Alaria alata in Terms of Risks to Consumers’ Health

Alaria alata flukes are cosmopolitan parasites. In Europe, the definitive hosts are red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), wolves (Canis lupus), and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), as well as animals that belong to the Felidae family. Intermediate hosts, such as snails and frogs, are the sources of infection for definitive hosts. The developmental stages of A. alata mesocercariae may occur in paratenic hosts, including many species of mammals, birds, and reptiles, as well as in wild boars (Sus scrofa), which are important from the zoonotic point of view. Because there are no regulations concerning the detection of A. alata in meat, this fluke is usually detected during official obligatory Trichinella spp. inspections. However, a method dedicated to A. alata detection was developed. The growing popularity of game and organic meat has led to an increased risk of food-associated parasitic infections, including alariosis, which is caused by the mesocercarial stage of A. alata. The aim of this article is to highlight the problem of A. alata as an emerging parasite, especially in the terms of the increasing market for game and organic meats that have been processed with traditional methods, often without proper heat treatment.

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Study on incidence and pathology of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus in Hisar, Haryana, India

Journal of Threatened Taxa ◽

10.11609/jott.6674.13.13.20124-20127 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 20124-20127

Author(s):

Maneesh Sharma ◽

B.L. Jangir ◽

D. Lather ◽

G.A. Chandratre ◽

V. Nehra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Point Of View ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Traumatic Injuries ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Veterinary Pathology ◽

Parasitic Load ◽

Animal Sciences

The present study was conducted on 20 dead carcasses of Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus brought to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar for post mortem examination. Thorough necropsy examinations were conducted and the representative samples for parasitic examination were collected. Most of the carcasses showed varying degrees of traumatic injuries (9), external wounds and haemorrhages (5) along with putrefactive changes (6). Intestinal contents and faecal samples were collected and screened for the presence of any parasite by sedimentation and flotation techniques. Out of 20 faecal samples, overall incidence of parasitic gastrointestinal tract infection was 40% (8/20). Out of 20, eight cases revealed presence of coccidian oocysts, however, among the eight cases, one case also revealed mixed infection of Moneizia andStrongylespp.,andanother case with Strongyle and Trichuris spp. Gross pathology of the intestines revealed varying degrees of vascular changes like petechial haemorrhages and the presence of catarrhal exudate. Histopathological examination revealed mild to moderate congestion, fused villi, desquamated mucosal epithelium in focal areas, and infiltration of mononuclear cells mainly lymphocytes. The different developmental stages of coccidian spp.were also observed in the intestinal mucosa. In conclusion, the preliminary study reported the parasitic load and pathological changes in the intestinal tract which further indicated the parasitism of these wild animals which is of immense signiﬁcance from the epidemiological point of view.

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Risk of soil-transmitted helminth infections on agritourism farms in central and eastern Poland

Acta Parasitologica ◽

10.1515/ap-2015-0102 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Jakub Gawor ◽

Anna Borecka

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Field Survey ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Point Of View ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Red Foxes ◽

Public Places ◽

Small Children ◽

Forest Clearing ◽

Helminth Infections

AbstractAgritourism provides ecological tourist services for urban dwellers in rural areas. Agritourism farms offer space and attractive scenery for people seeking to rest in quiet place and wanting healthy, outdoor recreational activities. The high epidemiological standard of agritourism farms is beneficial for the health of the farm owners and the guests. Upgraded level of the farm sanitation, also from parasitological point of view is of great importance, especially that among agritourism farms guests predominate families with small children. A field survey was carried out in 57 farms in central-eastern Poland to evaluate the environmental risk factors for geohelminth infections on agritourism farms offering tourist services for urban dwellers. Samples of soil were collected from 76 sites, i.e. yards surrounding houses, vegetable, fruit and flower gardens, playgrounds and sandpits. In addition, samples were taken from 27 public places of recreation (playgrounds at forest clearing) visited by agritourism farm guests. During visits the farms were inspected and the owners were questioned about their awareness of the threat of parasitic infections. Soil contamination with geohelminth eggs was found in 4 examined farms (7.0%), in one locality on each farm. The eggs of Toxocara spp. and Ascaris spp. were detected in single samples from 3 backyards (6.4%) and one sandpit (10.0%). In the soil samples from places of recreation outside the farms eggs of human or animal helminths were not identified. The results of this study showed that the risk of helminth infections on agritourism farms is low, since geohelminth eggs (1-3 per sample) were detected only in four samples (0.5%) among 760 collected from farms households. The farm owners must be aware of the importance of preventive measures to eliminate the environmental contamination with eggs of zoonotic soiltransmitted helminths. Special attention should be paid to the risk of intestinal parasites of cats of semi domestic behaviour migrating from neighbouring yards as well as of red foxes frequently observed in the vicinity of agritourism farms.

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First detection of Alaria alata mesocercariae in wild boars (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) from Bulgaria

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x12000909 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 247-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

K. Riehn ◽

N. Lalkovski ◽

A. Hamedy ◽

Ernst Lücker

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

Wild Boars ◽

Alaria Alata ◽

Carnivore Species ◽

Body Tissues ◽

Biological Identification ◽

Paratenic Hosts ◽

Almost All ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThe trematode Alaria alata, an intestinal parasite of different carnivore species is widely distributed throughout Europe. The mesocercarial stages of Alaria spp. may infect almost all vertebrate species, including humans, and, in particular, omnivorous scavengers such as wild boars serve as paratenic hosts for the parasite. The introduction of the A. alata mesocercariae migration technique (AMT) opened the way to a reliable detection of Alaria spp. mesocercariae in different body tissues of their paratenic hosts. For the first time, it was possible to detect vital A. alata mesocercariae from two Bulgarian wild boars by means of this new method. In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination of the respective parasitic DNA allowed the unequivocal species identification of the parasites as A. alata. Isolation and molecular biological identification of the parasite's developmental stages make significant contributions to completion of data on both the distribution of Alaria spp. in stocks of European game and the relationship between different Eurasian Alaria spp. isolates.

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Cardiovascular Disease in Spondyloarthritides

Current Vascular Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1570161117666190426164306 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 473-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Charalampos Papagoras ◽

Paraskevi V. Voulgari ◽

Alexandros A. Drosos

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Cardiovascular Death ◽

Point Of View ◽

Treat To Target ◽

Inflammatory Joint Diseases ◽

Scientific Organizations ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Risk Patients

The spondyloarthritides are a group of chronic systemic inflammatory joint diseases, the main types being ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Evidence accumulating during the last decades suggests that patients with AS or PsA carry an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular death. This risk appears to be mediated by systemic inflammation over and above classical cardiovascular risk factors. The excess cardiovascular risk in those patients has been formally acknowledged by scientific organizations, which have called physicians’ attention to the matter. The application by Rheumatologists of new effective anti-rheumatic treatments and treat-to-target strategies seems to benefit patients from a cardiovascular point of view, as well. However, more data are needed in order to verify whether anti-rheumatic treatments do have an effect on cardiovascular risk and whether there are differences among them in this regard. Most importantly, a higher level of awareness of the cardiovascular risk is needed among patients and healthcare providers, better tools to recognize at-risk patients and, ultimately, commitment to address in parallel both the musculoskeletal and the cardiovascular aspect of the disease.

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Biology of Crassicutis cichlasomae, a parasite of cichlid fishes in Mexico and Central America

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x00013869 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 69-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

T. Scholz ◽

M.C.F. Pech-Ek ◽

R. Rodriguez-Canul

Keyword(s):

Central America ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Constant Darkness ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

Cichlid Fishes ◽

Feeding Experiments ◽

Light Darkness ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

Cichlasoma Urophthalmus

AbstractField study on the biology of Crassicutis cichlasomae Manter, 1936 (Digenea: Homalometridae) was carried out in a small swamp in a limestone factory near Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. Aquatic snails, Littorina (Littoridinopsis) angulifera, harbouring C. cichlasomae rediae, cercariae and metacercariae, served both as the first and second intermediate hosts. Feeding experiments confirmed the conspecificity of metacercariae from naturally infected snails with adults from naturally infected fish. Gravid C. cichlasomae worms were obtained from experimentally infected fish 19 days post exposure at 22–24°C. Examination of fish from the swamp in Mitza and other localities in the Yucatan Peninsula showed that the cichlids Cichlasoma urophthalmus and C. meeki were definitive hosts of C. cichlasomae. There was no pronounced preference of C. cichlasomae adults for the site of their location in the intestine of the definitive host; a slightly higher proportion (41%) of worms was only found in the anterior third of the gut. The time of miracidium development varied from 18.5 to 27.5 days; different temperature (20.1–35.7°C) or light/darkness regimes influenced only slightly the rate of embryonic development, with shorter development times at higher temperature (34.8–35.7°C) and constant darkness and/or light. With the exception of the sporocyst, all developmental stages are described and figured.

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Immunological Aspects Related to Viral Infections in Severe Asthma and the Role of Omalizumab

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9040348 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 348

Author(s):

Francesco Menzella ◽

Giulia Ghidoni ◽

Carla Galeone ◽

Silvia Capobelli ◽

Chiara Scelfo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Innate Immunity ◽

Severe Asthma ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Antiviral Effect ◽

Point Of View ◽

Type I ◽

Effector Cells ◽

Viral Spread ◽

Increased Risk

Viral respiratory infections are recognized risk factors for the loss of control of allergic asthma and the induction of exacerbations, both in adults and children. Severe asthma is more susceptible to virus-induced asthma exacerbations, especially in the presence of high IgE levels. In the course of immune responses to viruses, an initial activation of innate immunity typically occurs and the production of type I and III interferons is essential in the control of viral spread. However, the Th2 inflammatory environment still appears to be protective against viral infections in general and in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections as well. As for now, literature data, although extremely limited and preliminary, show that severe asthma patients treated with biologics don’t have an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or progression to severe forms compared to the non-asthmatic population. Omalizumab, an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, exerts a profound cellular effect, which can stabilize the effector cells, and is becoming much more efficient from the point of view of innate immunity in contrasting respiratory viral infections. In addition to the antiviral effect, clinical efficacy and safety of this biological allow a great improvement in the management of asthma.

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Infectivity of gastropod-shed third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis to dogs

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-021-04802-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

William Robbins ◽

Gary Conboy ◽

Spencer Greenwood ◽

Roland Schaper

Keyword(s):

Tap Water ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Angiostrongylus Vasorum ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

Red Foxes ◽

Romaine Lettuce ◽

Crenosoma Vulpis ◽

Artificial Digestion ◽

Third Stage ◽

Limax Maximus

Abstract Background Metastrongyloid parasites Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis infect wild and domestic canids and are important pathogens in dogs. Recent studies indicate that gastropod intermediate hosts infected with various metastrongyloids spontaneously shed infective third-stage larvae (L3) into the environment via feces and mucus under laboratory conditions. Shed L3 retain motility up to 120 days, but whether they retain infectivity was unknown. Methods To assess the infectivity of shed L3, the heart/lungs of six red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were obtained from trappers in Newfoundland, Canada. Lungs were examined for first-stage larvae (L1) by the Baermann technique. A high number of viable A. vasorum L1 and a low number of C. vulpis L1 were recovered from one fox; these were used to infect naïve laboratory-raised Limax maximus. L3 recovered from slugs by artificial digestion were fed to two naïve purpose-bred research beagles (100 L3/dog). L1 shed by these two dogs was used to infect 546 L. maximus (2000–10,000 L1/slug). L3 shedding was induced by anesthetizing slugs in soda water and transferring them into warm (45 °C) tap water for at least 8 h. Shed L3 recovered from slugs were aliquoted on romaine lettuce in six-well tissue culture plates (80–500 L3/well) and stored at 16 °C/75% relative humidity. Four naïve research beagles were then exposed to 100 L3/dog from larvae stored for 0, 2, 4, or 8 weeks, respectively, after shedding. Results All four dogs began shedding C. vulpis L1 by 26–36 days post-infection (PI). All four dogs began shedding A. vasorum L1 by 50 days PI. Conclusions L3 infectivity for the definitive host was retained in both metastrongyloids, indicating the potential for natural infection in dogs through exposure from environmental contamination. As an additional exposure route, eating or licking plant or other material(s) contaminated with metastrongyloid L3 could dramatically increase the number of dogs at risk of infection from these parasites. Graphic Abstract

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Parasitic Infections Associated with Unfavourable Outcomes in Transplant Recipients

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina54020027 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 27 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wojciech Wołyniec ◽

Małgorzata Sulima ◽

Marcin Renke ◽

Alicja Dębska-Ślizień

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Solid Organ ◽

Tropical Countries ◽

Real Risk ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Disseminated Disease

Introduction. The immunosuppression used after transplantation (Tx) is associated with an increased risk of opportunistic infections. In Europe, parasitic infections after Tx are much less common than viral, bacterial and fungal ones. However, diseases caused by parasites are very common in tropical countries. In the last years the number of travellers with immunosuppression visiting tropical countries has increased. Methods. We performed a literature review to evaluate a risk of parasitic infections after Tx in Europe. Results. There is a real risk of parasitic infection in patients after Tx travelling to tropical countries. Malaria, leishmaniasis, strongyloidiasis and schistosomiasis are the most dangerous and relatively common. Although the incidence of these tropical infections after Tx has not increased, the course of disease could be fatal. There are also some cosmopolitan parasitic infections dangerous for patients after Tx. The greatest threat in Europe is toxoplasmosis, especially in heart and bone marrow recipients. The most severe manifestations of toxoplasmosis are myocarditis, encephalitis and disseminated disease. Diarrhoea is one of the most common symptoms of parasitic infection. In Europe the most prevalent pathogens causing diarrhoea are Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium. Conclusions. Solid organ and bone marrow transplantations, blood transfusions and immunosuppressive treatment are associated with a small but real risk of parasitic infections in European citizens. In patients with severe parasitic infection, i.e., those with lung or brain involvement or a disseminated disease, the progression is very rapid and the prognosis is bad. Establishing a diagnosis before the patient’s death is challenging.

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SPECTRUM OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISCOMFORTSIN PREGNANT WOMEN AND IMPACT OF ANTENATALEXERCISES OR POSTURAL CARE ON STATUS OF RELIEF: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW STUDY

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/12952 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1153-1157

Author(s):

Neha Shukla ◽

◽

Puja Shukla ◽

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Musculoskeletal Pain ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Pelvic Girdle Pain ◽

Low Back ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Musculoskeletal Problems ◽

The Mean ◽

Review Study ◽

Induced Changes

Pregnancy is a normal physical state of womens life when they carried a 9 month developmental stages of the foetus. On these durations some pregnancy induced changes leads normal signs naturally but there is an increased risk of musculoskeletal pain or discomforts associated with increase of uterine size and mental stress of pregnant women, needed non-medicines approached like antenatal physiotherapy care. These possible pain or discomforts can make difficult to carry the pregnancy may leadsome complications. Various research studies are point out these problems of pregnant women and find out the triggers. Some studies show the spectrums of these musculoskeletal problems during pregnancy period. Various case studies are assuredtheparticular physiotherapy techniques as antenatal exercises have good impact on relief of respective musculoskeletal pain.Various researches are also covered some another aspects of musculoskeletal problems during pregnancies. In thepresent study an attempt has been made to comprehensive analysis of these review studies to identify the most common musculoskeletal problems in different stages of pregnancy and efficacy of physiotherapy techniques and antenatal exercises to overcome the problem. It was found in the spectrum analysis that most of the women (68.33 %) faced this problem during their pregnancy. On the analysis of most commonmusculoskeletal problem, the mean percent of reviews reveals showed that the most of the women found to be in muscle cramps and pain in neck and shoulder during I trimester whereas maximum women had low back pain (42.87 %) and pelvic girdle pain (11.65 %) on II and III trimester respectively. The satisfactory impacts of antenatal exercises were observed in different musculoskeletal pain by different techniques of Physiotherapy.These results can utilize to make suggestions and recommendations foradoption of suitable physiotherapy techniques in pregnancy to avoid the problem.

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An Introduction to Concept and Evolution of the Guardstone and Its Architectural Visualization of the Contemporary Religious and Cultural Diversities

Journal of Arts and Humanities ◽

10.18533/journal.v6i3.1135 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 52

Author(s):

Sasni Amarasekara

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Logical Reasoning ◽

Point Of View ◽

Aesthetic Evaluation ◽

Specific Study ◽

Religious Buildings ◽

Evolutionary Point ◽

Shed Light ◽

Academic Study

<p>This specific study deals with a unique piece of Buddhist architecture, the Guardstone found almost in every part of ancient kingdoms in Sri Lanka spanning from Anuradhapura to Kandy period significantly. The Guardstone is an excellent piece of structure placed on either side of the first step of the flight of stairs at the entrance of ancient religious buildings or palaces in Sri Lanka. The origin of this architectural masterpiece is still to determine. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted in an evolutionary point of view that the guardstone has passed through several developmental stages from a simple slab to a highly sophisticated artifact in its dimensions, complexity and artistry. The numerous inclusions as well as exclusions from time to time to this artifact still remain uncertain as to whether they were due to secular or ecclesiastical reasons or simply due to the creators own culture influenced imagination. This study will peruse all the possible evidence that are available architecturally and to develop a logical reasoning for any identifiable characteristic and to elucidate with reasonable legitimacy as to how and why such a character is present or absent in a particular guardstone. This study in no way has any intention of rejecting or amending any proposition available at present but will pursue its best to shed light only on the attributes of a guardstone and to concentrate on the diversities of this beautiful monastic artifact that deserves serious academic study and meticulous aesthetic evaluation.</p>

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