Antarctic Thraustochytrids as Sources of Carotenoids and High-Value Fatty Acids

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and carotenoids are needed as human dietary supplements and are essential components in commercial feeds for the production of aquacultured seafood. Microorganisms such as thraustochytrids are potential natural sources of these compounds. This research reports on the lipid and carotenoid production capacity of thraustochytrids that were isolated from coastal waters of Antarctica. Of the 22 isolates, 21 produced lipids containing EPA+DHA, and the amount of these fatty acids exceeded 20% of the total fatty acids in 12 isolates. Ten isolates were shown to produce carotenoids (27.4–63.9 μg/g dry biomass). The isolate RT2316-16, identified as Thraustochytrium sp., was the best producer of biomass (7.2 g/L in five days) rich in carotenoids (63.9 μg/g) and, therefore, became the focus of this investigation. The main carotenoids in RT2316-16 were β-carotene and canthaxanthin. The content of EPA+DHA in the total lipids (34 ± 3% w/w in dry biomass) depended on the stage of growth of RT2316-16. Lipid and carotenoid content of the biomass and its concentration could be enhanced by modifying the composition of the culture medium. The estimated genome size of RT2316-16 was 44 Mb. Of the 5656 genes predicted from the genome, 4559 were annotated. These included genes of most of the enzymes in the elongation and desaturation pathway of synthesis of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Carotenoid precursors in RT2316-16 were synthesized through the mevalonate pathway. A β-carotene synthase gene, with a different domain organization compared to the gene in other thraustochytrids, explained the carotenoid profile of RT2316-16.

Download Full-text

DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, COMPOSITION OF FATTY ACID, CAROTENOIDS AND TOCOPHEROLS OF DEGUMMED AND NEUTRALIZED RED FRUIT (Pandanus conoideus) OIL

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v82.14820 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 82 (6) ◽

pp. 71-78

Author(s):

Zita Letviany Sarungallo ◽

Budi Santoso ◽

Risma Uli Situngkir ◽

Mathelda Kurniaty Roreng ◽

Meike Meilan Lisangan

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Water Content ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Fruit Oil ◽

Β Carotene

Refining of crude red fruit oil (CRFO) through the degumming and neutralization steps intended to produce oil free of impurities (non triglycerides) such as phospholipids, proteins, residues and carbohydrates, and also reducing the amount of free fatty acids (FFA). This study aims to determine the effect of red fruit oil purification through degumming and neutralization stages on chemical properties, fatty acid composition, carotenoid content and tocopherol of red fruit oil (RFO). The results showed that degumming of CRFO did not affect the decrease in water content, FFA levels, peroxide numbers, iodine values, carotenoids and tocopherols content; but decrease in levels of phosphorus, β-carotene and α-tocopherol. Neutralization of degummed-RFO (DRFO) did not affect the decrease in water content, iodine value, carotenoid, tocopherol and α-tocopherol; but the FFA levels, peroxide number, phosphorus and β-carotene levels decreased significantly. The fatty acid composition of RFO was dominated by unsaturated fatty acids (± 75%), which increases through degumming and neutralization stages. β-carotene is more sensitive than α-tocopherol during refining process of crude oil, but in general, this process can improve the RFO quality.

Download Full-text

Carotenoid and fatty acid profiles of bilberries and cultivated blueberries from Romania

Chemical Papers ◽

10.2478/s11696-012-0162-2 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 66 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Andrea Bunea ◽

Dumitriţa Rugină ◽

Adela Pintea ◽

Sanda Andrei ◽

Claudiu Bunea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Fatty Acid Profiles ◽

Potential Health ◽

Total Carotenoid Content ◽

Anti Oxidant ◽

Flame Ionisation ◽

Β Carotene

AbstractThe worldwide consumption of blueberries has increased due to their potential health effects. They contain micronutrients, various phytochemicals and anti-oxidant pigments, represented especially by anthocyanins. In addition to these, carotenoids and fatty acids are also present. The aim of this study was the identification and quantification of carotenoids (by HPLC) and fatty acids (by GC with flame ionisation detection) in two bilberry genotypes (Wild 1 and 2) and three cultivars (BlueCrop, Elliot, and Duke). The main carotenoids identified were lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and β-carotene, with the average total carotenoid content of 266 μg per 100 g of fruit. The ratio of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was 0.098 for Wild 1 and 0.11 for Wild 2 genotypes and ranged from 0.14 to 0.28 for cultivars. The main fatty acids identified were linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids in all the samples analysed. In Vaccinium myrtillus the amount of carotenoids and fatty acids was higher than in Vaccinium corymbosum species.

Download Full-text

CO2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Oleoresins from Sea Buckthorn Pomace: Evidence of Advanced Bioactive Profile and Selected Functionality

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10111681 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1681

Author(s):

Liliana Mihalcea ◽

Mihaela Turturică ◽

Elena Iulia Cucolea ◽

George-Mădălin Dănilă ◽

Loredana Dumitrașcu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Palmitoleic Acid ◽

Sea Buckthorn ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Inhibition Rate ◽

Good Antibacterial Activity ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Extraction Parameters ◽

Β Carotene

The processing of sea buckthorn generates a significant amount of pomace, seeds and skin considered valuable sources of health-promoting macromolecules, such as carotenoids, pectin, flavonoids, phytosterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids and tocopherols. In this study, the bioactives from sea buckthorn pomace (SBP) were extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2), at different temperatures and pressures, allowing for obtaining four fractions according to separators (S40 and S45). The highest carotenoid content of 396.12 ± 1.02 mg/g D.W. was found in the S40 fraction, at extraction parameters of 35 °C/45 MPa, yielding an antioxidant activity of 32.10 ± 0.17 mMol TEAC/g D.W. The representative carotenoids in the extract were zeaxanthin, β-carotene and lycopene, whereas all enriched SFE-CO2 extracts contained α-, β- and δ-tocopherol, with α-tocopherol representing around 82% of all fractions. β-sitosterol was the major phytosterol in the fractions derived from S45. All fractions contained significant fatty acids, with a predominance of linoleic acid. Remarkably, the enriched extracts showed a significant palmitoleic acid content, ranging from 53 to 65 µg/g. S40 extracts showed a good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966, whereas S45 extracts showed a growth inhibition rate of 100% against Aspergillus niger after three days of growth. Our results are valuable, and they allow identifying the different profiles of extracts with many different applications in food, pharmaceutics, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals.

Download Full-text

The role of fluconazole in the regulation of fatty acid and unsaponifiable matter biosynthesis in Schizochytrium sp. MYA 1381

BMC Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s12866-019-1622-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jun Li ◽

Hao Zhou ◽

Xueshan Pan ◽

Zhipeng Li ◽

Yinghua Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Cell Growth ◽

Unsaponifiable Matter ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Mevalonate Pathway ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Fatty Acid Production ◽

Membrane Function ◽

Β Carotene

Abstract Background Schizochytrium has been widely used in industry for synthesizing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, unclear biosynthesis pathway of PUFAs inhibits further production of the Schizochytrium. Unsaponifiable matter (UM) from mevalonate pathway is crucial to cell growth and intracellular metabolism in all higher eukaryotes and microalgae. Therefore, regulation of UM biosynthesis in Schizochytrium may have important effects on fatty acids synthesis. Moreover, it is well known that UMs, such as squalene and β-carotene, are of great commercial value. Thus, regulating UM biosynthesis may also allow for an increased valuation of Schizochytrium. Results To investigate the correlation of UM biosynthesis with fatty acids accumulation in Schizochytrium, fluconazole was used to block the sterols pathway. The addition of 60 mg/L fluconazole at 48 h increased the total lipids (TLs) at 96 h by 16% without affecting cell growth, which was accompanied by remarkable changes in UMs and NADPH. Cholesterol content was reduced by 8%, and the squalene content improved by 45% at 72 h, which demonstrated fluconazole’s role in inhibiting squalene flow to cholesterol. As another typical UM with antioxidant capacity, the β-carotene production was increased by 53% at 96 h. The increase of squalene and β-carotene could boost intracellular oxidation resistance to protect fatty acids from oxidation. The NADPH was found to be 33% higher than that of the control at 96 h, which meant that the cells had more reducing power for fatty acid synthesis. Metabolic analysis further confirmed that regulation of sterols was closely related to glucose absorption, pigment biosynthesis and fatty acid production in Schizochytrium. Conclusion This work first reported the effect of UM biosynthesis on fatty acid accumulation in Schizochytrium. The UM was found to affect fatty acid biosynthesis by changing cell membrane function, intracellular antioxidation and reducing power. We believe that this work provides valuable insights in improving PUFA and other valuable matters in microalgae.

Download Full-text

Effect of carrot supplementation on nutritional value of insects: a case study with Jamaican field cricket (Gryllus assimilis)

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2021.0138 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

M. Kulma ◽

D. Petříčková ◽

M. Kurečka ◽

Z. Kotíková ◽

J. Táborský ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Field Cricket ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Total Fatty Acids ◽

Β Carotene

The fortification of feed is known to be a useful tool to manipulate the nutritional value of insects. This study aimed to reveal the effect of carrot supplement duration on the basic nutrients, fatty acid profile, carotenes, and tocopherols. Jamaican crickets (Gryllus assimilis) were provided with chicken feed supplemented with carrots ad libitum for 0, 3, 7, 14 and 60 days prior to harvest. The supplementation increased the levels of α-carotene and β-carotene in the insects. The content of carotenoids did not significantly differ between groups fed carrot for 14 (α-carotene = 13.7 μg/g DM; β-carotene = 34.6 μg/g DM) and 60 days (α-carotene = 15.2 μg/g DM; β-carotene = 37.2 μg/g DM), suggesting that the capacity of the insects to store carotenes is limited. Some carotenoids (α-carotene = 5.4 μg/g DM; β-carotene = 12.8 μg/g DM) were found in crickets given carrot supplementation for only 3 days prior to harvest. Carrot supplementation affected the fatty acid profile of the insects. Crickets fed carrot for 60 and 14 days contained lower levels of SFA (32.00 and 32.74% of total fatty acids respectively) and higher levels of PUFA (33.06 and 32.49% of total fatty acids respectively) in comparison with insects fed for 0, 3 or 7 days. No influence of carrot supplementation was observed in feed conversion, tocopherols and basic nutrients (proteins, lipids, ash). Conclusively, the paper showed some beneficial effects of carrot supplementation, when the highest levels of carotenoids were reached by 14 and 60 days of carrot provision. Therefore, the whole life supplementation seems to be not necessary to reach the increased content of carotenoids in crickets.

Download Full-text

Comparative Immunological and Chemical Analysis of Lipids and Carotenoids of the D1-Peptide and of the Light-Harvesting-Complex of Photosystem II of Nicotiana tabacum

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1999-3-410 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 54 (3-4) ◽

pp. 199-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Anette Gasser ◽

Stefan Raddatz ◽

Alfons Radunz ◽

Georg H. Schmid

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Nicotiana Tabacum ◽

Photosystem Ii ◽

Western Blot ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Light Harvesting Complex ◽

Total Fatty Acids ◽

Monospecific Antisera ◽

Β Carotene

The light-harvesting-complex (LHCP) was isolated from photosystem II of Nicotiana tabacum var. John William’s Broadleaf by means of the detergent acetyl-β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside and fractionating centrifugation. The D1-peptide of photosystem II was isolated as a dimer with the molecular mass of 66 kDa from the chlorophyll-deficient tobacco mutant N. tabacum Su/su by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both preparations were characterized by means of the Western blot procedure using monospecific antisera to the proteins of photosystem II and monospecific antisera to lipids with which the lipids bound to peptides were determined. In parallel to this, lipids bound to the isolated LHCP-complex and to the isolated D1-peptide were determined by lipido-chemical methods. The extraction of the isolated core peptide D1 with a mixture of boiling methanol and chloroform and subsequent HPLC-chromatography showed that in the D1-peptide isolated via SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, monogalactolipids, phosphatidylglycerol and sulfolipid molecules are bound in the molar ratio 1:3:17. By means of the immunological procedure of Western blotting we were able to show that the 66 kDa band of the isolated dimeric D1 reacts positively only with the antisera to monogalactolipid, sulfolipid, β-carotene and violaxanthin. With the antiserum to digalactolipid and that to phosphatidylglycerol a positive reaction is only observed if the preparation used in the Western blot is not the isolated D1-peptide but a ‘‘total” photosystem Il-preparation. The lipid extraction of the LHCP-complex and the subsequent analysis by thin-layer chromatography led to the result that the isolated LHCP-complex contained in bound form 3 molecules monogalactolipid, 1 molecule of digalactolipid, 1 molecule of phosphatidylglycerol and 1 molecule of lutein. Less than 1 molecule of sulfolipid, β-carotene, neoxanthin and violaxanthin are found. In the Western blot analysis only the antiserum to monogalactolipid and phosphatidylglycerol and among the carotenoid antisera only the antisera to β-carotene, violaxanthin and to neoxanthin reacted. With the antisera to the digalactolipid, to the sulfolipid and the antisera to the xanthophylls, namely to lutein and neoxanthin, a positive reaction occurred only if the material used in the Western Blot was the “total” photosystem Il-preparation. By gas chromatography of the fatty acids of the isolated peptide fractions it was shown that, compared to the lipids of photosystem II and of the thylakoid membrane, in lipids of the isolated D1-peptide and of the LHCP-complex the saturation degree of fatty acids is strongly increased. Whereas palmitic acid in chloroplast lipids makes up for only 11% of the fatty acids, this saturated fatty acid increases in the lipids of the LHCP to 20% and makes up for 74% of total fatty acids in the lipids of the D1-peptide. Linoleic and linolenic acids are completely absent and oleic acid makes up for 14% of total fatty acids. In contrast to the lipids of the thylakoid membrane, the lipids bound to proteins/peptides are characterized by a strongly saturated character.

Download Full-text

Commercial Corn Hybrids as a Single Source of Dietary Carotenoids: Effect on Egg Yolk Carotenoid Profile and Pigmentation

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132112287 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 12287

Author(s):

Kristina Kljak ◽

Marija Duvnjak ◽

Dalibor Bedeković ◽

Goran Kiš ◽

Zlatko Janječić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Egg Production ◽

Egg Yolk ◽

Deposition Efficiency ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Randomized Design ◽

The Cost ◽

Cie Lab ◽

Carotenoid Profile ◽

Β Carotene

Commercial high-yielding corn hybrids have not been evaluated for their ability to pigment egg yolk. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effects of commercial hybrids with different carotenoid profiles as the only source of pigments in the diets of hens on yolk color and carotenoid content, as well as the carotenoid deposition efficiency into the yolk. Treatment diets, differing only in one of five corn hybrids, were offered in a completely randomized design in six cages per treatment, each with three hens. Treatment diets and yolks differed in carotenoid profile (contents of lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene, p < 0.001), with total carotenoid contents ranging from 17.13–13.45 µg/g in diet and 25.99–21.97 µg/g in yolk. The treatments differed (p < 0.001) in yolk color, which was determined by yolk color fan (10.8–9.83) and CIE Lab (redness; range 12.47–10.05). The highest yolk color intensity was achieved by a diet with the highest content of zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene. The deposition efficiency of lutein and zeaxanthin (25.52 and 26.05%, respectively) was higher than that of β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene (8.30 and 5.65%, respectively), and the deposition efficiency of all carotenoids decreased with increasing dietary content. Commercial corn hybrids provided adequate yolk color and could be the only source of carotenoids in the diets of hens, which could reduce the cost of egg production and increase farmers’ income.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of the Effect of Planting Distance and Harvesting Time on the Carotenoids and Phytochemicals of Selected Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato Varieties

International Letters of Natural Sciences ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.66.17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 66 ◽

pp. 17-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Obianuju Orimma Kalu ◽

Philippa Chinyere Ojimelukwe ◽

Anthony N. Ukom

Keyword(s):

Sweet Potato ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Total Polyphenol ◽

Carotenoid Concentration ◽

Potato Varieties ◽

Phytochemical Content ◽

Planting Distance ◽

Carotenoid Profile ◽

Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato ◽

Β Carotene

We evaluated the carotenoid profile and concentration (by HPLC) and the phytochemical content of two OFSP varieties (Umuspo 3 and Ex-Igbariam) planted at three distances (20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm) and harvested in two different periods (12thand 16thweeks after planting) respectively. Carotene contents of the outer peel and inner flesh of the sweet potato varieties were also determined. The results showed wide variation in the carotenoid and phytochemical content among the varieties at different planting spaces and harvest periods. Umuspo 3 planted at 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm had significantly greater carotenoid concentration than Ex-Igbariam variety. The predominant carotenoid was β-carotene with highest concentration obtained from 40 cm planting distance (92.82µg/g) and 30 cm (80.97µg/g) for Umuspo 3. Ex-Igbariam at 30 cm planting distance contained 2.51µg/g β-carotene when harvested after 16thweeks. Also the highest β-carotene concentration was from Umuspo 3 flesh sample planted 30 and 40 cm (409.45 and 441.15 mg/100g) and the peel for samples planted 30 and 40 cm (490.47 and 640.69 mg/100g, respectively) at the 12thweek of harvest. Flavonoids were present in significant amounts (310.62mg/100g) in Umuspo 3 planted at 30 cm and harvested after 12thweek while in total polyphenol, significant quantities of ≈42.12mg/100g was present in Ex-Igbariam spaced at 30 cm and 40 cm and harvested after 16thweek. Provitamin A carotenoid was calculated and Umuspo 3 pro-vitamin A carotenoid was significantly higher (p< 0.05) with highest concentration (742.26 RE/100g) present in samples from 40 cm planting distance. The results showed that planting space and harvesting period had significant impact on the carotenoid and phytochemical concentrations of OFSP varieties. Planting distances of 30 and 40 cm are recommended for high carotenoid content in the two sweet potato varieties.

Download Full-text

Nutritional and bioactive compounds in dried tomato processing waste

CyTA - Journal of Food ◽

10.1080/19476337.2017.1383514 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 222-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Nour ◽

Panaite ◽

Ropota ◽

Turcu ◽

Trandafir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Total Phenolics ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Chlorogenic Acids ◽

Processing Waste ◽

Tomato Processing ◽

Total Fatty Acids ◽

Β Carotene

This research investigated the nutritional and antioxidant composition of tomato processing waste with the aim to enable the development of new alternatives for the recycling of this by-product. The samples of dried tomato waste were found to contain 176.2 g/kg protein, 21.9 g/kg fat, 524.4 g/kg crude fiber and 42.1 g/kg ash. The essential amino acids represented 34.2% of total protein, the most abundant being leucine, followed by lysine and isoleucine. Unsaturated fatty acids represent 77.04% of the total fatty acids, linoleic being the major one. The results confirmed that dried tomato wastes contain considerable amounts of lycopene (510.6 mg/kg) and β-carotene (95.6 mg/kg) and exhibited good antioxidant properties. Total phenolics showed average contents of 1229.5 mg GAE/kg, of which flavonoids accounted for 415.3 mg QE/kg. Ellagic and chlorogenic acids were the most abundant phenolic acids while among flavonoids only rutin and myricetin were quantified.

Download Full-text

Illustrating and Enhancing the Biosynthesis of Astaxanthin and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Aurantiochytrium sp. SK4

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md17010045 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 45 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jingrun Ye ◽

Mengmeng Liu ◽

Mingxia He ◽

Ying Ye ◽

Junchao Huang

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Polyketide Synthase ◽

Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Total Carotenoids ◽

Geranyl Diphosphate ◽

Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase ◽

Total Fatty Acids ◽

Promising Source ◽

Β Carotene

The marine thraustochytrids are a promising source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the ketocarotenoid astaxanthin. In this study, the biosynthetic pathways of these two important metabolites in Aurantiochytrium sp. SK4 was illustrated by the analyses of the genome, transcriptome, key enzymes, and pathway products. Two sets of genes were involved in two pathways for the biosynthesis of fatty acids. The absence of Δ-15 desaturase genes and the presence of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), up to 12% of total fatty acids suggest that Aurantiochytrium sp. SK4 may synthesize DHA mainly via a polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway. Three enzymes, namely geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS), farnysyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), and geranylgeranyle diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) were found to be involved in the formation of GGPP that was subsequently catalyzed to β-carotene by a trifunctional CrtIBY enzyme. β-Carotene might be ketolated and then hydroxylated into astaxanthin based on the carotenoid profiles. The formation of GGPP was proposed to be the limiting steps for carotenoid production. Overexpression of the Archaeoglobus GPS together with the Escherichia coli isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, and Vitreoscilla hemoglobin resulted in not only 1.85- and 5.02-fold increases of total carotenoids and astaxanthin, but also 2.40- and 2.74-fold increases of total fatty acids and DHA. This study provides insights into the biosynthesis of carotenoids and fatty acids in Aurantiochytrium.

Download Full-text