Optimized Extraction of Total Triterpenoids from Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and Comprehensive Analysis of Triterpenic Acids in Different Cultivars

Triterpenoid compounds are one of the main functional components in jujube fruit. In this study, the optimal process for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of total triterpenoids from jujube fruit was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions were as follows: temperature of 55.14 °C, ethanol concentration of 86.57%, time of 34.41 min, and liquid-to-solid ratio of 39.33 mL/g. The triterpenoid yield was 19.21 ± 0.25 mg/g under optimal conditions. The triterpenoid profiles and antioxidant activity were further analyzed. Betulinic acid, alphitolic acid, maslinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid were the dominant triterpenoid acids in jujube fruits. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the major triterpenic acids and antioxidant activities. The variations of triterpenoid profiles and antioxidant activity within the jujube fruits and the degree of variation were evaluated by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), respectively. The results provide important guidance for the quality evaluation and industrial application of jujube fruit.

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HPLC-DAD Polyphenolic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of Sorghum bicolor during Germination

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11030417 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 417

Author(s):

Ioana Otilia Ghinea ◽

Maria Daniela Ionica Mihaila ◽

Giorgiana-Valentina Blaga (Costea) ◽

Sorin Marius Avramescu ◽

Mihaela Cudalbeanu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Radical Scavenger ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Food Ingredient ◽

Radical Scavenger Activity ◽

Scavenger Activity ◽

Sorghum Grains

The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of the Romanian Albanus hybrid of Sorghum bicolor as a potential functional food ingredient. Ultrasound-assisted extraction in different solvents, together with spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods, was used to monitor the variation in total phenolic and flavonoid content and the antioxidant activity of raw sorghum grains before and during short germination periods (24, 36 and 48 h). The High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD) investigation of the extracts revealed that the ungerminated sorghum grains extracted with methanol had the highest diversity of phenolic compounds, while the total phenolic content (TPC) was the highest after 36 h of germination in both extract types: 1853 mg GAE/100 g for the methanolic extract and 1726 mg GAE/100 g for the ethanolic extract. The findings of this study showed that the TPC of sorghum extracts is strongly correlated with their antioxidant activity and, overall, that the studied extracts presented a good radical scavenger activity, which supports the benefits of alimentary uses of Sorghum bicolor grains.

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Bioactive Phenolic Metabolites from Adriatic Brown Algae Dictyota dichotoma and Padina pavonica (Dictyotaceae)

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10061187 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1187

Author(s):

Ivana Generalić Mekinić ◽

Vida Šimat ◽

Viktorija Botić ◽

Anita Crnjac ◽

Marina Smoljo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Total Phenolics ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Principal Component ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Dictyota Dichotoma ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Sample Data ◽

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽

The Individual

In this study, the influences of temperature (20, 40 and 60 °C) and extraction solvents (water, ethanol) on the ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolics from the Adriatic macroalgae Dictyota dichotoma and Padina pavonica were studied. The extracts were analysed for major phenolic sub-groups (total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins) using spectrometric methods, while the individual phenolics were detected by HPLC. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using three methods: Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP), scavenging of the stabile 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and Oxygen Radical Antioxidant Capacity (ORAC). The aim of the study was also to find the connection between the chemical composition of the extracts and their biological activity. Therefore, principal component analysis (PCA), which permits simple representation of different sample data and better visualisation of their correlations, was used. Higher extraction yields of the total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins were obtained using an alcoholic solvent, while a general conclusion about the applied temperature was not established. These extracts also showed good antioxidant activity, especially D. dichotoma extracts, with high reducing capacity (690–792 mM TE) and ORAC values (38.7–40.8 mM TE in 400-fold diluted extracts). The PCA pointed out the significant influence of flavonoids and tannins on the investigated properties. The results of this investigation could be interesting for future studies dealing with the application of these two algae in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

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Optimising Conditions for Encapsulation of Salacia chinensis Root Extract enriched with Phenolic Compounds

Current Nutraceuticals ◽

10.2174/2665978602666210805094012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 02 ◽

Author(s):

Thanh V. Ngo ◽

Christopher J. Scarlett ◽

Michael C. Bowyer ◽

Rebecca McCullum ◽

Quan V. Vuong

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Feed Rate ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Inlet Temperature ◽

Root Extract ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Dried Extract ◽

Drying Conditions

Background: S. chinensis extract contains bioactive compounds, which exhibit high antioxidant activities. However, for commercial uses, it is necessary to encapsulate the extract to protect it from degradation. Objective: This study aimed to optimise spray-drying conditions and then compare with freeze-drying to identify the most suitable conditions for encapsulation of Salacia chinensis L. root extract. Method: Three factors of spray-drying encapsulation, including maltodextrin concentration, inlet temperature and feed rate, have been tested for the impacts on the physical and phytochemical properties of S. chinensis root extract. Based on the optimal conditions, the spray-drying was then compared with freeze-drying. Results: The results showed that maltodextrin concentration, inlet temperature and feed rate had significant impacts on recovery yield, phenolics, mangiferin and antioxidant activity of the spray-dried extract. The optimal spray-drying encapsulation conditions were maltodextrin concentration of 20 %, inlet temperature of 130ºC and feed rate of 9 mL/min. Under these optimal conditions, the encapsulated extract had comparable solubility, total phenolics, mangiferin, and antioxidant activity, lower bulk density, moisture content, and water activity as compared to encapsulated extract made using the freeze-drying technique. These optimal spray-drying conditions are recommended to encapsulate the extract of S. chinensis root. Conclusion: Spray-drying was found to be more effective for encapsulation of S. chinensis root extract than freeze-drying. Therefore, spray-drying is recommended for further applications.

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Effect of extraction method on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of mistletoe extracts from Viscum album subsp. abietis

Chemical Papers ◽

10.2478/s11696-013-0524-4 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 68 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Wioleta Pietrzak ◽

Renata Nowak ◽

Marta Olech

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Total Content ◽

Viscum Album ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Solvent Mixtures ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Extraction Technology ◽

Considerable Saving

AbstractThe total content of polyphenols and flavonoids determined in the same plant and their corresponding antioxidant activities may vary widely, depending on the extraction conditions applied. This study was conducted to optimise the extraction conditions of phenolics and flavonoids from the mistletoe plant. Various extraction methods, i.e. ultrasound-assisted extraction technology, maceration, maceration with stirring, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and extraction under reflux were evaluated for their percentage extraction of polyphenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) from Viscum album subsp. abietis. In addition, the anti-radical activity of extracts was analysed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. The effects of temperature, solvent type, and concentration on the phenolic extraction efficiency and antioxidant activity were studied using chemometric and statistical methods. The results showed that the extracts of V. album subsp. abietis contained large amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids (up to 57.673 mg g−1 and 9.955 mg g−1 of dry extract, respectively) and exhibited potent antioxidant activity, hence representing promising sources of powerful antioxidants. Due to its high extraction efficiency and considerable saving of time and solvent, ASE was more effective than the other extraction techniques. Extracts prepared with water-polar solvent mixtures displayed the highest TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity, while organic polar solvents were the least efficient extractants.

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Antioxidant Capacity and Antigenotoxic Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Extracts Obtained with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Process

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10020560 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 560

Author(s):

Gregorio Iván Peredo Pozos ◽

Mario Alberto Ruiz-López ◽

Juan Francisco Zamora Nátera ◽

Carlos Álvarez Moya ◽

Lucia Barrientos Ramírez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Human Lymphocytes ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ultrasound Assisted ◽

Antigenotoxic Effect

Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) is in high demand worldwide due to its beneficial health properties owing to the polyphenols content, mainly in the flower calyx. The objective of this study was to find the best conditions (time and liquid: solid ratio) to extract polyphenols from Roselle using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) (40 kHz, 180 W), with ethanol how solvent; as well as determine the yield of phenols, anthocyanin, flavonoids, tannins, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and antigenotoxic effect (comet assay). A traditional solid-liquid extraction was applied as a reference. Extraction times of 40 and 60 min resulted in the highest polyphenols (13.019 mg GAE/g dry weight (dw)), flavonoids (4.981 CE/g dw), anthocyanins (1.855 mg Cya3GE/g dw), and tannins (0.745 CE/g dw) recoveries and an antioxidant activity (DPPH) of 74.58%. Extracts from white calyces contained similar amounts of phenols and flavonoids, but very little condensed tannins (0.049 CE/g dw) and practically no anthocyanins. Extracts from red and white calyces, showed antigenotoxic activity and repaired capacity of damage caused by mutagens in human lymphocytes.

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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Pteris cretica L.: Process Optimization, HPLC Analysis, and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8100425 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 425 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mengyang Hou ◽

Wenzhong Hu ◽

Aosheng Wang ◽

Zhilong Xiu ◽

Yusheng Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Total Flavonoids ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Pteris Cretica ◽

Nitric Oxide Radical ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted ◽

Ic50 Values

In the present work, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of total flavonoids (TF) from Pteris cretica L. was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) on the basis of a single-factor experiment. The optimized UAE parameters were as follows: Ethanol concentration 56.74%, extraction time 45.94 min, extraction temperature 74.27 °C, and liquid/solid ratio 33.69 mL/g. Under the optimized conditions, the total flavonoids yield (TFY) was 4.71 ± 0.04%, which was higher than that obtained by heat reflux extraction (HRE). The extracts were further analyzed by HPLC, and five major flavonoids, including rutin, quercitrin, luteolin, apigenin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside, were identified and quantified. Furthermore, the results of the antioxidant test showed that the TF extract obtained under optimized UAE conditions exhibited good 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS+•), nitric oxide radical (NO•) scavenging activities, and ferrous ion (Fe2+) chelating capacity, with IC50 values of 74.49, 82.92, 89.12, and 713.41 µg/mL, respectively. Results indicated that the UAE technique developed in this work was an efficient, rapid, and simple approach for the extraction of flavonoids with antioxidant activity from P. cretica.

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Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomic Profiling of Australian Indigenous Fruits

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo10030114 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 114 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vuanghao Lim ◽

Sara Ghorbani Gorji ◽

Venea Dara Daygon ◽

Melissa Fitzgerald

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Principal Component ◽

Targeted Metabolomics ◽

Indigenous Australian ◽

Indigenous Fruits ◽

Fruit Samples

Selected Australian native fruits such as Davidson’s plum, finger lime and native pepperberry have been reported to demonstrate potent antioxidant activity. However, comprehensive metabolite profiling of these fruits is limited, therefore the compounds responsible are unknown, and further, the compounds of nutritional value in these native fruits are yet to be described. In this study, untargeted and targeted metabolomics were conducted using the three fruits, together with assays to determine their antioxidant activities. The results demonstrate that targeted free and hydrolysed protein amino acids exhibited high amounts of essential amino acids. Similarly, important minerals like potassium were detected in the fruit samples. In antioxidant activity, Davidson’s plum reported the highest activity in ferric reducing power (FRAP), finger lime in antioxidant capacity (ABTS), and native pepperberry in free radical scavenging (DPPH) and phosphomolybdenum assay. The compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity were tentatively identified using untargeted GC×GC-TOFMS and UHPLC-QqQ-TOF-MS/MS metabolomics. A clear discrimination into three clusters of fruits was observed using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The correlation study identified a number of compounds that provide the antioxidant activities. GC×GC-TOFMS detected potent aroma compounds of limonene, furfural, and 1-R-α-pinene. Based on the untargeted and targeted metabolomics, and antioxidant assays, the nutritional potential of these Australian bush fruits is considerable and supports these indigenous fruits in the nutraceutical industry as well as functional ingredients for the food industry, with such outcomes benefiting Indigenous Australian communities.

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The Effects of Extraction Conditions on Extraction Yield and Syringin Content in Producing Standardized Tinospora crispa Aqueous Extract with High Antioxidant Activity

Asian Food Science Journal ◽

10.9734/afsj/2021/v20i430291 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 106-120

Author(s):

Zamree Md Shah ◽

Mohd Kamal Nik Hasan ◽

Khairul Kamilah Abdul Kadir ◽

Mohd Shahidan Mohd Arshad ◽

Zulkhairi Amom

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

High Antioxidant Activity ◽

Optimized Conditions

The herbal plant known as Tinospora crispa is reported to have many beneficial effects on health and has great potential in future to be developed as a health product either in the form of traditional medicine, food supplements or in pharmaceutical preparations. However, so far knowledge on processing procedures to produce quality standardized extracts of this plant to be used in product development has still not widely reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the optimal extraction conditions for producing a standardized T. crispa aqueos extract (STCAE) with high extraction yield and high syringin content. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various extraction conditions involving temperature (25–100 ° C), extraction time (0.5–6 hours) and liquid (water) to solid ratio (5: 1–25: 1 ml of solvent per g stem dry). Using optimized conditions obtained, the extract was standardized based on syringin and was further investigated on its antioxidant activity through DPPH, FRAP and TBA bioassays. Results revealed that the optimum extraction conditions were found to be 1 h extraction time and 15:1 ml g−1 liquid-to-solid ratio. For the extraction temperature, 60°C was found to be the best. STCAE was produced on the basis of the extract to contain with at least 0.4 wt% of syringin. STCAE was found to possess high antioxidant activities through DPPH, FRAP and TBA bioassays.

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Comparison of Functional Components and Antioxidant Activity of Lycium barbarum L. Fruits from Different Regions in China

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24122228 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (12) ◽

pp. 2228 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Youyuan Lu ◽

Sheng Guo ◽

Fang Zhang ◽

Hui Yan ◽

Da-Wei Qian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Functional Foods ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Carotenoid ◽

Lycium Barbarum ◽

Phenolic Components ◽

Functional Components ◽

Zeaxanthin Dipalmitate ◽

Β Carotene

The fruit of Lycium barbarum L. (FLB) has been used as medicines and functional foods for more than 2000 years in East Asia. In this study, carotenoid, phenolic, flavonoid, and polysaccharide contents as well as the antioxidant activities of FLB from 13 different regions in China from a total of 78 samples were analyzed. The results showed that total carotenoid contents ranged from 12.93 to 25.35 mg β-carotene equivalents/g DW. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate was the predominant carotenoid (4.260–10.07 mg/g DW) in FLB. The total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total polysaccharide contents ranged from 6.899 to 8.253 mg gallic acid equivalents/g DW, 3.177 to 6.144 mg rutin equivalents/g DW, and 23.62 to 42.45 mg/g DW, respectively. Rutin content ranged from 0.1812 to 0.4391 mg/g DW, and ferulic acid content ranged from 0.0994 to 0.1726 mg/g DW. All of these FLB could be divided into two clusters with PCA analysis, and both individual carotenoids and total carotenoid contents could be used as markers for regional characterization. The phenolic components were the main substance for the antioxidant activity of FLB. Considering the functional component and antioxidant activities, FLB produced in Guyuan of Ningxia was the closest to Daodi herbs (Zhongwei of Ningxia), which is commercially available high quality FLB. The results of this study could provide guidance for comprehensive applications of FLB production in different regions.

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Aroma Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Alpinia zerumbet

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1701200842 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1934578X1701200 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eisuke Kuraya ◽

Rui Yamashiro ◽

Akiko Touyama ◽

Shina Nakada ◽

Kenta Watanabe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Volatile Compound ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Principal Component ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Individual Plant ◽

Future Production

The essential oil of A. zerumbet, obtained from the leaves through steam distillation, has a distinct aroma and shows antioxidant activity. In this study, we evaluated the yields, antioxidant activity, and volatile compound composition of essential oils extracted from the leaves of A. zerumbet to better understand how these characteristics may vary among individual plants, and how they may differ with location of growth and season in which leaves are harvested. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that chemical composition in each individual plant was not affected by harvest season or growth area. Furthermore, GC/MS and antioxidant activity assays revealed that although the antioxidant activity and yield of these essential oils differed significantly between individual plants and collecting seasons, there was a strong inverse correlation between the yields of essential oils and their antioxidant activity. The yield, the major volatile compound compositions, the enantiomeric ratio of the few monoterpenes, and the antioxidant activities of A. zerumbet essential oil varied significantly among individual plants, and probably reflected the genetic variability within the species. This suggests the plausibility of selecting lineages of A. zerumbet to optimize future production of valuable essential oils.

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