Using current systems to inform rearing facility design in the insect-as-food industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Å. Berggren ◽  
A. Jansson ◽  
M. Low
Keyword(s):  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Philosophy Of Information ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Facility Design ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Insect Rearing ◽  
Wild Harvesting ◽  
Insects As Food

As wild harvesting of insects gives way to mass rearing, there is an urgent need to develop expertise and methods in insect animal husbandry and facility design. In order to advance the science of animal husbandry and production in this field, comparisons and contrasts of different insect rearing facilities currently in production are likely to be beneficial. Here we initiate this discussion by suggesting a focus on insect rearing facilities at the two ends of the production scale spectrum (small-scale rearing and mass rearing) that have different end products (insects-as-food and insects for other purposes). We suggest that organisations with a philosophy of information sharing (e.g. universities) need to play an active role in this developing production system, by bridging gaps between academia, industry and traditional knowledge to ensure a rapid and societally acceptable development of wide-scale entomophagy.

scholarly journals Archeologie in musea: een passend verleden voor de Sami?

Paleo-aktueel ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
Mathilde van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Linear Time ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Cultural Expression ◽  
General Acceptance

A Sami past. The Sami are still struggling for general acceptance of their identity and cultural expression. They are the indigenous population of Fennoscandia, and although now mostly associated with reindeer herding, historically their subsistence was based mostly on fishing, hunting, agriculture, animal husbandry, and only small-scale reindeer herding. In this paper it is probed how contemporary majority and Sami museums convey information about the Sami and their past, with a special focus on the role of archaeology. This is important because museums have an active role in the creation of knowledge and identity. There are several discrepancies between what archaeology is and can present, and how the Sami see their culture and past. Archaeology works with linear time, and focuses on material culture that is, landscape-wise, taken out of context. By contrast, Sami culture emphasizes the importance of material culture within the landscape, feels affiliated with circular time and nature, and does not accept all material culture that archaeology classifies as Sami. In the case of the Sami, archaeology is a less-than-ideal way to communicate about their past and culture.

scholarly journals Resources, Production Scales and Time Required for Producing RNA Vaccines for the Global Pandemic Demand

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Zoltán Kis ◽  
Cleo Kontoravdi ◽  
Robin Shattock ◽  
Nilay Shah
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Working Volume ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
The Impact

To overcome pandemics, such as COVID-19, vaccines are urgently needed at very high volumes. Here we assess the techno-economic feasibility of producing RNA vaccines for the demand associated with a global vaccination campaign. Production process performance is assessed for three messenger RNA (mRNA) and one self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccines, all currently under clinical development, as well as for a hypothetical next-generation saRNA vaccine. The impact of key process design and operation uncertainties on the performance of the production process was assessed. The RNA vaccine drug substance (DS) production rates, volumes and costs are mostly impacted by the RNA amount per vaccine dose and to a lesser extent by the scale and titre in the production process. The resources, production scale and speed required to meet global demand vary substantially in function of the RNA amount per dose. For lower dose saRNA vaccines, global demand can be met using a production process at a scale of below 10 L bioreactor working volume. Consequently, these small-scale processes require a low amount of resources to set up and operate. RNA DS production can be faster than fill-to-finish into multidose vials; hence the latter may constitute a bottleneck.

scholarly journals Heating performance of a laboratory pilot-plant combining heat exchanger and air scrubber for animal houses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel S. Krommweh ◽  
Wolfgang Büscher
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Heating Performance ◽  
Livestock Buildings ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Recuperative Heat Exchanger

AbstractExhaust air treatment systems (EATS) are used in animal husbandry to reduce emissions. However, EATS are associated with high acquisition and operating costs. Therefore, a plant technology is being developed that integrates a recuperative heat exchanger into a biological air scrubber. The overall aim is to reduce total costs of livestock buildings with EATS by saving heating costs and to improve animal environment. In this study, a special pilot-plant on a small-scale, using clean exhaust air, was constructed to evaluate the heating performance on laboratory scale. Three assembly situations of the heat exchanger into trickle-bed reactor were part of a trial with two different defined air flow rates. In all three assembly situations, preheating of cold outside air was observed. The heating performance of the assembly situation with the sprayed heat exchanger arranged below showed an average of 4.4 kW at 1800 m3 h−1 (outside air temperature range 0.0–7.9 °C). This is up to 18% higher than the other two experimental setups. The heating performance of the pilot-plant is particularly influenced by the outside air temperature. Further research on the pilot-plant is required to test the system under field conditions.

Comparing the Microbiological Status of Pre- and Postharvest Produce from Small Organic Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 1072-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
AIXIA XU ◽  
DONNA M. PAHL ◽  
ROBERT L. BUCHANAN ◽  
SHIRLEY A. MICALLEF
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Safety Risk ◽  
Leafy Greens ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Food Safety Risk

Consumption of locally, organically grown produce is increasing in popularity. Organic farms typically produce on a small scale, have limited resources, and adopt low technology harvest and postharvest handling practices. Data on the food safety risk associated with hand harvesting, field packing, and packing-house handling with minimal treatment, at this production scale, are lacking. We followed produce from small organic farms from the field through postharvest handling and packing. Pre- and postharvest produce (177 samples) and water (29 samples) were collected and analyzed quantitatively for Escherichia coli, total coliforms (TC), aerobic bacteria (APC), yeasts, molds (M), and enteric pathogens. No pathogens were recovered. E. coli was detected in 3 (3.6%) of 83 preharvest produce samples, 2 (6.3%) of 32 unwashed and 0 of 42 washed postharvest produce samples, and 10 (34.5%) of 29 water samples. No correlation was found between bacterial levels in irrigation water and those on produce. Postharvest handling without washing was a factor for APC and M counts on tomatoes, with lower frequencies postharvest. Postharvest handling with washing was a factor for leafy greens for TC counts, with higher frequencies postharvest. APC (P = 0.03) and yeast (P = 0.05) counts were higher in preharvest than in unwashed postharvest tomatoes. Washed postharvest leafy greens had higher M counts (P = 0.03) and other washed produce had higher TC counts (P = 0.01) than did their preharvest counterparts. Barriers were found to the use of sanitizer in wash water for leafy greens among small farms using organic practices. Hand harvesting and dry handling did not appear to be associated with a significant food safety risk, but washed leafy greens carried higher levels of some microbial indicators, possibly because of the lack of sanitizer in the wash water. The development of resources and materials customized for this sector of growers could enhance dissemination of information on best practices for handling of leafy greens.

scholarly journals Univariate associations between housing, management, and facility design factors and the prevalence of lameness lesions in fourteen small-scale dairy farms in Northeastern Algeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 570-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoubida Dendani-Chadi ◽  
Khelaf Saidani ◽  
Loubna Dib ◽  
Fayçal Zeroual ◽  
Faouzi Sammar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Site Investigation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Facility Design ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Housing Management ◽  
Increased Risk

Background and Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the associations between different types of housing, management, and facilities on the prevalence of lame, causing lesions in smallholder dairy farms in Algeria. Materials and Methods: The on-site investigation took place between December 2012 and May 2015. All cows were locomotion scored on a four-point scale, and foot lesions causing lame were diagnosed and recorded. Factors related to the farm and the cows' conditions were also assessed. The association between the possible risk factors and lame lesions was assessed using univariate analysis. Results: Of the 349 cows evaluated, 13% were lame (lameness score ≥2), with higher lameness values recorded for the hind feet than for the forefeet. Cows without lameness were classified as healthy. The two most frequent lesion diagnoses observed in lame cows were interdigital dermatitis/heel horn erosion (ID/HE; 39%) and interdigital phlegmon (IP; 35%), followed by traumatic lesions (T; 11%), digital dermatitis (DD; 8.7%), and laminitis-related diseases (L; 6.5%). The risk of being lame was increased in large herds with cows of the Holstein breed, and those in the third parity and above. Tie housing, concrete floor, concentrate feeding, zero-grazing, and the use of foot trimming occasionally were associated with increased risk for the presence of lame lesions. The region and footbathing frequency had no association with the prevalence of lame lesions (p≥0.05). Conclusion: These results have important implications; they indicate that several aspects of housing, management, and facility design are common protective factors for the prevalence of lame lesions. These factors should be maintained correctly to not only reduce the number of lame cows in these herds but also decrease the direct and indirect costs associated with cases of lameness.

scholarly journals Rural women empowerment through small scale poultry farming: A case study of Vattamkulam model, Malappuram

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
S. L. Gayathri ◽  
M. Muhammed Asif
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Short Period

Abstract: The Animal husbandry department of Kerala and local self-government department and Kudumbashree mission has started a plan during 2018-19 entitled “Backyard broiler farming” at Vattamkulam Gramapanchayath, Edappal, Malappuram district. The said plan was advertised as ‘Earn money at your doorstep through broiler farming’ and was welcomed by more than 40 household women. The farmers who owned a land area, not less than 10 cents were selected for this model. The local self- Government provided the shelter arrangements including cages for free of cost. The Animal husbandry department has supplied chicks (Day old Cobb varieties) and feed and aided Kudumbashree unit to market these broilers. The speciality of broiler farming is that within a short period (35 – 40 days) a chick gains an average weight of 2 – 2.3 kg, which can be sold at market to earn a reasonable margin of profit for farmers. The usual mortality rate was 5% for broiler farming, but it was less than 2 % in this model. Modified vaccination protocol against the viral disease Gumboro (I.B.D), has been adopted for this model to reduce the mortality rate. Also, antibiotics as feed additives were not supplemented in this model. Within 40 days, these women entrepreneurs are getting a good profit from meat production alone. This broiler meat is marketed under the brand name of Vattamkulam Safe Chicken. The Vattamkulam backyard broiler farming helps the household women support themselves and provide safe and quality meat to society in which they belong. Keywords: Women empowerment, Vattamkulam Model, Broiler farming

scholarly journals Rural Economic Development Through Women Entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-103
Author(s):  
Dr. M. Vairavan ◽  
Ms. K. Kavitha
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Self Help Groups ◽  
The Impact

Majority of the rural women of SHGs are Micro - Entrepreneurs very few are associated with Small Scale Enterprises. Those women are not only developing with sustainable economy but also able to develop other women economically sustainable by providing job opportunities. The rural women entrepreneurs with the sustainable economic development are able to contribute to the family’s, community’s and the nation’s development. Rural women frequently have primary responsibility for agricultural production, in addition to domestic responsibilities and childcare. In developing country like India where economic status of women is very pathetic especially in rural areas and opportunities of earning are very less in this scenario the Self Help Groups (SHGs) have paved the way for economic independence of rural women. This paper reviews concisely the literature in this field and addresses in particular opportunities and challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in rural areas. It examined the impact on women empowerment through micro entrepreneurship development and SHGs. The increasing presence of women in the business field as entrepreneurs has changed the demographic characteristics of business and economic growth of the country. Women-owned businesses enterprises are playing a more active role in society and the economy, inspiring academics to focus on this interesting phenomenon. This paper focuses on the problems, issues, challenges faced by women entrepreneurs, how to overcome them and to analyze policies of India government for and problems faced by them while pursuing their business.

The tension between global GHG emissions of animal source foods, sustainability, and food security in Latin America and the Caribbean.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (057) ◽  
Author(s):  
Constanza Gutiérrez-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract The livestock sector faces an important challenge in the medium and long term since it must satisfy an increasing demand for animal products as a result of the increase in population and the world economy but safeguarding natural resources and at the same time minimizing the environmental contamination, especially the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributed to livestock husbandry. For Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), this becomes more relevant given the importance of the sector for the food security of rural communities, particularly for small-scale producers. In this manuscript, we address the main challenges of LAC in this context, from a global perspective that includes the demographic, economic, cultural, and environmental effects. The biggest global challenge for the LAC livestock sector for the coming decades is how to satisfy the growing human demand for animal protein in a sustainable way maintaining the food security of their communities. The efforts to achieve these goals require focusing on improving the efficiency of both animal husbandry and production systems. Therefore, it is necessary to implement technologies of sustainable intensification and it is urgent that those who make political decisions become aware of these issues.

scholarly journals Solutions for changing production scale in the agricultural sector in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 10008
Author(s):  
Thi Hoai Nguyen ◽  
Duc Luan Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Number Of Solutions ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Large Scale Production

In this paper, the authors analyze the current situation of agricultural production in Vietnam and affirm that fragmentation is one of the basic causes leading to ineffective potentials and low labor productivity. Based on this, the authors propose a number of solutions to convert small-scale production to large-scale production in order to improve labor productivity and optimally exploit resources in the agricultural sector in Vietnam today.

scholarly journals Annealing Temperature-Dependent Effects of Fe-Loading on the Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic Activity of Rutile TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Applicability for Air Purification

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Soong Yeon Kim ◽  
Shahid Saqlain ◽  
Byeong Jun Cha ◽  
Shufang Zhao ◽  
Hyun Ook Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Rutile Tio2 ◽  
Fe Oxide ◽  
Metal Support Interaction

Commercial rutile TiO2 particles (200–300 nm) were modified by the temperature-regulated chemical vapor deposition (tr-CVD) of Fe-oxide and subsequent annealing at various temperatures (300~750 °C). As a result of the modification, the photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 regarding acetaldehyde removal under visible light was enhanced, and the enhancement effects were dependent on the annealing temperature. Specifically, the enhancement effects of the modification were most pronounced when Fe-TiO2 was annealed at 375 °C, whereas the effects were significantly reduced by annealing at higher temperatures (525 and 750 °C). The analytical results with various techniques, including two surface-sensitive methods (XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and TOF-SIMS (time of fight-secondary ion mass spectrometry)), revealed that the stronger metal support interaction between TiO2 and the loaded Fe-oxide at high temperature (>375 °C) resulted in the decreased charge separation efficiency and photocatalytic activity of the Fe-TiO2 under light irradiation. The production scale for the Fe-TiO2 photocatalysts can be easily increased (from 200 g to 8 kg per the unit process) by upsizing the reactor volume. The mass-produced samples exhibited similar activity to the samples produced at small scale, and they were photocatalytically active after being spread on a cement block (stainless steel plate) using a surface hardening agent (paint), showing the high applicability in real applications.

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