and repressor functions for the Hog1 SAPK. Our results also demonstrate that stress cross-protection, a classical hallmark of the core stress response, occurs in C. albicans between stresses that activate the Hog1 SAPK. Importantly, we find that the core stress response in C. albicans has adapted to the environmental niche of this human pathogen. This niche specificity is reflected by the specific environmental conditions that drive the Hog1-regulated core stress response in C. albicans and by differences in the molecular circuitry that control this response.

The role of copper ions in hydrogen peroxide bleaching: Their origin, removal, and effect on pulp quality

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEDRO E.G. LOUREIRO ◽  
SANDRINE DUARTE ◽  
DMITRY V. EVTUGUIN ◽  
M. GRAÇA V.S. CARVALHO
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Peroxide Bleaching ◽  
Metals Removal ◽  
Peroxide Decomposition ◽  
Equipment Corrosion ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Main Effects

This study puts particular emphasis on the role of copper ions in the performance of hydrogen peroxide bleaching (P-stage). Owing to their variable levels across the bleaching line due to washing filtrates, bleaching reagents, and equipment corrosion, these ions can play a major role in hydrogen peroxide decomposition and be detrimental to polysaccharide integrity. In this study, a Cu-contaminated D0(EOP)D1 prebleached pulp was subjected to an acidic washing (A-stage) or chelation (Q-stage) before the alkaline P-stage. The objective was to understand the isolated and combined role of copper ions in peroxide bleaching performance. By applying an experimental design, it was possible to identify the main effects of the pretreatment variables on the extent of metals removal and performance of the P-stage. The acid treatment was unsuccessful in terms of complete copper removal, magnesium preservation, and control of hydrogen peroxide consumption in the following P-stage. Increasing reaction temperature and time of the acidic A-stage improved the brightness stability of the D0(EOP)D1AP bleached pulp. The optimum conditions for chelation pretreatment to maximize the brightness gains obtained in the subsequent P-stage with the lowest peroxide consumption were 0.4% diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), 80ºC, and 4.5 pH.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document