scholarly journals Efficiency of Private Household Sand Filters in Removing Nutrients and Microbes from Wastewater in Finland

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kati Martikainen ◽  
Anna-Maria Veijalainen ◽  
Eila Torvinen ◽  
Helvi Heinonen-Tanski ◽  
Ari Kauppinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Private Household ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Private Households ◽  
Bathing Water Directive ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
One Year

Sand filters have been shown to be an economic and effective solution for wastewater treatment in private households, although the removal of phosphorus (P) may be insufficient. However, P removal can be improved by adding a P-adsorbing material, such as biotite, into the sand filters. The physico-chemical characteristics and the microbial quality of the effluents of family-scale sand filters without adsorbing media (SF), sand filters with a biotite layer (B), and sand filters with a modular filter (MB) were followed for one year. Sand filters with a biotite layer displayed the highest capacity to remove nitrogen (N) and biological oxygen demand BOD7. The efficiency of these filters did not depend on the age of the filter or the season. The P load of the effluent did not differ between sand filters with and without a biotite layer, but the modular sand filter failed to adequately reduce P. The treatment efficiency of sand filters without biotite decreased with increasing age. These private household sand filters can be a good way to treat domestic wastewaters, since these generally comply with the minimum requirements of a Finnish Decree (157/2017). However, enteric viruses (noro- and adenoviruses) were commonly found in the effluents, and the numbers of Escherichia coli were often above 103 colony forming units (CFU) 100 mL−1 (limit for the the EU Bathing Water Directive 2006/7/EC) for good water quality), signifying a risk of microbial contamination of nearby drinking water wells, as well as bathing and irrigation waters.

scholarly journals Information Entropy for Evaluation of Wastewater Composition

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Praus
Keyword(s):  
Information Entropy ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Weighted Index ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Shannon Information Entropy ◽  
Simple Additive Weighting ◽  
Entropy Weighted ◽  
One Year

The composition of wastewaters collected during one year was evaluated based on the Shannon information entropy. Eleven physico-chemical parameters, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved salts (TDS), pH, ammonium, phosphate, cyanide and phenol, were determined for their characterization. Entropy of the parameters calculated by means of their histograms decreased in the order: phosphate > ammonium > TDS > TN > pH > BOD > COD > TSS > TP > phenol > cyanide. Entropy weights of the parameters were calculated for the evaluation of wastewater composition by means of the entropy weighted index (EWI) defined according to the simple additive weighting (SAW) model. The EWI values were statistically processed by us to observe temporal wastewater composition changes and were verified by means of the principal component weighted index (PCWI). The EWI values were statistically analyzed by univariate statistics. The outlaying samples were also confirmed by multivariate analysis. The entropy-based approach allowed us to simply evaluate wastewater composition by means of one index instead of several parameters. The main advantage of EWI is the simple histogram-based calculation of entropy with no need of the normal distribution of the used parameters.

DECOLOURIZATION AND COD REMOVAL OF WASEWATER FROM ETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM MOLASSES BY COAGULANTION USING INORGANIC ALUM

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-102
Author(s):  
Trung Duc Le
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Treatment Step ◽  
Main Material

The industrial production of ethanol by fermentation using molasses as main material that generates large quantity of wastewater. This wastewater contains high levels of colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD), that may causes serious environmental pollution. Most available treatment processes in Vietnam rely on biological methods, which often fail to treat waste water up to discharge standard. As always, it was reported that quality of treated wastewater could not meet Vietnameses discharge standard. So, it is necessary to improve the treatment efficiency of whole technological process and therefore, supplemental physico-chemical treatment step before biodegradation stage should be the appropriate choice. This study was carried out to assess the effect of coagulation process on decolourization and COD removal in molasses-based ethanol production wastewater using inorganic coaglutant under laboratory conditions. The experimental results showed that the reductions of COD and colour with the utilization of Al2(SO4)3 at pH 9.5 were 83% and 70%, respectively. Mixture FeSO4 – Al2(SO4)3 at pH 8.5 reduced 82% of colour and 70% of COD. With the addition of Polyacrylamide (PAM), the reduction efficiencies of colour, COD and turbidity by FeSO4 – Al2(SO4)3 were 87%, 73.1% and 94.1% correspondingly. It was indicated that PAM significantly reduced the turbidity of wastewater, however it virtually did not increase the efficiencies of colour and COD reduction. Furthermore, the coagulation processes using PAM usually produces a mount of sludge which is hard to be deposited.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND SOME HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION ANALYSES ON THREE COMMON SPECIES OF FISH IN TUNGAN KAWO RESERVOIR KONTAGORA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-232
Author(s):  
Mohammed Jr. Kinta ◽  
A. V. Ayanwale ◽  
U. N. Keke ◽  
Y. I. Auta ◽  
B. S. Adama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Fish Samples

Developing countries like Nigeria are faced with increased in generation of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes, with a large percentage moving. This study evaluates the physico-chemical and some heavy metals concentration in three common species of fish from Tungan Kawo reservoir Kontagora, Nigeria; using standard methods between (July 2018 – February 2019); at four different sampling stations of human activities on the water. Five heavy metals were evaluated (Lead, Copper, Manganese, Iron and Chromium) in the fish samples. Phosphate (0.4 – 2.5) mg/L, Nitrate (3.2 – 7.5) mg/L, Temperature (27 – 32.4) 0C, Dissolved Oxygen (2.4 – 5.2 mg/L), Conductivity (81 – 125 µS/cm), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (1.9 – 4.4 mg/L), Alkalinity (mg/L) and Total Dissolved Solids (117 – 198) ppm were within the standard for drinking water and survival of fish.  However, the pH (6.3 – 9.8) was above the standard for NIS and WHO drinking water but can support aquatic life. Iron (0.64 ± 0.072 mg/kg) was the most highly concentrated in Synodontis clarias while lead (0.01 ± 0.013 mg/kg) was the lowest in Oreochromis niloticus and Coptidon zillii (formerly Tilapia zillii. This current finding indicates that the water is safe for both aquatic life and domestic purpose but not suitable for direct human consumption without being properly treated. However, there is the need for regular monitoring of the heavy metals load in this water body and the aquatic organisms because of the long term effects

scholarly journals Cladoceran abundance in relation to water quality parameters of Chakki Talab, Bodhan, Telangana

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasudha Lingampally ◽  
V.R. Solanki ◽  
D. L. Anuradha ◽  
Sabita Raja
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
One Year

In the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate water quality and related density of Cladocerans for a period of one year, October 2015 to September 2016. Water quality parameters such as temperature, PH, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total alkalinity, total hardness, chlorides, phosphates, and nitrates are presented here to relate with the abundance of Cladocerans. The Cladoceran abundance reflects the eutrophic nature of the Chakki talab.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Physicochemical Characteristics of Surface Water from Orashi River, Rivers State, Southern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
Onisogen Simeon Edori ◽  
Enize Simeon Edori
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Drinking Purposes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year ◽  
Rivers State

Water samples were collected from four different stations bimonthly from the Orashi River for a period of one year. The samples were collected from the shores of selected communities along the Engenni axis of the river. The samples were treated and analyzed according to standard laboratory and analytical procedures for water physicochemical parameters. The parameters examined were pH, Salinity, chlorides (Cl-), Conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrates (NO3-), sulphate (SO42-) and phosphates (PO43-). The results showed that the mean values of the evaluated parameters were; pH (6.91±0.11), salinity (9.79±0.27 mg/L), Cl (6.25±0.25 mg/L), conductivity (29.66±1.20 µS/cm), TDS (17.66±2.08 mg/L), TSS (16.83±1.15 mg/L), turbidity (11.84±1.50 mg/L), temperature (28.16±0.12 oC), DO (5.91±0.18 mg/L), BOD (7.30±0.60 mg/L), COD (9.41±0.70 mg/L), NO3- (3.42±0.27 mg/L), SO42- (1.15±0.56 mg/L) and PO43- (15.65±5.76 mg/L). The results of the different parameters showed that all of them fall within the WHO acceptable limit except turbidity, DO and BOD that were not within the recommended range, then COD and phosphates that were either within or above the recommended values at different instances. Based on the findings of this work, the water may not be particularly suitable for drinking purposes, but can be used for other household functions that do not require consumption and also for irrigation. Keywords: water, physicochemical property, human activity, environment, contamination

scholarly journals SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF THE ZAPADNA MORAVA RIVER WATER QUALITY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nebojša Đ. Pantelic ◽  
◽  
Jana S. Štrbacki ◽  
Goran Markovic ◽  
Jelena B. Popovic-Đorđevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Chemical Status ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Morava River

The water samples collected from four localities of the middle course of the Zapadna Morava River during 2020 were analyzed via the selected physico-chemical parameters with the aim to estimate the quality of surface water. According to the results of selected physico-chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand), analyzed surface water show a good chemical status, while the values of nutrient content (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium ion, total phosphorus) indicated the poor chemical status especially at the locality 4 probably due to the outflow of wastewater from the city of Čačak as well as from the influence of the polluted water of the Čemernica River.

scholarly journals Photocatalytic decontamination of pharmaceutical effluent in a double tube reactor by ZnO catalyst. Physico chemical characterization and optimization. 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. NAITALI ◽  
H GHOUALEM
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Photo Catalysis ◽  
Tube Reactor ◽  
Physico Chemical

Abstract This work focused on the study of the elimination of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (diclofenac) using heterogeneous photo catalysis as a treatment.The study investigated the effect of parameters (catalyst concentration, initial diclofenac concentration, ratio r r = . and volume flow) on the photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac. The analyses performed are pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, surface tension, chemical oxygen demand, nitrite and diclofenac concentration.The study showed that: The heterogeneous photo catalytic degradation is influenced by :The concentration of the ZnO catalyst; The concentration of 1.5 g/L gives a better degradation in diclofenac with a percentage of elimination of 52%; The initial concentration of diclofenac; The concentration of 100 mg/L of diclofenac gives a better degradation with a percentage of elimination of 52%; The ratio r = ; The three ratios (1; 5; and 10%) give a total degradation after one hour of treatment; The volume flow rate of 25 mL/s gives a total degradation after one hour of treatment. Optimal conditions for heterogeneous photo-catalysis are : [ZnO] = 1.5 g/L, [diclofenac] = 100 mg/L, Volume flow rate = 25 mL/s For a volume flow rate of 20 mL/s, optimal conditions are met by adding H2O2.

Physico-chemical monitoring of biodegradation of furfural from oil industry effluents from the Arzew refinery (Oran) Algeria

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-675
Author(s):  
Amina-Afaf MOUFFAK
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Chemical Monitoring ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Direct Discharge

Furfural is one of the petroleum products posing a potential danger to the environment and human health. However, the decontamination of these pollutants released into the environment is primarily governed by biodegra-dation processes. This study is based on biodegradation kinetics at increasing concentrations of furfural by natural mixed culture in order to assess the potential of this process in the elimination of furfural from petrochemical effluents from the ARZEW refinery. This biodegradation was measured through physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, con-centration of hydrocarbons, the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemi-cal oxygen demand (BOD5) and the concentration of furfural. The results obtained show at a concentration of 250ppm of injected furfural: a decrease in pH 4.9 and an increase in other parameters (conductivity 3450 μS.cm-1, HC 102 mg / l; furfural 210 ppm, COD 327mg / l, BOD5 98mgO2 / l. The study findings indicated that the injection of these effluents with concentrations greater than 180 ppm leads to values of pH, EC, HC, Furfural, COD, BOD5 which do not comply with direct discharge standards and disrupt biological treatment. The high levels of furfural not only cause a pollution problem but can also disrupt the functioning of bacteria at the biological treatment level. Therefore, dilution with the filtration wash water before switching to biologi-cal treatment is recommended in order to reduce the concentrations below 180 ppm.

Schizophrenic Patients and their Families a Survey in a Psychiatric service based on a DGH Unit

1984 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Gibbons ◽  
S. H. Horn ◽  
J. M. Powell ◽  
J. L. Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Social Performance ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Psychiatric Service ◽  
District General Hospital ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Subjective Distress ◽  
Private Households ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
One Year

SummaryWe identified the population of schizophrenic patients under 65 in a geographically defined area. The number using psychiatric services based on a new District General Hospital unit in the course of one year was 364, a prevalence of 2.2 per 1000 adult population. Half the patients lived in supportive private households, most often with spouses or mothers. More women than men married and retained supporters. Patients and their primary supporters were interviewed separately. The PSE Catego programme classed 47 per cent of patients as psychotic. Supporters reported disturbed behaviour in 65 per cent of patients, and restricted social performance in 78 per cent. There was evidence of hardship (emotional and physical ill-health, problems with children) in 90 per cent of households. Supporters' subjective distress was directly related to the presence of psychosis and disturbed behaviour and inversely related to the duration of the illness. Drop-out and failure to take medication appeared to be causes of the relatively high prevalence of psychosis.

scholarly journals An Overview of River Side Pollutants and their Effects on Physico-Chemical Changes in Water Quality of River Halda, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-834
Author(s):  
Muhammad Towhid Moula ◽  
Ranjit K. Nath ◽  
Mh. Mosfeka Chowdhury ◽  
Md. Abu Bakar Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Total Suspended Solid ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Physico Chemical

Halda is an important river of Bangladesh, is now polluted in different ways through industrial, agricultural, domestic and sewage disposal. Increased anthropogenic activities have increased the potential pollution of the river and excessive pollutants may be toxic to humans and aquatic fauna. Presence of heavy metals in the river water causes perilous impact on the aquatic organisms. Hence, regular monitoring of pollution levels in the river is indispensable. In this study, we discuss about physico-chemical assessments of water quality parameters viz. pH, dissolve oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solid (TS), total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved substance (TDS), total alkalinity, turbidity, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), hardness, chloride and heavy metals in the water of Halda river during rainy and winter seasons, at different points; sources of pollutants in water and their effects given starting from the early research until the current research.

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