scholarly journals Andrographolide: A Herbal-Chemosynthetic Approach for Enhancing Immunity, Combating Viral Infections, and Its Implication on Human Health

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 7036
Author(s):  
Archana Mishra ◽  
Haq Abdul Shaik ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Sinha ◽  
Bakht Ramin Shah
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Disorder ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Specific Antibody Production ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Immunomodulating Drugs

Plants consistently synthesize and accumulate medically valuable secondary metabolites which can be isolated and clinically tested under in vitro conditions. An advancement with such important phytochemical production has been recognized and utilized as herbal drugs. Bioactive andrographolide (AGL; C20H30O5) isolated from Andrographis paniculate (AP) (Kalmegh) is a diterpenoid lactones having multifunctional medicinal properties including anti-manic, anti-inflammatory, liver, and lung protective. AGL is known for its immunostimulant activity against a variety of microbial infections thereby, regulating classical and alternative macrophage activation, Ag-specific antibody production during immune disorder therapy. In vitro studies with AGL found it to be effective against multiple tumors, neuronal disorders, diabetes, pneumonia, fibrosis, and other diverse therapeutic misadventures. Generally, virus-based diseases like ZIKA, influenza A virus subtype (H1NI), Ebola (EBOV), Dengue (DENV), and coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics have greatly increased scientific interest and demands to develop more effective and economical immunomodulating drugs with minimal side effects. Trials and in vitro pharmacological studies with AGL and medicinally beneficial herbs might contribute to benefit the human population without using chemical-based synthetic drugs. In this review, we have discussed the possible role of AGL as a promising herbal-chemo remedy during human diseases, viral infections and as an immunity booster.

scholarly journals The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Pecora ◽  
Federica Persico ◽  
Alberto Argentiero ◽  
Cosimo Neglia ◽  
Susanna Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Optimal Function ◽  
The Impact

Viral infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the importance of public health practices including handwashing and vaccinations in reducing their spread is well established. Furthermore, it is well known that proper nutrition can help support optimal immune function, reducing the impact of infections. Several vitamins and trace elements play an important role in supporting the cells of the immune system, thus increasing the resistance to infections. Other nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, help sustain optimal function of the immune system. The main aim of this manuscript is to discuss of the potential role of micronutrients supplementation in supporting immunity, particularly against respiratory virus infections. Literature analysis showed that in vitro and observational studies, and clinical trials, highlight the important role of vitamins A, C, and D, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc in modulating the immune response. Supplementation with vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids and zinc appears to be a safe and low-cost way to support optimal function of the immune system, with the potential to reduce the risk and consequences of infection, including viral respiratory infections. Supplementation should be in addition to a healthy diet and fall within recommended upper safety limits set by scientific expert bodies. Therefore, implementing an optimal nutrition, with micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, might be a cost-effective, underestimated strategy to help reduce the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

scholarly journals Transcriptional role of p53 in interferon-mediated antiviral immunity

2008 ◽  
Vol 205 (8) ◽  
pp. 1929-1938 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Muñoz-Fontela ◽  
Salvador Macip ◽  
Luis Martínez-Sobrido ◽  
Lauren Brown ◽  
Joseph Ashour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Suppressor Gene ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Type I ◽  
Infected Cells

Tumor suppressor p53 is activated by several stimuli, including DNA damage and oncogenic stress. Previous studies (Takaoka, A., S. Hayakawa, H. Yanai, D. Stoiber, H. Negishi, H. Kikuchi, S. Sasaki, K. Imai, T. Shibue, K. Honda, and T. Taniguchi. 2003. Nature. 424:516–523) have shown that p53 is also induced in response to viral infections as a downstream transcriptional target of type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Moreover, many viruses, including SV40, human papillomavirus, Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus, adenoviruses, and even RNA viruses such as polioviruses, have evolved mechanisms designated to abrogate p53 responses. We describe a novel p53 function in the activation of the IFN pathway. We observed that infected mouse and human cells with functional p53 exhibited markedly decreased viral replication early after infection. This early inhibition of viral replication was mediated both in vitro and in vivo by a p53-dependent enhancement of IFN signaling, specifically the induction of genes containing IFN-stimulated response elements. Of note, p53 also contributed to an increase in IFN release from infected cells. We established that this p53-dependent enhancement of IFN signaling is dependent to a great extent on the ability of p53 to activate the transcription of IFN regulatory factor 9, a central component of the IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 complex. Our results demonstrate that p53 contributes to innate immunity by enhancing IFN-dependent antiviral activity independent of its functions as a proapoptotic and tumor suppressor gene.

scholarly journals ESSENTIAL OILS AND METHYLGLYOXAL: A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT FOR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Erin Cieslak ◽  
James P. Mack ◽  
Albert Rojtman
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Alternative Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Medicinal Properties

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Essential oils are of significant interest in today’s world of healthcare because these compounds have a variety of medicinal properties. In this study, we evaluated the <em>in vitro</em> antibiotic role of essential oils as a possible alternative treatment in combatting Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In conjunction with carrier oils, three essential oils (cassia, cinnamon bark, and thyme), as well as methylglyoxal were tested on MRSA using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The minimum inhibitory concentration of each tested essential oil and methylglyoxal in carrier oil was determined to be 25% essential oil and 75% carrier oil mixture. This concentration worked much more effectively than the standard antibiotic, vancomycin, which is currently used to treat MRSA infections.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Antibacterial emollients made from naturally occurring products like essential oils can be cost-effective alternatives to antibiotics. The results of this research show that these emollients are more effective against MRSA than standard antibiotics in cell culture.</p>

scholarly journals Intranasal Borna Disease Virus (BoDV-1) Infection: Insights into Initial Steps and Potential Contagiosity

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Kupke ◽  
Sabrina Becker ◽  
Konstantin Wewetzer ◽  
Barbara Ahlemeyer ◽  
Markus Eickmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Olfactory Pathway ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Receptor Neurons

Mammalian Bornavirus (BoDV-1) typically causes a fatal neurologic disorder in horses and sheep, and was recently shown to cause fatal encephalitis in humans with and without transplant reception. It has been suggested that BoDV-1 enters the central nervous system (CNS) via the olfactory pathway. However, (I) susceptible cell types that replicate the virus for successful spread, and (II) the role of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), remained unclear. To address this, we studied the intranasal infection of adult rats with BoDV-1 in vivo and in vitro, using olfactory mucosal (OM) cell cultures and the cultures of purified OECs. Strikingly, in vitro and in vivo, viral antigen and mRNA were present from four days post infection (dpi) onwards in the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), but also in all other cell types of the OM, and constantly in the OECs. In contrast, in vivo, BoDV-1 genomic RNA was only detectable in adult and juvenile ORNs, nerve fibers, and in OECs from 7 dpi on. In vitro, the rate of infection of OECs was significantly higher than that of the OM cells, pointing to a crucial role of OECs for infection via the olfactory pathway. Thus, this study provides important insights into the transmission of neurotropic viral infections with a zoonotic potential.

Virus Induced Thrombocytopenia: The Role Of Viral Hemolysin And Neuraminidase

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Chernesky ◽  
A Bromke
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Constant Number ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Radioactive Label ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Rabbit Platelets ◽  
Storage Pools

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) which aggregates washed suspensions of human or rabbit platelets in vitro was compared to non-aggregating viruses such as influenza A and chikungunya virus (CV) in their capacities to induce thrombocytopenia in rabbits previously infused with 5lCr- labelled platelets. NDV and influenzavirus induced a dramatic drop in platelet and radioactive counts. Five minutes after the injection of NDV, platelet counts fell to 78% of preinjection levels and only 40% of the radioactivity was recoverable. Platelet numbers returned to normal by 30 min. but label never responded past 55% of preinjection. Influenza virus demonstrated a similar pattern of platelet and radioactive counts but the responses were approximately 65% of those induced by NDV. Magnitude of thrombocytopenia was dependent upon the strength of virus injected. CV did not induce a significant drop in platelet counts. Plotting radioactive counts against a constant number of platelets in the circulation suggested that during thrombocytopenia the radioactive label may have been removed from the platelets which could be cleared from the circulation. Return to preinjection numbers may have been due to subsequent removal of platelet- free radioactivity or a movement of platelets from sequestration or storage pools. A second series of rabbits were injected with 51Cr-labelled platelets previously reacted in vitro with virus or purified neuraminidase. Approximately 80% of the platelets pretreated with NDV or influenzavirus were cleared from the circulation within 10 minutes. Only 3.6% of radioactivity was present in the rabbit circulation 10 min. after the injection of platelets which had had 8.65 nanograms of NANA/ml cleaved from their surface by neuraminidase. A mechanism for virus-induced thrombocytopenia may involve platelet aggregation and/or enzymatic platelet membrane modification, which may result in immunological clearance in the animal.

Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor increases pulmonary neutrophilia and diminishes host resistance to influenza A virus

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (1) ◽  
pp. L111-L124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Teske ◽  
Andrea A. Bohn ◽  
Jean F. Regal ◽  
Joshua J. Neumiller ◽  
B. Paige Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Neutrophil Function ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Potent Agonist

Unlike their role in bacterial infection, less is known about the role of neutrophils during pulmonary viral infection. Exposure to pollutant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) results in excess neutrophils in the lungs of mice infected with influenza A virus. TCDD is the most potent agonist for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and exposure to AhR ligands has been correlated with exacerbated inflammatory lung diseases. However, knowledge of the effects of AhR agonists on neutrophils is limited. Likewise, the factors regulating neutrophil responses during respiratory viral infections are not well characterized. To address these knowledge gaps, we determined the in vivo levels of KC, MIP-1α, MIP-2, LIX, IL-6, and C5a in infected mouse lungs. Our data show that these neutrophil chemoattractants are generally produced transiently in the lung within 12–24 h of infection. We also report that expression of CD11a, CD11b, CD49d, CD31, and CD38 is increased on pulmonary neutrophils in response to influenza virus. Using AhR-deficient mice, we demonstrate that excess neutrophilia in the lung is mediated by activation of the AhR and that this enhanced neutrophilia correlates directly with decreased survival in TCDD-exposed mice. Although AhR activation results in more neutrophils in the lungs, we show that this is not mediated by deregulation in levels of common neutrophil chemoattractants, expression of adhesion molecules on pulmonary neutrophils, or delayed death of neutrophils. Likewise, exposure to TCDD did not enhance pulmonary neutrophil function. This study provides an important first step in elucidating the mechanisms by which AhR agonists exacerbate pulmonary inflammatory responses.

scholarly journals Successive Inoculations of Pigs with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 (PRRSV-1) and Swine H1N2 Influenza Virus Suggest a Mutual Interference between the Two Viral Infections

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2169
Author(s):  
Juliette Bougon ◽  
Céline Deblanc ◽  
Patricia Renson ◽  
Stéphane Quéguiner ◽  
Stéphane Gorin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Time Correlation ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Porcine Respiratory

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza A virus (swIAV) are major pathogens of the porcine respiratory disease complex, but little is known on their interaction in super-infected pigs. In this study, we investigated clinical, virological and immunological outcomes of successive infections with PRRSV-1 and H1N2 swIAV. Twenty-four specific pathogen-free piglets were distributed into four groups and inoculated either with PRRSV at study day (SD) 0, or with swIAV at SD8, or with PRRSV and swIAV one week apart at SD0 and SD8, respectively, or mock-inoculated. In PRRSV/swIAV group, the clinical signs usually observed after swIAV infection were attenuated while higher levels of anti-swIAV antibodies were measured in lungs. Concurrently, PRRSV multiplication in lungs was significantly affected by swIAV infection, whereas the cell-mediated immune response specific to PRRSV was detected earlier in blood, as compared to PRRSV group. Moreover, levels of interferon (IFN)-α measured from SD9 in the blood of super-infected pigs were lower than those measured in the swIAV group, but higher than in the PRRSV group at the same time. Correlation analyses suggested an important role of IFN-α in the two-way interference highlighted between both viral infections.

scholarly journals TRIM35 mediates protection against influenza infection by activating TRAF3 and degrading viral PB2

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 894-914
Author(s):  
Nan Sun ◽  
Li Jiang ◽  
Miaomiao Ye ◽  
Yihan Wang ◽  
Guangwen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Signaling Complex ◽  
Deficient Mice

AbstractTripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins are important effectors of innate immunity against viral infections. Here we identified TRIM35 as a regulator of TRAF3 activation. Deficiency in or inhibition of TRIM35 suppressed the production of type I interferon (IFN) in response to viral infection. Trim35-deficient mice were more susceptible to influenza A virus (IAV) infection than were wild-type mice. TRIM35 promoted the RIG-I-mediated signaling by catalyzing Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF3 and the subsequent formation of a signaling complex with VISA and TBK1. IAV PB2 polymerase countered the innate antiviral immune response by impeding the Lys63-linked polyubiquitination and activation of TRAF3. TRIM35 mediated Lys48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of IAV PB2, thereby antagonizing its suppression of TRAF3 activation. Our in vitro and in vivo findings thus reveal novel roles of TRIM35, through catalyzing Lys63- or Lys48-linked polyubiquitination, in RIG-I antiviral immunity and mechanism of defense against IAV infection.

scholarly journals An overview on the interplay between nutraceuticals and gut microbiota

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Catinean ◽  
Maria Adriana Neag ◽  
Dana Maria Muntean ◽  
Ioana Corina Bocsan ◽  
Anca Dana Buzoianu
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Synthetic Drugs

BackgroundNowadays, growing attention was being given to the alternative ways to prevent or treat diseases. Nutraceuticals are used increasingly for this purpose. Many of these are being used as alternative therapy. Classic therapy with synthetic drugs, although very effective, has many side effects. The term “nutraceuticals” refers to the link between the nutritional and pharmaceutical domains. Also, lately, many studies have been done to investigate the role of microbiota in maintaining health. There is the hypothesis that some of the health benefits of nutraceuticals are due to their ability to change the microbiota. The aim of this review was to emphasize the link between the most commonly used nutraceuticals, the microbiota and the health benefits.MethodsWe selected the articles in PubMed, published up to July 2017, that provided information about most used nutraceuticals, microbiota and health benefits. In this review, we incorporate evidence from various types of studies, including observational,in vitroandin vivo, clinical studies or animal experiments.ResultsThe results demonstrate that many nutraceuticals change the composition of microbiota and can interfere with health status of the patients.DiscussionThere is evidence which sustains the importance of nutraceuticals in people’s health through microbiota but further studies are needed to complete the assessment of nutraceuticals in health benefit as a consequence of microbiota’s changing.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document