scholarly journals A Cluster Analysis of Forward Trajectory to Identify the Transport Pathway of Salt-Dust Particles from Dried Bottom of Aral Sea, Central Asia

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 764
Author(s):  
Aishajiang Aili ◽  
Jilili Abuduwaili ◽  
Hailiang Xu ◽  
Xinfeng Zhao ◽  
Xinghong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
Category Cluster ◽  
Starting Point

The Aral Sea basin is the most active source of salt-dust storms in the central Asian region, while its exposed bottom is acting as a “distributer” of salts and chemicals over the adjoining areas. In this study, the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT-4) is used to identify the trajectories of air parcels from the dried bottom of the Aral Sea region (45.40° N, 61.30° E) that are potentially containing salt-dust and their probability of influencing the downwind area in the period of 2016–2020. The frequency of air parcel trajectory was mapped for six levels: 100, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 m agl. The trajectories were categorized by k-means clustering into four clusters that are named by their direction of movement as follows: Cluster 1: E category, Cluster 2: NE category, Cluster 3: W category, and the Cluster 4: S category. The 72 h of forward trajectories showed that salt-dust storms starting from the dried bottom of the Aral Sea had the highest probability of affecting the northeastern region e.g., Siberian Plain, followed by the southern region e.g., Iran Plateau. Total number of trajectories within these two clusters (NE and S) accounts for 90% (or 413 days) of trajectories in examined days. The main area of influence of salt-dust is close to the source area. The potential transport distance of salt-dust particles increases with the height of the starting point. The surface wind, which results from the changes of the Siberian High (SH), has a major role in shaping the surface atmospheric circulation which determines the transport pathway of salt-dust particles over the Aral Sea region. The results of this study could be useful to forecast the potential occurrence of salt-dust storms in downwind affected areas and would also be helpful to understand the possible causes of salt-dust storms which can provide the scientific basis for mitigation of the negative impact of salt-dust storms on the environment and human health. Further research should be conducted by using monitoring data to confirm the deposition of dust and salt particles in those areas mapped by our study.

scholarly journals Lidar Measurements of the Vertical Distribution of Aerosol Optical and Physical Properties over Central Asia

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris B. Chen ◽  
Leonid G. Sverdlik ◽  
Sanjar A. Imashev ◽  
Paul A. Solomon ◽  
Jeffrey Lantz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Angstrom Exponent ◽  
Regional Sources ◽  
Lidar Measurements ◽  
Ångström Exponent ◽  
Ångstrom Exponent

The vertical structure of aerosol optical and physical properties was measured by Lidar in Eastern Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia, from June 2008 to May 2009. Lidar measurements were supplemented with surface-based measurements of PM2.5 and PM10 mass and chemical composition in both size fractions. Dust transported into the region is common, being detected 33% of the time. The maximum frequency occurred in the spring of 2009. Dust transported to Central Asia comes from regional sources, for example, Taklimakan desert and Aral Sea basin, and from long-range transport, for example, deserts of Arabia, Northeast Africa, Iran, and Pakistan. Regional sources are characterized by pollution transport with maximum values of coarse particles within the planetary boundary layer, aerosol optical thickness, extinction coefficient, integral coefficient of aerosol backscatter, and minimum values of the Ångström exponent. Pollution associated with air masses transported over long distances has different characteristics during autumn, winter, and spring. During winter, dust emissions were low resulting in high values of the Ångström exponent (about 0.51) and the fine particle mass fraction (64%). Dust storms were more frequent during spring with an increase in coarse dust particles in comparison to winter. The aerosol vertical profiles can be used to lower uncertainty in estimating radiative forcing.

scholarly journals Beaten ballots: political participation dynamics amidst police interventions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Toni Rodon ◽  
Marc Guinjoan
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Positive Spillover ◽  
Police Crackdown ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Empirical Approaches

Abstract What is the effect of violence on political mobilization? Taking the repression-mobilization nexus debate as a starting point, we study the effects of police interventions on political participation, focusing on the Spanish police crackdown on Catalonia's independence referendum on 1 October 2017. We analyze the effect of police actions on turnout using detailed aggregate data, as well as a survey conducted a few days after the referendum. The two empirical approaches show that police interventions had both deterrent and inverse spatial spillover effects. Although police raids had a local negative impact on turnout, they induced positive spillover effects in the surrounding areas. Our findings also indicate heterogeneity in the spatial dynamics, with police actions encouraging people to go to vote in nearby areas, but also mobilizing residents in neighboring areas to participate, especially those individuals with fewer incentives to turn out to vote.

Automatic diagnosis of primary headaches by machine learning methods

Open Medicine ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Krawczyk ◽  
Dragan Simić ◽  
Svetlana Simić ◽  
Michał Woźniak
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Primary Headache ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Primary Headaches ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Headache Diagnosis

AbstractPrimary headaches are common disease of the modern society and it has high negative impact on the productivity and the life quality of the affected person. Unfortunately, the precise diagnosis of the headache type is hard and usually imprecise, thus methods of headache diagnosis are still the focus of intense research. The paper introduces the problem of the primary headache diagnosis and presents its current taxonomy. The considered problem is simplified into the three class classification task which is solved using advanced machine learning techniques. Experiments, carried out on the large dataset collected by authors, confirmed that computer decision support systems can achieve high recognition accuracy and therefore be a useful tool in an everyday physician practice. This is the starting point for the future research on automation of the primary headache diagnosis.

CAEP/9-agreed certification requirement for the Aeroplane CO2Emissions Standard: a comment on ICAO Cir 337

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (1226) ◽  
pp. 693-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Green ◽  
J.A. Jupp
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Aircraft Emissions ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Aircraft Fuel ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Range Equation ◽  
Main Criticism

ABSTRACTThe International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Circular Cir 337 is the first step towards ICAO establishing an Aeroplane CO2Emissions Standard to form part of Annex 16, Volume III to the Chicago Convention. It describes itself as ‘a work in progress’. This paper reviews Cir 337 against the background of flight physics, the published literature on aircraft fuel burn and CO2emissions and the current practices of the aircraft and engine manufacturers and the airline operators. We have taken, as our starting point, the aim of ICAO to reduce the fuel used per revenue tonne-kilometre performed and argue that the Breguet range equation, which captures all the relevant flight physics, should be the basis of the metric system underpinning the standard. Our overall conclusion is that Cir 337 provides an excellent basis for the initial regulation of aviation's CO2emissions and, further in the future, for developing measures to increase the fuel efficiency of the operational side of civil aviation. Our main criticism of the circular in its current form is that it does not address the ICAO goal of reducingfuel used per revenue tonne-kilometre performedand makes no reference to payload. This defect could be eliminated simply by omission of the exponent 0.24 of the Reference Geometric Factor (RGF) in the formula for the metric given in Chapter 2 (paragraph 2.2) of the circular. Retaining theRGFto the power unity in the metric and multiplying it by an appropriate value of the effective floor loading would convert it to what the 37thAssembly of ICAO called for – a statement of fuel used per revenue tonne-kilometre performed. Finally, correlating the amended metric against design range, as determined from the measured specific air range and the key certificated masses, provides a sound scientific basis for an initial regulation to cap passenger aircraft emissions.

Climate change and its impact on the development of allergic diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
Evgeniya V. Nazarova
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Earth Temperature

Since the middle of the twentieth century, there has been a widespread increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases, especially in developed countries. Much attention is paid to the changing climate and its influence on the development of allergies, mainly of the respiratory system. In many countries, studies are intensifying to study the relationship of various weather phenomena, air pollution, Earth temperature with the course of certain allergic diseases of the respiratory tract. Global strategies for the treatment and prevention of allergic diseases are being developed. This review provides data from international studies demonstrating the negative impact on human health and the development of allergic diseases of the respiratory system, in particular asthma: a global rise in Earth temperature, air pollution, dust storms, forest fires, dampness in rooms and atmospheric mold, thunderstorms and floods.

Stigma, decriminalisation, and violence against street-based sex workers: Changing the narrative

Sexualities ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1288-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynzi Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Worker Rights ◽  
Sex Worker ◽  
Multiple Risks ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Starting Point

It is well documented that sex workers manage risks in their work – such as the potential for violence and the multiple risks associated with stigma. While sex workers are commonly understood to be a stigmatised population, few studies have considered in depth how stigma operates in different legislative contexts, how it relates to sex-worker safety, and how it may be reduced. Stigma is understood to be exacerbated by the criminalisation of sex work, which defines sex workers as deviant others and consequently renders them more vulnerable to violence. However, as full decriminalisation of sex work is still relatively rare, there has been little in-depth exploration into the relationship between this legislative approach, risks of violence, and stigma. Drawing on the findings of in-depth interviews with street-based sex workers and sex-worker rights advocates, in this article I explore the links between stigma and violence, and discuss the challenges of reducing stigma associated with sex work in New Zealand, post-decriminalisation. I argue that while decriminalisation has undoubtedly benefited sex workers in New Zealand, stigma continues to have a negative impact – particularly for street-based sex workers. Decriminalisation should therefore be considered an essential starting point. However, ongoing work must focus on countering stigmatising narratives, to enable a safer society for all sex workers.

scholarly journals How Can We Find Out What Makes a Good Requirements Engineer in the Age of Digitalization?

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Yvonne Sedelmaier ◽  
Dieter Landes
Keyword(s):  
Requirements Engineering ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Competence Profile ◽  
Key Success Factor ◽  
Insight Into

Good requirements are commonly viewed as a key success factor for IT (and non-IT) projects, but still there seems to be insufficient insight into which competences requirements engineers need to have these days. Digitalization is likely to pose new challenges to requirements engineering. Chances are that digitalization will change the competences that are necessary for successful requirements engineering. This paper proposes a research design that will be used for clarifying which competences requirements engineers need nowadays and how these competences change due to digitalization. To that end, qualitative and quantitative research methods will be combined for developing a comprehensive competence profile for requirements engineering on a scientific basis. The resulting competence profile constitutes a starting point for devising competence-oriented learning settings. Thus, our research contributes to a better understanding of competences for requirements engineering and improves education of future requirements engineers, in particular for coping with challenges posed by digitalization.

scholarly journals Dust emission source characterization for visibility hazard assessment on Lordsburg Playa in Southwestern New Mexico, USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Scott Van Pelt ◽  
John Tatarko ◽  
Thomas E. Gill ◽  
Chunping Chang ◽  
Junran Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Source Characterization ◽  
Dust Clouds ◽  
Regional Sources ◽  
Dust Events ◽  
Flooded Areas

AbstractIn drylands around the world, ephemeral lakes (playas) are common. Dry, wind-erodible playa sediments are potent local and regional sources of dust and PM10 (airborne particles with diameters less than 10 μm). Dust clouds often cause sudden and/or prolonged loss of visibility to travelers on downwind roadways. Lordsburg Playa, in southwestern New Mexico, USA is bisected by Interstate Highway 10. Dust storms emanating from the playa have been responsible for numerous visibility-related road closures (including 39 road closures between 2012 and 2019) causing major economic losses, in addition to well over a hundred dust-related vehicle crashes causing at least 41 lost lives in the last 53 years. In order to improve understanding of the surfaces responsible for the dust emissions, we investigated the critical wind friction velocity thresholds and the dust emissivities of surfaces representing areas typical of Lordsburg Playa’s stream deltas, shorelines, and ephemerally flooded lakebed using a Portable In-Situ Wind ERosion Laboratory (PI-SWERL). Mean threshold friction velocities for PM10 entrainment ranged from less than 0.30 m s− 1 for areas in the delta and shoreline to greater than 0.55 m s− 1 for ephemerally flooded areas of the lakebed. Similarly, we quantified mean PM10 vertical flux rates ranging from less than 500 μg m− 2 s− 1 for ephemerally flooded areas of lakebed to nearly 25,000 μg m− 2 s− 1 for disturbed delta surfaces. The unlimited PM10 supply of the relatively coarse sediments along the western shoreline is problematic and indicates that this may be the source area for longer-term visibility reducing dust events and should be a focus area for dust mitigation efforts.

scholarly journals Temporal and Spatial Changes of Non-Point Source N and P and Its Decoupling from Agricultural Development in Water Source Area of Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liguo Zhang ◽  
Zhanqi Wang ◽  
Ji Chai ◽  
Yongpeng Fu ◽  
Chao Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Water Diversion ◽  
Nps Pollution ◽  
Water Diversion Project ◽  
North Water

The quantitative estimation of non-point source (NPS) pollution provides the scientific basis for sustainability in ecologically sensitive regions. This study combined the export coefficient model and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation to estimate the NPS nitrogen (NPS-N) and NPS phosphorus (NPS-P) loads and then evaluated their relationship with Primary Industrial Output Value (PIOV) in the water source area of the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) for 2000–2015. The estimated results show that: (1) dissolved nitrogen (DN) load increased 0.55%, and dissolved phosphorus (DP) load decreased 4.60% during the 15 years. Annual loads of adsorbed nitrogen (AN) and adsorbed phosphorus (AP) increased significantly before 2005 and then decreased after 2005. Compared with 2000, AN and AP loads in 2015 significantly decreased by 32.72% and 30.81%, respectively. Hanzhong Basin and Ankang Basin are key areas for controlling dissolved pollution, and southern and northern regions are key areas for adsorbed pollution. (2) From 2000 to 2005, NPS pollutants and PIOV showed weak decoupling status. By 2015, NPS pollutants had strong decoupling from PIOV in most counties. (3) Land use has been the main source of NPS-N and NPS-P pollution, accounting for about 75% of NPS-N and 50% of NPS-P based on the average value over the study period. In the future, various measures—such as returning cropland to forest and reducing the number of livestock—could be adopted to reduce the risk of NPS pollution. NPS pollution caused by livestock was grown over the past 15 years and had not yet been effectively controlled, which still needs to be urgently addressed. Collecting ground monitoring data and revising parameters are effective means to improve the accuracy of simulation, which deserve further study. The results will also provide scientific support for sustainable development in similar regions.

scholarly journals Exploring the impact of social inequality and poverty on the mental health and wellbeing and attainment of children and young people in Scotland

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Gaynor Mowat
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Young People ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact

The poverty-related attainment gap is an internationally recognised problem. There is growing recognition that it cannot either be understood or addressed without taking cognisance of children’s mental health and wellbeing. The focus of this conceptual article is to examine the impact of social inequality and poverty on the mental health and wellbeing and attainment of children and young people in Scotland through the lens of resilience. While not a ‘state of the art’ literature review, a systematic approach was adopted in the selection of the literature and in the identification of themes to emerge from it. A range of risk and protective factors at the individual, social, societal and political levels emerged as impacting on the mental health and wellbeing and attainment of children living in poverty, and three important mediating variables are the negative impact of social stratification and adverse childhood experiences and the positive impact of a supportive adult. Schools alone cannot solve the problem. The findings revealed that there is a need to build a strong infrastructure around families and schools and to examine how economic, social, health and educational policy interact with each other as a starting point in addressing the problem, supported by inter-disciplinary research.

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