Mongolian-Russian diplomatic relations: history and prospects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amarjargal Dashnyam ◽  
Bulgantsetseg Gunchinsharav
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Political Associations ◽  
Heads Of State ◽  
Further Development

The article deals with the history and prospects of the development of diplomatic relations between Mongolia and Russia. It is noted that diplomatic relations between the two states have a long history. The author identifies three main stages in the development of diplomatic relations between the two countries. The first stage was the Soviet one (until 1991). It was during this period that the foundations of cooperation between the two states were laid. At the same time, diplomatic relations were supported by broad cooperation in the economic and military-political spheres. Mongolia and Russia have been acting as allies for a long time. At the same time, the USSR acted as a guarantor of Mongolia's independence. The second stage (1991–2000) is characterized by the cooling of bilateral relations, which was due to the processes that took place in the USSR. The third stage (2000 and up to the present) is characterized by the intensification of diplomatic contacts. This is reflected in the frequency of official visits of the heads of state of Mongolia and Russia, as well as heads of diplomatic departments of Mongolia and Russia. The period of the 2000s. it is characterized by the presence of permanent diplomatic contacts between Mongolia and Russia. Their results are expressed in a number of declarations and agreements on cooperation between countries in various fields. Cross-border cooperation is also actively developing. The author notes that the prospects for further development of diplomatic relations between Mongolia and Russia are dictated by the goals of the foreign policy of both countries. The author notes that Mongolia is characterized by the desire to build equally equal relations with all states. Russia, on the contrary, seeks to build cooperation by attracting new member states to interstate associations of various directions. In particular, Russian diplomacy is making efforts to attract Mongolia to participate in the processes taking place within the framework of Eurasian integration. At the same time, the further development of cooperation is considered by the Russian side from the point of view of deepening the processes of Eurasian integration. At the same time, the Mongolian side, in accordance with the provisions of its foreign policy concept, does not seek to join any political associations. The author concludes that considering the prospects for further development of diplomatic relations between Mongolia and Russia, it is necessary to take into account the differences in approaches to the implementation of foreign policy between the two countries.

scholarly journals The War of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Sukhodolov ◽  
Tuvd Dorj ◽  
Yuriy Kuzmin ◽  
Mikhail Rachkov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Second World

For the first time in Russian historiography, the article draws attention to the connection of the War of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the conclusion of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of 1939. For a long time, historical science considered these two major events in the history of the USSR and history of the world individually, without their historic relationship. The authors made an attempt to provide evidence of this relationship, showing the role that surrounding and defeating the Japanese army at Khalkhin Gol in August 1939 and signing in Moscow of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact played in the history of the world. The study analyzes the foreign policy of the USSR in Europe, the reasons for the failure in the conclusion of the Anglo-Franco-Soviet military union in 1939 and the circumstances of the Pact. It shows the interrelation between the defeat of the Japanese troops at Khalkhin Gol and the need for the Soviet-German treaty. The authors describe the historic consequences of the conclusion of the pact for the further development of the Japanese-German relations and the course of the Second World War. They also present the characteristics of the views of these historical events in the Russian historiography.

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM ON COMMUNICATIVE DESIGN

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
T. O. Gabriyelyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Educational Trajectories ◽  
Graphic Designer ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Training Courses

The article describes the process and the result of a series of seminars "Education of the Future: Communicative Design", held to develop a conceptual model of the educational program on communicative design. The purpose of the seminars was to identify the needs of graphic artists from the point of view of improving the quality and the relevance of education. Goal setting was preceded by a triune problem of mismatch of the existing educational program with modern realities, represented by: the students' vision; a set of competencies; training directions. The methodology to study the current situation is chosen "from the bottom up", when students directly or indirectly describe the educational environment in which they would like to be. To do this, a few weeks before the seminars, participants received background information about what communicative design is in the form of an article and XNUMX keywords (modules) that they had to work with. The first seminar involved the placement of modules for training courses. At the second stage, it was necessary to evaluate the modules according to the relevance of their use in the educational program. At the third stage, which was eventually combined with the fourth, participants had to arrange conditional modules for six specializations (educational trajectories): contemporary art, illustrator, digital designer, graphic designer, art and creative director, motion designer. The result of the seminars was a conceptual model of the educational program on communicative design, presented as a set of conditional modules distributed by training courses and volume (duration) in the context of the educational program. It was also revealed that the educational program on communicative design can and should combine all six specializations (educational trajectories). Only this approach will allow the graduate to become a sought-after specialist in the modern professional environment and the labor market.

scholarly journals Restarting Cuba -USA relations: a “new chapter” in USA relations with Latin America ?

2016 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Jilola Sh. Ulugova
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Cuban American ◽  
Guantanamo Bay ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Standardization Process ◽  
Further Development

The article focuses the attention on the analysis of the changes that face the Cuban-American relations. On December 17, 2014 two leaders announced their decision to restore diplomatic relations after half a century of hostilities. Since then, they have achieved significant progress, but Cuba and USA still have many accounts to pay before the standardization process can be finished. These outstanding issues are the economic blockade of Cuba and the return of Guantanamo Bay under the jurisdiction of the Cuban authorities. However, it is clear that the rapprochement between the old antagonists has removed the stumbling block that for the long time was hindering the inter-American relations.Where will go Cuba-USA relations? Can we say that “restarting” proclaimed by Obama in 2009 is realy im-plemented? Will the two countries overcome the discrepancies that still exist and prevent the further development of promising dialogue? Or USA domestic politics with its sophisticated decision-making mechanism will hinder this process? These are the questions that aims to address the author in the article.

scholarly journals German Foreign Policy in the Face of Current Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-58
Author(s):  
V. B. Belov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Defense Spending ◽  
German Foreign Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Face ◽  
Rapid Restoration

The article analyzes the features of German foreign policy on the eve of the September (2021) elections to the Bundestag and the gradual overcoming of the crisis consequences of the coronavirus pandemic. The priorities of the foreign policy based on the value approach remain the European and transatlantic vectors, as well as relations with the main system-forming international organizations. The postulates of value are prompting Berlin to increasingly intensify criticism of Russia and China, incl. due to the signifi cantly increased, from his point of view, threats in relation to Germany and other states of the collective West. Germany still relies on France in European politics. Their tandem continues to determine the political and economic processes in the European Union, as well as to infl uence the formation of the EU mechanisms for overcoming the coronavirus crisis. Despite the rapid restoration of constructive relations with the new American administration, a number of controversial issues remain in bilateral relations, including defense spending and the economy. In recent years, Germany has been able to strengthen its positions in Europe and the world and expects to strengthen its role as a global actor, especially in international organizations. Nevertheless, the German expert community critically refers to its current foreign policy status quo. The author explores the latest trends in German foreign policy, gives an assessment of its development after elections to the Bundestag, pays special attention to the prospects for relations with the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Some aspects of cultural diplomacy in the framework of bilateral cooperation between France and Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
A. Kussainova ◽  
◽  
L. S. Kalibekova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
World Community ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Mass Consciousness ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
The World ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation ◽  
Further Development

The article analyzes aspects of cultural diplomacy in the framework of humanitarian cooperation between France and Kazakhstan, their importance in establishing diplomatic relations. Certainly, in the context of globalization, the role of cultural diplomacy is growing, the world has turned into a huge information space, where the interconnection and interdependence of the countries of the world community is evidently. Cultural diplomacy is often a means of establishing and developing relations with other states and peoples, as well as a means of selfexpression and positioning a country in the world arena and in the mass consciousness. The main emphasis in the article is given to the sphere of education and culture, their role is determined as a means of deepening bilateral relations between two countries. The strengths and weaknesses of cooperation in this area, as well as prospects for further development are considered. The growing role of cultural diplomacy between countries as a means of deepening bilateral relations is noted.

The Legality of the Use of Force to Recover Occupied Territory

1980 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-179
Author(s):  
Nathan Feinberg
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
Take Back ◽  
Heads Of State

Numerous and complex problems relating to the prohibition of the use of force in international relations have arisen in the protracted Arab-Israel conflict. One of these—and certainly not the least important—is whether there exists any foundation, from a legal point of view, to the claim by the Arab States that the Charter of the United Nations and general international law entitled them to resort to armed force in order to take back the territories occupied by Israel in the Six Day War of 1967. This claim to a right to a military option has been put forward not only in slogans flaunted in fiery speeches by second-rate politicians or extreme party leaders, but by the Heads of State responsible for the formulation of their countries' foreign policy.

MELTING OF THE GLASSLIKE 19-ATOM GOLD CLUSTER

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (05) ◽  
pp. 667-675
Author(s):  
SHI-WEI REN
Keyword(s):  
Central Atom ◽  
Gold Cluster ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Caloric Curve ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

In this paper, the melting behaviors of the glasslike cluster Au 19 are calculated and analyzed by using standard microcanonical molecular-dynamics simulations. The calculated results show a multi-step melting process. The first stage involves the majority of the surface atoms (14 atoms). An interesting phenomenon is that the minority of the surface atoms (4 atoms) are still in a solid-like state. The second stage involves all of the surface atoms. But there are two sites where the atoms stay for a relatively long time. The third stage corresponds to the frequent isomerizations involving all the surface atoms. The final stage consists of isomerization transitions involving all of the atoms, including the central atom of the cluster. The unique melting processes lead to the unique features of the caloric curve, the root-mean-square bond-length fluctuation and the heat capacity of the glasslike Au 19.

scholarly journals THE EVOLUTION OF STUDIES ON SOCIALLY DANGEROUS CONSEQUENCES IN THE NATIONAL DOCTRINE OF CRIMINAL

2019 ◽  
pp. 214-220
Author(s):  
I. Yu. Shcherbinina
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Scientific Thought ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Innovative Work ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Material Concept

This article is dedicated to the evolution of studies on socially dangerous consequences in the national doctrine of criminal law. Scientific views amongst forensic scholars on how to understand the nature of socially dangerous acts of crime on certain stages of the development of criminal law are subject of the present research. It is universally acknowledge that there were no scientific doctrines on the concept of socially dangerous consequences of crime until the XIX century. The dogmatic concepts about criminal consequences emerged only with the introduction of the definition of crime and distinguishment of its features, in particular the material one called “social danger”. Based on the inquiry into the establishment and development of studies on socially dangerous consequences of crime in the national doctrine of criminal law, four main stages in the development of scientific thought are distinguished: the first – so-termed “pre-revolutionary stage” of studies onconsequences of crime – was introduced with the publication of the first textbook on criminal law by O.I. Horegliad; the second stage of the development originates from the end of the October Revolution of 1917, from the period when the material concept of crime took place in legislation and had a determinative influence on the development of scholarly judgements about understanding of the consequences of crime; the third stage in the development of national idea as to the nature of socially dangerous consequences was marked by the forensic scholar A.N. Trainin, whose prominent works revived the development of studies on socially dangerous consequences of crime; the fourth stage is the modern Ukrainian criminal doctrine on how to perceive socially dangerous consequences of crime. This stage is characterized by lack of consistent approach and innovative work. The results of the research provide for better understanding of the nature of socially dangerous consequences, estimate their significance and foresee further development of the scientific thought on this issue.

scholarly journals Diplomatic Relations between Indonesia-Australia Since Whitlam, Fraser, Until Hawke Era in An Attempt To Establish Political Stability in Southeast Asia

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Anzar Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Prime Ministers ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
Growing Environment

Talking about foreign policy relations of a country, it cannot be explained without adapting to the changes that occur in the growing environment or situation of both countries. Adjustments to the environment and the situation, especially the foreign policy are done in order to maintain the physical, economic, politic and social culture of the country in the midst of the real conditions of the situation occurred, like the history of bilateral relations between Indonesia and Australia). This is a study of the history of Australian foreign policy towards Indonesia since Whitlam government in 1972 until Hawke. The goal of the study is to explain how the foreign policy of the Australian Prime Ministers during their reigns. Although in reality in the course of its history, Australian and Indonesian diplomatic relations were full of intrigues, turmoil and conflicts, but it did not severe the relation of the two nations. Eventually, the conclusion of this study explicitly states that Australia and Indonesia still need each other in an attempt to establish political stability, economic and security in Southeast Asia and the Pacific peacefully.

scholarly journals The Extent of the Arabic language Teachers Practice in the Intermediate Stage for the Modern Teaching Skills from the point of view of the Managers and Supervisors in Iraq

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-378
Author(s):  
Dr. Suad Abdulkareem Al-Waili ◽  
Assist. Teacher. Ali Hanun Jassim ◽  
Assist. Teacher. Bilal Khalid Khudha
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Teaching Skills ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Female Teachers ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Third Stage

The study aims to know the extent of the Arabic language teachers practice in the intermediate stage for the modern teaching skills from the point of view of the managers and supervisors in Iraq. The study sample consisted of (125) teachers within Maysan Education Directorate, they were 65 female teachers, 60 male teachers. To apply the study, the researchers prepared the study subject representing by questionnaire of modern teaching skills. The point of view of the managers and the supervisors in Iraq was medium, where the first stage was the Field of Planning with an average  of (3.02), second stage was the Field of Class Administration with an average of (2.95), the Field of Implementation came in the third stage with an average of (2.93), the fourth stage was the Field of Calendar with an average of (2.91)and finally  in the fifth stage was the Field of Activities and Teaching Aids with an average of (2.88).There are differences due to the gender, educational qualification and teaching experience. For the results, the study produced many recommendations and suggestions.

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