Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation of multiple promoter associated CpG islands is a very prevalent phenomenon in human leukemias. Data from our laboratory indicates that methylation profiling allows the identification of leukemia patients with different risk and prognosis. Despite the advances in the understanding of the molecular biology of CLL, few studies of DNA methylation have been performed in CLL. In the current study, we have developed a new assay combining MCA (Methylated CpG island Amplification) with the Agilent promoter CpG array to identify simultaneously hundreds of abnormally methylated CpG islands in CLL. To perform this, we compared DNA from two CLL patients with 17p del (tester) with that of CD19+ B cells from two age-matched controls (driver). We identified 280 promoter CpG islands differentially methylated in CLL compared to normal controls. Most of these genes are located on chromosomes 19 (16%), 16 (11%), 17 (10%) and 11 (9%). We also performed interaction pathway and functional analysis of these 280 genes using the online Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tools. The initial analysis divided these genes into 25 functional networks, with the majority of genes fall into top 10 networks. The major functions of genes in these interaction networks involve cancer, organ development, cell death, drug metabolism, DNA replication and repair. We validated 22 of these genes (ADCY5, R-spondin1, LHX1, GALGT2, TFAP2C, ING1, SOX11, SOX14, SALL1, LTBP2, APP, DXL1, DLX4, KLK10, BCL11B, NR2F2, FAM62T, HAND2, BNC1, SPOCK, Prima1 and MLL1) in samples from 78 CLL patients and 10 age-matched normal controls. The characteristics of the 78 patients are: median age 59 (range 39–79), male 70%, Rai stage 0–II/III–IV (83%/17%), IgVH unmutated 49%, ZAP-70 positive 33%. Our results indicate that most of the genes identified by the array are frequently hypermethylated in CLL patients compared with healthy controls. Methylation frequency ranged from 20%–100% in CLL patients. Expression analysis of four selected genes (LHX1, GALGT2, TFAP2C and Prima1) in human leukemia cell lines and CLL patient samples by real-time PCR further confirmed methylation associated gene silencing, and treatment of these cell lines with hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycitidine with or without the HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A resulted in gene re-expression and induction of DNA hypomethylation. We also analyzed the association of methylation status of these genes with IgVH mutation status, ZAP70 expression and patient survival. Unmutated IgVH was associated with increased methylation levels of LINE (p<0.0001), which is a marker for global gene methylation and SALL1 (p=0.00008). Expression of ZAP-70 (>20%) was associated with increased methylation levels of LINE (p<0.00001), MLL (p=0.02) and SALL1 (p=0.048). Further analysis showed that methylation status of LINE (p=0.007), SALL1 (p=0.019), ADCY5 (p=0.021), R-spondin1 (p=0.002) and APP (p=0.002) correlated with survival. In conclusion, our studies indicate that MCA/promoter array technique allows the identification of large number of promoter CpG islands aberrantly methylated in CLL and also the identification of novel tumor suppressors and signaling pathways that could be important in the tumorigenesis of CLL and other hematological malignancies.
Perinatal Lead (Pb) Exposure and Cortical Neuron-Specific DNA Methylation in Male Mice
