scholarly journals The Scientific Basis of the Target Plant Concept: An Overview

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1293
Author(s):  
Anthony S. Davis ◽  
Jeremiah R. Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Biological Capacity ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Genetic Source ◽  
Vegetative Communities ◽  
Target Plant

Reforestation and restoration using nursery-produced seedlings is often the most reliable way to ensure successful establishment and rapid growth of native plants. Plant establishment success—that is, the ability for the plant to develop within a set period of time with minimal further interventions needed—depends greatly on decisions made prior to planting, and yet nursery-grown plants are often produced independently of considering the range of stressors encountered after nursery production. The optimal plant or seedling will vary greatly with species and site (depending on edaphic and environmental conditions), and in having the biological capacity to withstand human and wildlife pressures placed upon vegetative communities. However, when nursery production strategies incorporate knowledge of genetic variability, address limiting factors, and include potential mitigating measures, meeting the objectives of the planting project—be it reforestation or restoration—becomes more likely. The Target Plant Concept (TPC) is an effective framework for defining, producing, and handling seedlings and other types of plant material based on specific characteristics suited to a given site. These characteristics are often scientifically derived from testing factors that are linked to outplanting success, such as seedling morphology and physiology, genetic source, and capacity to overcome limiting factors on outplanting sites. This article briefly summarizes the current knowledge drawn from existing literature for each component of the TPC framework, thereby helping land managers and scientists to meet objectives and accelerate reforestation and restoration trajectories.

Incest: What do we Really Know about It?

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kosky
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Clinical Series ◽  
General Populations

The literature on incest is reviewed. Current knowledge rests on a very insecure scientific basis and has been mainly derived from small, highly selected clinical series. Recently, some important epidemiological studies of general populations have been reported, but the results of prevalence are inconsistent. Overall, however, it appears that incest, when defined in terms of sexual intercourse, occurs in less than 1% of the population, but other forms of intrafamilial sexual activity may affect 10% of females before they are 16 years of age. Some children are more at risk than others. Because information has generally been derived from court or treatment samples, we are unclear about the long-term effects of incest experiences but, overall, the impression is that incest has markedly adverse effects, especially if it is accompanied by violence and threats and is directed, as it usually is, at the young pre-pubescent child.

scholarly journals Plant-Microbe Interactions in Alleviating Abiotic Stress—A Mini Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Prabhu Inbaraj
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
The Impact

Crop plants are continuously exposed to various abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, ultraviolet radiation, low and high temperatures, flooding, metal toxicities, nutrient deficiencies which act as limiting factors that hampers plant growth and low agricultural productivity. Climate change and intensive agricultural practices has further aggravated the impact of abiotic stresses leading to a substantial crop loss worldwide. Crop plants have to get acclimatized to various environmental abiotic stress factors. Though genetic engineering is applied to improve plants tolerance to abiotic stresses, these are long-term strategies, and many countries have not accepted them worldwide. Therefore, use of microbes can be an economical and ecofriendly tool to avoid the shortcomings of other strategies. The microbial community in close proximity to the plant roots is so diverse in nature and can play an important role in mitigating the abiotic stresses. Plant-associated microorganisms, such as endophytes, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are well-documented for their role in promoting crop productivity and providing stress tolerance. This mini review highlights and discusses the current knowledge on the role of various microbes and it's tolerance mechanisms which helps the crop plants to mitigate and tolerate varied abiotic stresses.

COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-159
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
American Academy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Scientific Committee ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Official Journal ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics

THE Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics was established as a Scientific Committee by action of the Executive Board on April 1, 1954. It was created through due recognition of the importance of nutrition in the welfare of infants, children and adolescents. It had become evident that there should be an authoritative body, particularly concerned with the science and practice of nutrition in the periods of rapid growth which occupy the attention of pediatricians. In this manner it was hoped that special consideration of factors which affect the nutrition of infants, children and adolescents could be emphasized. The Committee should include persons capable of compiling and appraising the pertinent facts and who also would be sensitive to the needs of practitioners and to the position of purveyors of products intended for the nutrition of infants, children and adolescents. This Committee of the Academy shall offer guidance in selecting means of achieving optimal nutrition in those periods of rapid growth. Consultation and cooperation with other existing authoritative bodies are considered desirable. The Executive Board of the Academy on September 29, 1955, defined the scope and functions of the Committee on Nutrition to include: 1. Compilation of the essential facts which are the scientific basis for practical nutrition of infants, children and adolescents. 2. Publication of the findings of the Committee in a form suitable to convey the information to physicians, such as brief reports and commentaries in the official journal and publications of the Academy. This Committee shall concern itself with standards for nutritional requirements, optimal practices and the interpretation of current knowledge of nutrition as these affect infants, children and adolescents.

scholarly journals Emerging Anticancer Potentials of Goniothalamin and Its Molecular Mechanisms

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ali Seyed ◽  
Ibrahim Jantan ◽  
Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Anticancer Properties

The treatment of most cancers is still inadequate, despite tremendous steady progress in drug discovery and effective prevention. Nature is an attractive source of new therapeutics. Several medicinal plants and their biomarkers have been widely used for the treatment of cancer with less known scientific basis of their functioning. Although a wide array of plant derived active metabolites play a role in the prevention and treatment of cancer, more extensive scientific evaluation of their mechanisms is still required. Styryl-lactones are a group of secondary metabolites ubiquitous in the genusGoniothalamusthat have demonstrated to possess antiproliferative activity against cancer cells. A large body of evidence suggests that this activity is associated with the induction of apoptosis in target cells. In an effort to promote further research on the genusGoniothalamus, this review offers a broad analysis of the current knowledge onGoniothalamin(GTN) or 5, 6, dihydro-6-styryl-2-pyronone (C13H12O2), a natural occurring styryl-lactone. Therefore, it includes (i) the source of GTN and other metabolites; (ii) isolation, purification, and (iii) the molecular mechanisms of actions of GTN, especially the anticancer properties, and summarizes the role of GTN which is crucial for drug design, development, and application in future for well-being of humans.

scholarly journals Causes and Consequences of Deep Structural Roots in Urban Trees: From Nursery Production to Landscape Establishment

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-191
Author(s):  
Susan Day ◽  
Gary Watson ◽  
P. Eric Wiseman ◽  
J. Roger Harris
Keyword(s):  
Root Formation ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sediment Deposits ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Structural Roots ◽  
Landscape Establishment ◽  
Landscape Trees

Recent research has improved our understanding of how structural roots of landscape trees respond to being located abnormally deep in the soil profile. This condition is widespread among landscape trees and may originate during nursery production, at transplanting into the landscape, or when construction fill or sediment deposits bury root systems of established trees. Deep structural roots sometimes hinder successful establishment of trees, occasionally enhance establishment, and often have little or no effect on growth or survival. When trees respond to deep structural roots, effects are sometimes observed when root collars are as little as 7.5 cm (3 in) deep. In some cases, deep structural roots are implicated in girdling root formation, but research in this area is quite limited. This review describes scientific progress in our understanding of deep structural roots and encompasses their history, causes, and significance, as well as interdisciplinary efforts to address deep planting and tree response during establishment to deep structural roots. A theoretical model of short-term tree response to deep structural roots is presented that helps explain these conflicting outcomes and provides a decision framework for practitioners evaluating trees with deep structural roots.

scholarly journals The place of episiotomy in history: A sore review

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Sofia B. Rodrigues ◽  
Manuela Néné
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Quality Care ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Care Indicator ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Professional Class ◽  
Care Patterns ◽  
History Of ◽  
Perineal Care

Background and objective: During childbirth some practices are common and widely accepted though they have no scientific basis. Despite of being implemented some centuries ago, they last in time up to the present day, as for example episiotomy. Currently it is a controlled use intervention in some countries, especially in northern Europe, and a liberal (and almost unquestionable) use intervention in other countries: It is so common that, there is not even accounting for this procedure as a quality care indicator. In the present time, there is a conflict that involves the advocated minimally invasive care versus defensive practices… Episiotomy perfectly illustrates this dichotomy. To synthesize the current knowledge about intrapartum perineal care, regarding the origin and introduction of episiotomy in the midwives practice over time, in order to comprehend the evolution of the concept and methods of perineal preservation.Methods: A literature search was conducted in the electronic databases CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MedicLatina, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, using descriptors MeSH and natural language. The results were synthesized and evidenced throughout this review.Results: A total of 27 articles were identified, which fully comply with the inclusion criteria. The most representative categories of papers are literature reviews (37%) and nonempirical articles (26%).Conclusions: Although scarce, the existing literature on this subject is very meticulous. One third of the articles are from midwives/nurse-midwives authorship which reveals special interest and concern of this professional class for this subject, that admittedly belongs to its field of expertise whether theoretical or practical. Major milestones were identified in the history of episiotomy which led to significant changes in midwifery intrapartum care patterns, with supremacy of the biomedical model.

Creating a New Vision of Learning Learning for Able, Gifted and Talented Pupils: What Issues Should Lie at of Educational Decisions?

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-122
Author(s):  
John West-Burnham
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Gifted And Talented ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Educational Decisions ◽  
The Future ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Dominant Paradigm

Any discussion about the nature learning in the future risks indulging in false optimism — seeking to describe Shangri-la. This is not the purpose of this discussion; rather it is to try to identify current knowledge and trends and extrapolate from them what our emerging understanding of education might lead to. We create the future, the decisions that we take now will determine the nature of schooling, educating and learning in the future. The historically dominant paradigm of learning as the product of teaching is being replaced by a recognition that teaching is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for learning. We will focus on three areas where our understanding of the learning process is developing rapidly: the scientific basis of learning learning as a social relationship intelligence and learning.

The status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): populations and habitats

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 2267-2270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Boisclair
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Nursery Habitats ◽  
The Status ◽  
Management And Conservation

The important decline of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) across its range during the past three decades, despite numerous management and conservation programmes, is an alarming index of the vulnerability of this species. The following series of papers was produced to summarize current knowledge on specific interactions between biotic and abiotic variables that may contribute to determine the survival of Atlantic salmon. Evaluation of the challenges encountered in spawning grounds (siltation, oxygenation), nursery habitats (substrate, trophic interactions), overwintering habitats (flow conditions, winter feeding opportunities), and coastal and oceanic environments (water temperature, predators, parasites) suggest that all habitats required by Atlantic salmon and all processes that occur in each habitat represent a critical link that allows this species to persist. Management practices employed during artificial fish selection, incubation, and stocking also affect the success of restoration efforts. Because limiting factors may change in time and because our ability to intervene in specific habitats may be minimal, the only strategy within our reach may be to continue gathering information about processes that determine the fragility of Atlantic salmon and, in the light of our findings, to implement scientifically sound actions where and when possible.

scholarly journals Multi-Omics Strategies for Decoding Smoke-Assisted Germination Pathways and Seed Vigour

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7512
Author(s):  
Utpal Bose ◽  
Angéla Juhász ◽  
James A. Broadbent ◽  
Setsuko Komatsu ◽  
Michelle L. Colgrave
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Seed Vigour ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Dynamic Expression ◽  
Recent Advancement ◽  
Successful Establishment

The success of seed germination and the successful establishment of seedlings across diverse environmental conditions depends on seed vigour, which is of both economic and ecologic importance. The smoke-derived exogenous compound karrikins (KARs) and the endogenous plant hormone strigolactone (SL) are two classes of butanolide-containing molecules that follow highly similar signalling pathways to control diverse biological activities in plants. Unravelling the precise mode-of-action of these two classes of molecules in model species has been a key research objective. However, the specific and dynamic expression of biomolecules upon stimulation by these signalling molecules remains largely unknown. Genomic and post-genomic profiling approaches have enabled mining and association studies across the vast genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity. Here, we review the background of smoke-assisted germination and vigour and the current knowledge of how plants perceive KAR and SL signalling and initiate the crosstalk with the germination-associated hormone pathways. The recent advancement of ‘multi-omics’ applications are discussed in the context of KAR signalling and with relevance to their adoption for superior agronomic trait development. The remaining challenges and future opportunities for integrating multi-omics datasets associated with their application in KAR-dependent seed germination and abiotic stress tolerance are also discussed.

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