Valorization of Fig (Ficus carica L.) Waste Leaves: HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-DPPH System for Online Screening and Identification of Antioxidant Compounds

Fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves are produced each year and often disposed, resulting in a waste of resources. Fig waste leaves are rich in flavonoids, which have strong antioxidant activity; however, the variety and chemical structure of antioxidants in fig leaves have not been reported in detail. To take full advantage of fig waste leaves, antioxidant capacity of different extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and water) was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS), and ferric-ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The results showed that flavonoids in ethyl acetate extraction had the highest content (83.92 ± 0.01 mg/g), maximum DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 0.54 mg/mL), highest ABTS scavenging rate (80.28%), and FRAP (3.46 mmol/g). Furthermore, an HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-DPPH method was developed to identify 11 flavonoids in fig waste leaves. This rapid and efficient method can not only be used for screening the antioxidant components in fig waste leaves, but also can be combined with mass spectrometry to identify the compounds with antioxidant capacity. There are three flavonoids with significant antioxidant capacity, which are 3-O-(rhamnopyranosyl-glucopyranosyl)-7-O-(glucopyranosyl)-quercetin, isoschaftoside, and rutin. The results confirmed that fig waste leaves contain a variety of antioxidant components, which contributed to increase the value of fig waste leaves as antioxidants.

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Valorization of Fig (Ficus carica Linn.) Waste Leaves: HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-DPPH System For Online Screening And Identification of Antioxidant Compounds

10.21203/rs.3.rs-804140/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chunying Li ◽

Meiting Yu ◽

Shen Li ◽

Xue Yang ◽

Bin Qiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Ficus Carica ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Dpph Method ◽

Screening And Identification ◽

Dpph Scavenging Activity ◽

Dpph Scavenging ◽

First Time

Abstract Fig (Ficus carica Linn.) leaves are produced each year and often thrown away as wastes, resulting in a waste of resources. Fig waste leaves are rich in flavonoids, which have strong antioxidant activity, however, the antioxidant components are not clear. So as to take full advantage of fig waste leaves, antioxidant capacity of different extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and water) was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS) and ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The results showed that flavonoids in ethyl acetate extraction had the highest content, 83.92 ± 0.01 mg/g, and maximum DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 0.54 mg/mL), highest ABTS scavenging rate (80.28%), FRAP (3.46 mmol/g). Furthermore, HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-DPPH method was developed for the first time to identify 11 flavonoids in fig waste leaves. This rapid and efficient method can not only be used for screening the antioxidant components in fig waste leaves, but also can be combined with mass spectrometry to identify the compounds with antioxidant capacity. There are three flavonoids with significant antioxidant capacity, which are 3-O-(rhamnopyranosyl-glucopyranosyl)-7-O-(glucopyranosyl)-quercetin, isoschaftoside and rutin. The results confirmed that fig waste leaves contain a variety of antioxidant components, which contributed to increase the value of fig waste leaves as antioxidants.

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PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF POMELO (CITRUS MAXIMA [BURM.] MERR.) USING 2,2-DIPHENYL-1-PICRYLHYDRAZYL AND PHOSPHOMOLYBDENUM ASSAYS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s2.13526 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 185 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Irda Fidrianny ◽

Elvira Sari ◽

Komar Ruslan

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Phytochemical Content ◽

Dpph Method ◽

Citrus Maxima ◽

Dpph Scavenging Activity ◽

Dpph Scavenging ◽

Peel Extract

ABSTRACT Objectives: The aims of this research were to determine antioxidant activity from various organs extracts of pomelo using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and phosphomolybdenum assays, total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content, correlation of total phenolic, flavonoid,and carotenoid content in various extracts of chayote with their inhibitory concentration 50% (IC ) of DPPH antioxidant activities and exhibitory concentration 50% (EC 50 ) of phosphomolybdenum capacity, and correlation between two antioxidant assays. 50 Methods: Extraction was carried out by reflux using various polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays, determination of total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content were conducted by UVvisible spectrophotometry and its correlation with IC Results: The lowest IC 50 50 of DPPH and EC 50 of phosphomolybdenum was analyzed by Pearson’s method. of DPPH scavenging activity was shown by ethyl acetate cortex extract of pomelo (0.68 µg/ml), whereas the lowest EC of phosphomolybdenum capacity was given by ethyl acetate leaves extract of pomelo (101.36 µg/ml). Ethyl acetate cortex extract of pomelo had the highest total phenolic content and ethyl acetate leaves extract had the highest total flavonoid content (TFC). There was a negative and significant correlation between TFC in cortex and peel extracts of pomelo with their IC 50 of DPPH. Conclusions: All organs extracts of pomelo (except n-hexane peel extract) were classified as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Flavonoid compounds in cortex and peel extract of pomelo were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by DPPH method. DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays gave no linear results in antioxidant activities of leaves, cortex, and peel extracts of pomelo. Keywords: Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Phosphomolybdenum, Pomelo, Three organs. 50

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Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant capacity ofTabernaemontana catharinensis A. DC. Fruits and branches

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/0001-3765201420120020 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. 881-888 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

MARIANA PIANA ◽

ALINE A. BOLIGON ◽

THIELE F. DE BRUM ◽

MARINA ZADRA ◽

BIANCA V. BELKE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Condensed Tannins ◽

High Performance ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Dpph Method

The antioxidant capacity of the crude extract and fractions ofTabernaemontana catharinensis fruits and branches, was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and condensed tannins were determined by the spectrophotometric method. The ethyl acetate fraction of the fruits and the n-butanol fraction of the branches showed IC50 of 181.82 µg/mL and 78.19 µg/mL, respectively. All fractions were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), in the branches were quantified chlorogenic acid in the chloroform (8.96 mg/g), ethyl acetate (4.31 mg/g) and n-butanol (3.33 mg/g) fractions; caffeic acid in the ethyl acetate (5.24 mg/g) and n-butanol (1.81 mg/g); gallic acid (0.52 mg/g) in the n-butanol. In the fruits, chlorogenic acid in the chloroform (1.67 mg/g); rutin in the ethyl acetate (3.45 mg/g) and n-butanol (8.98 mg/g) fractions. The present study showed that these quantified compounds can contribute to antioxidant capacity which was higher in the branches than in the fruits.

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ANTIOXIDANT PROFILE AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF SUPER RED DRAGON FRUIT (HYLOCEREUS COSTARICENSIS) COLLECTED FROM WEST JAVA-INDONESIA

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.21571 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 290 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Irda Fidrianny ◽

Nadia Ilham ◽

Rika Hartati

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Flavonoid Content ◽

Phytochemical Content ◽

Dragon Fruit ◽

Dpph Method ◽

Dpph Scavenging Activity ◽

Dpph Scavenging ◽

Different Parts

Objectives: The goals of this research were to observe antioxidant properties from different parts of super red dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) using two antioxidant testing methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS).Methods: Antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH and ABTS assays, total phenolic content (TPC) using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoid content by Chang’s method.Results: Inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) of DPPH scavenging activity of all of the extracts in the range of 2.69 μg/ml was −94.17 μg/ml. The ethyl acetate peel extract of super red dragon fruit expressed the highest TPC (4.56 g GAE/100 g) and the highest total flavonoid content (12.63 g QE/100 g). TPC in flesh extract of super red dragon fruit had a negative and significant correlation with their IC50 of ABTS. The IC50 of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS of flesh extract of super red dragon fruit showed positive and significant correlation.Conclusion: All different parts extracts of super red dragon fruit (except n-hexane flesh extract) were categorized as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Phenolic compounds in flesh extract of super red dragon fruit were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by ABTS method. DPPH and ABTS showed linear results in antioxidant activities of super red dragon fruit flesh extract.

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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS FROM ETHYL ACETATE AND METHANOL EXTRACTS OF GARCINIA DAEDALANTHERA PIERRE LEAVES

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2018.v10s1.61 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 276

Author(s):

Anisa Puspitaningrum ◽

Berna Elya ◽

Katrin .

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Column Chromatography ◽

Spectrum Analysis ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Uv Light ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Dpph Method

Objective: This study aimed to isolate and characterize the compounds responsible for the high antioxidant activities of the ethyl acetate and methanolextracts of Garcinia daedalanthera Pierre leaves.Methods: In this study, the ethyl acetate extract was obtained by column chromatography, and the methanol extract was obtained by vacuum columnchromatography. The mobile phase comprised n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol with increased polarity. Antioxidant activity was examined usingthe 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The fraction with the highest antioxidant activity was purified through column chromatography,recrystallization, and preparative thin-layer chromatography. This fraction, termed the isolate of B, was identified using DPPH and AlCl3, and itsantioxidant activity was quantitatively tested.Results: From this research, 21.7 mg of the isolate of B were obtained with an IC50 of 5.82 μg/mL. Identification using an AlCl3 sprayer producedyellow phosphorescent spots under UV light. UV-Vis spectrum analysis revealed the presence of an aromatic compound and conjugated double bonds.Infrared spectrum analysis revealed the presence of −OH, C–H alkane, C=C aromatic, C=O, and C-O-C groups.Conclusion: Based on this research, 21.7 mg of the isolate of B was derived through fractionation of the methanol extract, and this isolate exhibitedantioxidant activity with an IC50 of 5.82 μg/mL. The isolate of B was considered to be a flavonoid, as it was fluorescent under UV light (366 nm) afterbeing sprayed with AlCl3 reagent.

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Effect of industrial processing for obtaining guava paste on the antioxidant compounds of guava (Psidium guajava l.) ‘Paluma’ cv.

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/0100-29452018011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ana Paula Wolf Tasca Del’Arco ◽

Célia Maria de Sylos

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Total Carotenoids ◽

High Positive Correlation ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Dpph Method ◽

Dpph Activity

Abstract Some foods constituents are subject to change during thermal and/or industrial processing. In the fruit processing industry, guava pulp is used during guava off season to obtain guava paste, produced with the addition of sugar and citric acid, subjected to various thermal processes. This study evaluated the effect of industrial processing to obtain guava paste on the content of ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total phenolic and total flavonoid present in guava ‘Paluma’ cv. The results showed that there was an increase of antioxidants in guava pulp (15% ascorbic acid, 59% total carotenoids, 8% total phenolics and 54.5% total flavonoids), probably due to their increased concentration as a result of water loss during processing. There was areduction in the contents of antioxidants compounds in guava paste (42, 13, 31 and 6.5% respectively). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the DPPH method, and the results showed that guava ‘Paluma’ cv. and its byproducts have an important antioxidant capacity, with moderate positive correlation among guava anti-radical DPPH• activity with the contents of acid ascorbic, carotenoids and phenolics and, for the guava paste anti-radical DPPH• activity, there was very high positive correlation with the content of carotenoids and high positive correlation with total content of phenolic compounds.

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Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Some Varieties of Persea americana Peels Consumed in Cameroon

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2021/8882594 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Ruth Edwige Kemadjou Dibacto ◽

Boris Ronald Tonou Tchuente ◽

Maxwell Wandji Nguedjo ◽

Yves Martial Tongue Tientcheu ◽

Emilienne Carine Nyobe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Persea Americana ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Polyphenol ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽

Dpph Scavenging

Fruit peels are increasingly being used as functional foods nowadays. Peelings of twelve varieties of Persea americana fruits consumed in Cameroon were investigated for their phenolic compounds (polyphenols and flavonoids) using three solvents systems, water, ethanol: water (50 : 50 v / v ), and ethanol, and antioxidant activity using total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging methods. Total polyphenol, flavonoids, and antioxidant potential of the peels significantly varied with P. americana variety and also with the extraction solvents in the order ethanol > ethanol: water > water. Total phenolic content varied from 2407 (Fuerte florid) to 673 (Semil) mg GAE/g DM, respectively, while flavonoids varied from 986 to 119 mg QE/g DM for Fuerte florid and Hickson varieties, respectively. TAC, respectively, varied between 132.87 and 126.85 mg AAE/g DM with Hass and Semil varieties, respectively. The highest DPPH scavenging capacity was recorded for the ethanolic extract with Lula (86.33%) and the least for the aqueous extract with the Semil (30.11%) variety. With FRAP, the highest capacity was obtained with hydroethanolic extract of Fuerte florid (0.43 mg AAE/g DM) and the least for aqueous extract with the Semil (0.269 mg AAE/g DM) variety. In conclusion, varieties of avocado peels are a good source of antioxidants. Solvent extraction significantly affected the concentration of bioactive compounds but not the potency of the antioxidants. A weakly positive correlation but not significant between the quantity of polyphenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant capacity of avocado peelings was obtained in this study.

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Association between Serum Uric Acid Levels, Nutritional and Antioxidant Status in Patients on Hemodialysis

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12092600 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2600 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Etna Domínguez-Zambrano ◽

José Pedraza-Chaverri ◽

Ana Laura López-Santos ◽

Omar Noel Medina-Campos ◽

Cristino Cruz-Rivera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Dialysis Session ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Dpph Scavenging Activity ◽

Dpph Scavenging

Purpose: To determine the relationship between uric acid (UA) and nutritional and antioxidant status in hemodialysis (HD) patients, given that hyperuricemia could be an indicator of good nutritional status possibly because of the antioxidant properties of UA. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 93 patients on HD. Hyperuricemia was considered as UA ≥6.0 mg/dL in females and ≥7.0 mg/dL in males. Nutritional variables were registered. Blood samples were taken before the dialysis session to determine oxidative damage as plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and antioxidant capacity measuring 2,2-diphenyl-piclrylhidrazil radical (DPPH●) scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value. Results: Patients with hyperuricemia had higher creatinine (11.9 vs. 10.5 mg/dL; p = 0.004), potassium (5.5 vs. 5.0 mg/dL; p = 0.014) levels; phase angle (5.8 vs. 4.9; p = 0.005), protein consumption (normalized protein nitrogen appearance, nPNA, 1.03 vs. 0.83; p = 0.013) than normouricemic patients. DPPH● scavenging activity was higher in hyperuricemic subjects (1.139 vs. 1.049 mM Trolox equivalents; p = 0.007); likewise, hyperuricemic subjects had less oxidant damage measured by MDA (10.6 vs. 12.7 nmol/mL; p = 0.020). Subjects with normouricemia were at higher risk of having a reactance to height (Xc/H) ratio less than 35 (OR 2.79; 95% CI, 1.1–7.017, p = 0.028); nPNA < 1.0 (OR 3.78; 95% CI, 1.4–10.2, p = 0.007), diagnosis of cachexia (OR 2.95; 95% CI, 1156–7.518, p = 0.021), potassium levels <5 (OR 2.97; 95% CI, 1.136–7.772, p = 0.023) and PA < 5.5° (OR 3.38; 95% CI, 1.309–8.749, p = 0.012.) Conclusions: Patients with hyperuricemia had higher antioxidant capacity and better nutritional status. Purines and protein restrictions in HD patients with hyperuricemia need to be reviewed individually for each patient. More studies are needed to stablish a cut point of UA levels in renal population.

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Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of 30 Chinese Teas

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8060180 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 180 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Guo-Yi Tang ◽

Cai-Ning Zhao ◽

Xiao-Yu Xu ◽

Ren-You Gan ◽

Shi-Yu Cao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

High Performance ◽

Food Additives ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Phenolic Contents ◽

Trolox Equivalent

Tea has been reported to prevent and manage many chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases, and the antioxidant capacity of tea may be responsible for these health benefits. In this study, the antioxidant capacities of fat-soluble, water-soluble, and bound-insoluble fractions of 30 Chinese teas belonging to six categories, namely green, black, oolong, dark, white, and yellow teas, were systematically evaluated, applying ferric-reducing antioxidant power and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assays. In addition, total phenolic contents of teas were determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method, and the contents of 18 main phytochemical compounds in teas were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results found that several teas possessed very strong antioxidant capacity, and caffeine, theaflavine, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, as well as eight catechins, were the main antioxidant compounds in them. Thus, these teas could be good natural sources of dietary antioxidants, and their extracts might be developed as food additives, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

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LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Analysis, Cytotoxic, Antiviral, Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of Four Extracts of Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f.: A Good Gift from the Natural Treasure

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22147621 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (14) ◽

pp. 7621

Author(s):

Łukasz Świątek ◽

Elwira Sieniawska ◽

Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan ◽

Magdalena Maciejewska-Turska ◽

Anastazja Boguszewska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Gallic Acid ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Biological Evaluation ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Trolox Equivalent ◽

Hsv 1

This study focused on the biological evaluation and chemical characterization of Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. Different solvent extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts) were prepared. The phytochemical profile, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activity were investigated. Cytotoxicity was assessed using VERO, FaDu, HeLa and RKO cells. The antiviral activity was carried out against HSV-1 (Herpes simplex virus 1) propagated in VERO cell line. The aqueous extract, possessing high phenolic content (170.50 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract), showed the highest reducing capacity (613.27 and 364.10 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, for cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power, respectively), radical scavenging potential (469.82 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, against 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), metal chelating ability (52.39 mg ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent/g extract) and total antioxidant capacity (3.15 mmol Trolox equivalent/g extract). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) alloved to tentatively identify a total of 56 compounds in the extracts, including ellagitannins, gallic acid and galloyl derivatives amongst others. The ethyl acetate extracts substantially depressed cholinesterase enzymes (4.49 and 12.26 mg galantamine equivalent/g extract against AChE and BChE, respectively) and α-amylase enzyme (1.04 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract). On the other hand, the methanolic extract inhibited tyrosinase (121.42 mg kojic acid equivalent/g extract) and α-glucosidase (2.39 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract) activities. The highest selectivity towards all cancer cell lines (SI 4.5–10.8) was observed with aqueous extract with the FaDu cells being the most sensitive (CC50 40.22 µg/mL). It can be concluded that the presence of certain bioactive antiviral molecules may be related to the high anti HSV-1 activity of the methanolic extract. This work has generated vital scientific data on this medicinal plant, which is a prospective candidate for the creation of innovative phyto-pharmaceuticals.

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