Potentiometric E-Tongue System for Geosmin/Isoborneol Presence Monitoring in Drinkable Water

A potentiometric E-tongue system based on low-selective polymeric membrane and chalcogenide-glass electrodes is employed to monitor the taste-and-odor-causing pollutants, geosmin (GE) and 2-methyl-isoborneol (MIB), in drinkable water. The developed approach may permit a low-cost monitoring of these compounds in concentrations near the odor threshold concentrations (OTCs) of 20 ng/L. The experiments demonstrate the success of the E-tongue in combination with partial least squares (PLS) regression technique for the GE/MIB concentration prediction, showing also the possibility to discriminate tap water samples containing these compounds at two concentration levels: the same OTC order from 20 to 100 ng/L and at higher concentrations from 0.25 to 10 mg/L by means of PLS-discriminant analysis (DA) method. Based on the results, developed multisensory system can be considered a promising easy-to-handle tool for express evaluation of GE/MIB species and to provide a timely detection of alarm situations in case of extreme pollution before the drinkable water is delivered to end users.

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Effect of Wastewater on the Soil and Irrigation Process: A Laboratory Study

10.21523/gcj5.17010105 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 46-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Athar Hussain ◽

Manjeeta Priyadarshi ◽

Saif Said ◽

Suraj Negi

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Tap Water ◽

Sewage Treatment ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Sewage Treatment Plant ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Surface Water Resources ◽

Industrial Sewage ◽

Concentration Levels

Most of the industrial sewage effluents used for irrigation contains heavy metals which cause toxicity to crop plants as the soils are able to accumulate heavy metal for many years. The vegetables grown for the present study were irrigated with treated wastewater brought from a nearby full-scale sewage treatment plant at different compositions along with tap water as a control. The concentration levels of the Cd, Co, Cu, Mn and Zn in the soil were found to below the toxic limits as prescribed in literature. Daily Intake Metals (DIM) values suggest that the consumption of plants grown in treated wastewater and tap water is nearly free of risks, as the dietary intake limits of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn. The Enrichment Factor for the treated wastewater irrigated soil was found in order Zn> Ni> Pb> Cr> Cu> Co> Mn> Cd. Thus, treated wastewater can be effectively used for irrigation. This will have twofold significant environmental advantages: (1) helpful to reduce the groundwater usage for irrigation and (2) helpful to reduce the stress on surface water resources.

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Characterization of a Polymeric Membrane for the Separation of Hydrogen in a Mixture with CO2

The Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal ◽

10.2174/1876973x01609010126 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 126-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dionisio H. Malagón-Romero ◽

Alexander Ladino ◽

Nataly Ortiz ◽

Liliana P. Green

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Hydrogen Production ◽

Test Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Time Lag ◽

Polymeric Membrane ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Environmentally Sustainable ◽

Production Of Hydrogen

Hydrogen is expected to play an important role as a clean, reliable and renewable energy source. A key challenge is the production of hydrogen in an economically and environmentally sustainable way on an industrial scale. One promising method of hydrogen production is via biological processes using agricultural resources, where the hydrogen is found to be mixed with other gases, such as carbon dioxide. Thus, to separate hydrogen from the mixture, it is challenging to implement and evaluate a simple, low cost, reliable and efficient separation process. So, the aim of this work was to develop a polymeric membrane for hydrogen separation. The developed membranes were made of polysulfone via phase inversion by a controlled evaporation method with 5 wt % and 10 wt % of polysulfone resulting in thicknesses of 132 and 239 micrometers, respectively. Membrane characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and ASTM D882 tensile test. Performance was characterized using a 23 factorial experiment using the time lag method, comparing the results with those from gas chromatography (GC). As a result, developed membranes exhibited dense microstructures, low values of RMS roughness, and glass transition temperatures of approximately 191.75 °C and 190.43 °C for the 5 wt % and 10 wt % membranes, respectively. Performance results for the given membranes showed a hydrogen selectivity of 8.20 for an evaluated gas mixture 54% hydrogen and 46% carbon dioxide. According to selectivity achieved, H2 separation from carbon dioxide is feasible with possibilities of scalability. These results are important for consolidating hydrogen production from biological processes.

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Encapsulation of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Lipid Micro/Nanoparticles for Oral Administration by Spray-Cooling

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13081186 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1186

Author(s):

Carmen S. Favaro-Trindade ◽

Fernando E. de Matos Junior ◽

Paula K. Okuro ◽

João Dias-Ferreira ◽

Amanda Cano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Administration ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Low Cost ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽

Spray Cooling ◽

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽

Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽

Taste And Odor ◽

Cooling Technology ◽

Simple Technology

Nanoencapsulation via spray cooling (also known as spray chilling and spray congealing) has been used with the aim to improve the functionality, solubility, and protection of drugs; as well as to reduce hygroscopicity; to modify taste and odor to enable oral administration; and many times to achieve a controlled release profile. It is a relatively simple technology, it does not require the use of low-cost solvents (mostly associated to toxicological risk), and it can be applied for lipid raw materials as excipients of oral pharmaceutical formulations. The objective of this work was to revise and discuss the advances of spray cooling technology, with a greater emphasis on the development of lipid micro/nanoparticles to the load of active pharmaceutical ingredients for oral administration.

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Removal of Cyanide-Contaminated Water by Vetiver Grasses

Modern Applied Science ◽

10.5539/mas.v9n13p252 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (13) ◽

pp. 252 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Piyada Wachirawongsakorn ◽

Tongsai Jamnongkan ◽

Mohd Talib Latif

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Survival Rate ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Removal Efficiency ◽

Water Samples ◽

Low Cost ◽

Contaminated Water ◽

Vetiver Grass ◽

Vetiveria Zizanioides ◽

Concentration Levels

Vetiver grass and it usages have been widely investigated in many researches as the preferred plant species due to its known efficiency, low cost, the ease of availability and spread. This research aimed to use four different vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) ecotypes to remove cyanide (CN-)-contaminated water for improve its quality. Growth capability, tolerance and removal efficiency were evaluated. The results showed that the vetiver grass had a 100% survival rate for one month after planting. Songkhlar3 had the longest leaves, followed by Surat-Thani, Sri Lanka and Monto, respectively. Root lengths of all ecotypes showed no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). All vetiver grass ecotypes could potentially purify CN--contaminated water at lower concentrations of ≤ 35 mg CN-/L. The Monto ecotype had the highest CN- removal efficiency at all CN- concentration levels, showing 100% CN- removal from the 5-45 mg CN-/L contaminated water samples within 2-5 weeks growth. The tolerance of vetiver grass to CN- was a more important factor than growth rate when selecting a vetiver grass ecotype for CN- phytoremediation.

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Impacts of temperature alteration on the drinking water quality stored in plastic bottles

Applied Water Science ◽

10.1007/s13201-021-01505-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Abdelkader T. Ahmed ◽

Mohammed Emad ◽

Mohammed A. Bkary

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Tap Water ◽

Research Work ◽

Bottled Water ◽

Physiochemical Parameters ◽

Heating Water ◽

Long Time ◽

The Impact ◽

Concentration Levels

AbstractMany people prefer to drink bottled water instead off the tap water. The bottled water is stored in the plastic bottles sometimes for long time. These plastic bottles might leach out some harmful materials into the water especially when exposed to temperature alteration, which may affect human health. This research work focused on investigating the effect of changing temperature on the bottled water quality. The work studied the effect of heating water in plastic bottles by sun, oven, and microwave. The study included also the impact of cooling and freezing the bottled waters. Results showed that temperature alterations caused changes in some physicochemical properties of bottled waters such as decreasing the values of pH and TDS and increasing levels of fluoride and chloride. In addition, the concentration levels of some physiochemical parameters exceeded the permissible values for drinking water. With temperature alterations, all levels of heavy metals in bottled waters were minimal except some small concentrations of copper and zinc. Results confirmed also differences in behavior between the bottled water brands exposed to the same temperature alterations. Heating bottled waters above 50 °C is alarming problem on the water quality. This is because above this degree, many alternations were observed in the water content. The outcomes of this work are useful for improving the current legislation on bottled waters and their storage.

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Ultra-low cost cotton based solar evaporation device for seawater desalination and waste water purification to produce drinkable water

Desalination ◽

10.1016/j.desal.2019.01.017 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 456 ◽

pp. 85-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Higgins M. Wilson ◽

Shakeelur Rahman A.R. ◽

Ankita E. Parab ◽

Neetu Jha

Keyword(s):

Waste Water ◽

Water Purification ◽

Low Cost ◽

Seawater Desalination ◽

Drinkable Water

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FINE PARTICLE REMOVAL USING HYDROPHOBIC MICROPOROUS POLYMERIC MEMBRANES

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v81.12541 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Anita Kusuma Wardani ◽

Ivan Ivan ◽

Ivan Ruben Darmawan ◽

Khoiruddin Khoiruddin ◽

I Gede Wenten

Keyword(s):

Removal Efficiency ◽

Fine Particle ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Low Cost ◽

Polymeric Membrane ◽

Particle Removal ◽

Air Filtration ◽

Air Filter ◽

Aerodynamic Properties ◽

The World

The air quality in the world has been worsening in the last decades due to industrial, vehicle, cigarettes smoke, forest fire, and fuel usage. In this case, fine particles are the world’s greatest concern due to its aerodynamic properties which enable it to travel throughout the world. The current conventional technologies seem to have lost their reliability due to complexity, low removal efficiency, and high equipment cost. Membrane air filter brings new hope to answer this challenge. It gives high removal efficiency with an acceptable pressure drop to fulfill the need for clean air at a lower price. Recently, the introduction of nanofibre membrane as a low-cost membrane may broaden membrane application in air filtration. Compared to conventional membrane, nanofibre membrane offers some interesting features such as higher porosity, interconnected pore structure, and narrow pore size distribution that provide remarkable permeability. In this paper, the microporous polymeric membrane for air filtration especially for fine particles removal is reviewed including mechanism of fine particle removal, membrane preparation, and factor affecting filtration performance.

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Determination of Se4+ in Drinkable Water by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/83.5.1082 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 83 (5) ◽

pp. 1082-1086 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maurizio Guidotti

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Solid Phase Microextraction ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Tap Water ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Relative Standard ◽

Drinkable Water

Abstract A method was developed for the selective determination of Se4+ in drinkable water by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Se4+ was selectively derivatized to ethane, 1,1′-selenobis by reaction with sodium tetraethylborate, extracted by the SPME fiber, and determined by GC/MS. Both headspace (HS)–SPME and direct SPME were studied. The method requires only a few milliliters of sample and 20 min for completion. At 2.0 μg/L concentration, the relative standard deviation was 10.1% for HS–SPME and 9.1% for direct SPME. For HS–SPME, the theoretical detection limit was 81 ng/L and 166 ng/L for direct SPME. The recovery rate was 95%. The method was used to determine Se4+ in 10 tap water samples.

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Development of a closed loop stripping analysis using solid-phase microextraction to analyze geosmin and MIB in drinking water

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2006.800 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 167-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

I.H. (Mel) Suffet ◽

A. Bruchet ◽

C.C. Young

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Solid Phase Microextraction ◽

Closed Loop ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Statistical Design ◽

Stripping Analysis ◽

Taste And Odor ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

The Individual ◽

Concentration Levels

A novel analytical method, solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with closed loop stripping analysis (CLSA), was introduced for the analysis of MIB and geosmin at nanogram per liter concentration levels. The optimum CLSA/SPME analysis conditions of 65 °C, 60-minute extraction time, and 0.5 M sodium sulfate were determined from a statistical design. The individual Kfw of MIB and geosmin from CLSA/SPME method was 4.21 and 4.85, and resulted an order of magnitude greater than the Kfw obtained from direct SPME method. A detection limit of 10 ng/L of MIB and geosmin was achieved by GC-MS with CLSA/SPME with a polyacrylate phase. Overall, CLSA/SPME provides a fast, solvent-free, and less labor intensive method compared to the standard CLSA. The CLSA/SPME method is a valuable alternative method for the analysis of taste-and-odor causing compounds in drinking water.

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Investigation on surface charasteristics of uncalcinated and calcinated mussel shells

New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Advances Pure and Applied Sciences ◽

10.18844/gjapas.v0i9.3016 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 52-57

Author(s):

Sahra Dandil

Keyword(s):

Tap Water ◽

Low Cost ◽

Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽

Surface Characteristics ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Small Particles ◽

Mussel Shell ◽

Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Seafood Industry ◽

Mussel Shells

In recent years, developing economical adsorbents to treat with different types of pollutants has attracted great interest. Waste mussel shells are common wastes produced by the seafood industry. They have some advantages over conventional process such as simplicity of design and low cost. In this study, the uncalcinated and calcinated mussel shells were characterisated for their surface characteristics. Mussel shells washed with tap water several times followed by distilled water and dried at 105°C for 12 hours in an oven. They were powdered to small particles and calcined at 900°C for 2 hours. The sample was finely ground into small particles of different sizes, washed with distilled water and dried overnight at 105°C. And then, the sample was calcined at a heating rate of 2°C/min to 400°C and maintaned at this temperature for 4 hours.The calcined and uncalcined mussel shell samples were characterised by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Zeta potential mesaurements. The results indicated that calcination studies improved the surface charasteristics of the mussel shells and that the calcinated mussel shells can be used in adsorption studies as a novel low-cost, eco-friendly biosorbent efficiently Keywords: Adsorption, calcination, characterization, mussel shell.

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