Review on Applications of Nanoparticles in Landfill Leachate Treatment

Sanitary landfill is the most common way to eliminate solid waste. However, sanitary landfill generates large quantity of leachate. Leachate can be defined as a liquid that passes through a landfill and extracted dissolved and suspended matter. The presence of large quantity of contaminants in leachate is harmful to human and ecological environment. This can lead to health issues, including gastrointestinal illness, reproductive problems, and neurological disorders. There are several significant techniques have been made to overcome the problem of leachate pollution, including photocatalytic oxidation, adsorption/separation processing and bioremediation. However, the applications have been restricted by many factors, such as processing efficiency, operational method, energy requirements, and economic benefit. This present article provides an overview of research studies and advances concerned with the development of nanoparticles and their potential applications in leachate treatment. Nanoparticles can act as antimicrobial and function as reducing agent and catalyst in detoxification of pollutants in the environment, such as organic, inorganic and heavy metals. NPs have been suggested as efficient, cost-effective and environmental friendly alternative to existing treatment materials and presents a number of potential environmental benefits.

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A New Device for Autologous Small Volume Fat Grafting

Aesthetic Surgery Journal ◽

10.1093/asj/sjaa385 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaonan Yang ◽

Jonathan P Brower ◽

Lauren Kokai ◽

Beth R Gusenoff ◽

Jeffrey A Gusenoff

Keyword(s):

Small Volume ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Fat Grafting ◽

Tissue Quality ◽

Processing Efficiency ◽

Handheld Technology ◽

New Device ◽

Handheld Device ◽

And Function ◽

Fat Processing

Abstract Background Many techniques and devices have been developed to improve small volume fat grafting efficiency and consistency for use in the operating room and outpatient procedure room. These methods require cumbersome or messy processing to remove excess oil and fluid from adipose graft. Objectives The aim of this study was to compare fat processing efficiency of a novel hand-held device, the Push-to-Spin (P2S™) system, to other common processing techniques and validate tissue quality after lipoaspirate processing. Methods Human lipoaspirate samples were processed using one of three experimental methods, including cotton gauze (Telfa) rolling, centrifugation (Coleman technique), or using the P2S™ system. Efficiency of fat processing was evaluated by total processing time, fat harvest ratio, and fat processed ratio. Histological examination and immunohistochemical staining were used to compare tissue morphology and adipocyte viability, respectively. Experimental samples were compared to unprocessed lipoaspirate controls. Results Lipoaspirate processing was significantly faster using the P2S™ device compared with other techniques. All three methods achieved similar fat harvest and fat processing ratios. Additionally, the P2S™, Telfa, and Coleman techniques yielded grafts with similar cellularity, and perilipin and GPDH expression. Measured differences between experimental and control samples were statistically significant. Conclusions The P2S™ device is an easy, efficient, and potentially cost-effective handheld device that can be used for lipoaspirate harvest, processing, and grafting in any procedural setting. The resulting adipocytes have similar morphology, viability, and function to those yielded by techniques. This handheld technology decreases procedure time, thereby improving surgeon efficiency and patient experience.

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Application of Fast Laser Deprocessing Techniques in Physical Failure Analysis on SRAM Memory of Advance Technology

ISTFA 2014: Conference Proceedings from the 40th International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis ◽

10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2014p0268 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

H.H. Yap ◽

P.K. Tan ◽

G.R. Low ◽

M.K. Dawood ◽

H. Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Failure Analysis ◽

Integrated Circuit ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Tetraethyl Orthosilicate ◽

Ic Design ◽

Advance Technology ◽

Defect Identification ◽

Technology Scaling ◽

And Function ◽

Metal Layers

Abstract With technology scaling of semiconductor devices and further growth of the integrated circuit (IC) design and function complexity, it is necessary to increase the number of transistors in IC’s chip, layer stacks, and process steps. The last few metal layers of Back End Of Line (BEOL) are usually very thick metal lines (>4μm thickness) and protected with hard Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) material that is formed from (TetraEthyl OrthoSilicate) TEOS as Inter-Metal Dielectric (IMD). In order to perform physical failure analysis (PFA) on the logic or memory, the top thick metal layers must be removed. It is time-consuming to deprocess those thick metal and IMD layers using conventional PFA workflows. In this paper, the Fast Laser Deprocessing Technique (FLDT) is proposed to remove the BEOL thick and stubborn metal layers for memory PFA. The proposed FLDT is a cost-effective and quick way to deprocess a sample for defect identification in PFA.

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New Paradigm for State Department of Transportation Environmental Initiatives: New York State’s Guidelines and Procedures

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.3141/1702-11 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 1702 (1) ◽

pp. 92-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gary McVoy ◽

Mark Sengenberger ◽

Elizabeth Novak

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

New York State ◽

Cost Effective ◽

State Department ◽

Regulatory Compliance ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

York State Department ◽

Department Of Transportation ◽

New Paradigm

Public-works agencies have an obligation to enhance the environment as opportunities arise. The New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) has developed an environmental initiative to make an affirmative contribution to the environment, using the department’s organizational strengths. The environmental initiative is a paradigm shift applicable to all departments of transportation (DOTs). Conventional reactive regulatory compliance can reduce unnecessary environmental damage and sometimes gain grudging regulatory agency cooperation; however, it is not a positive, satisfying way of doing the people’s work. Through proactive steps, NYSDOT has become an important part of the state’s environmental solution (often at little or no additional cost) and has changed its working relationships with environmental agencies and groups. As these agencies and groups have become partners, instead of adversaries, permit-approval times have improved, mitigation costs have declined, morale has improved, and cost-effective environmental benefits are being realized. Procedures are outlined to apply the engineering capabilities of a DOT to the environmental-stewardship responsibilities shared by all governmental organizations.

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Application of Electrocoagulation with a New Steel-Swarf-Based Electrode for the Removal of Heavy Metals and Total Coliforms from Sanitary Landfill Leachate

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11115009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 5009

Author(s):

Mayk Teles de Oliveira ◽

Ieda Maria Sapateiro Torres ◽

Humberto Ruggeri ◽

Paulo Scalize ◽

Antonio Albuquerque ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Landfill Leachate ◽

Lower Cost ◽

Sanitary Landfill ◽

Leachate Treatment ◽

Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽

Waste Characteristics ◽

Electrode Passivation ◽

Steel Swarf ◽

Sanitary Landfill Leachate

Sanitary landfill leachate (LL) composition varies according to climate variables variation, solid waste characteristics and composition, and landfill age. Leachate treatment is essentially carried out trough biological and physicochemical processes, which have showed variability in efficiency and appear a costly solution for the management authorities. Electrocoagulation (EC) seems a suitable solution for leachate treatment taking into account the characteristics of the liquor. One of the problems of EC is the electrode passivation, which affects the longevity of the process. One solution to this problem could be the replacement of the electrode by one made of recyclable material, which would make it possible to change it frequently and at a lower cost. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the removal of heavy metals (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn) and coliforms from a LL by EC using electrodes made from steel swarf (SfE) up to 8 h. Removal efficiencies of detected heavy metals were 51%(Cr), 59%(As), 71%(Cd), 72%(Zn), 92%(Ba), 95%(Ni) and >99%(Pb). The microbial load of coliforms in leachate was reduced from 10.76 × 104 CFU/mL (raw leachate) to less than 1 CFU/mL (after treatment with SfE) (i.e., approximately 100% reduction). The use of SfE in EC of LL is very effective in removing heavy metals and coliforms and can be used as alternative treatment solution for such effluents.

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Overexpression of OsABCG48 Lowers Cadmium in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11050918 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 918

Author(s):

Xingzhe Cai ◽

Meng Wang ◽

Yucong Jiang ◽

Changhu Wang ◽

David W. Ow

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Health Issues ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Wild Type ◽

Genetic Changes ◽

Cd Accumulation ◽

Lateral Root Development ◽

Atp Binding Cassette Transporter ◽

Cost Effective Approach

Cadmium pollution threatens food safety and security by causing health issues and reducing farmland availability. Engineering genetic changes in crop plants to lower Cd accumulation can be a cost-effective approach to address this problem. Previously, we reported that a rice line, 2B, which expresses a truncated version of OsO3L2 had reduced Cd accumulation throughout the plant, including in seed. However, downstream events caused by expression of this gene were not known. In this study, RNA-seq was used to identify differentially expressed genes between the wild type and 2B rice with or without Cd treatment, leading to the study of an ABC transporter gene, OsABCG48 (ATP-Binding Cassette transporter G family member 48). Heterologous expression of OsABCG48 conferred tolerance to Cd in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Arabidopsis and rice. Moreover, overexpressing OsABCG48 in rice lowered root Cd accumulation that was associated with more extensive lateral root development. These data suggest that OsABCG48 might have applications for engineering low-Cd rice.

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Black Phosphorus-Molybdenum Disulfide Hetero-Junctions Formed with Ink-Jet Printing for Potential Solar Cell Applications with Indium-Tin-Oxide

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11050560 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 560

Author(s):

Ravindra Ketan Mehta ◽

Anupama Bhat Kaul

Keyword(s):

Electrical Properties ◽

Molybdenum Disulfide ◽

Tin Oxide ◽

Indium Tin Oxide ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Contact Materials ◽

Ito Glass ◽

The Future ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Jet Printing

In this work, we implemented liquid exfoliation to inkjet-print two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorous (BP) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) p–n heterojunctions on a standard indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate in a vertical architecture. We also compared the optical and electrical properties of the inkjet-printed BP layer with that of the MoS2 and the electrical properties of the mechanically exfoliated MoS2 with that of the inkjet-printed MoS2. We found significant differences in the optical characteristics of the inkjet-printed BP and MoS2 layers attributed to the differences in their underlying crystal structure. The newly demonstrated liquid exfoliated and inkjet-printed BP–MoS2 2D p–n junction was also compared with previous reports where mechanically exfoliated BP–MoS2 2D p–n junction were used. The electronic transport properties of mechanically exfoliated MoS2 membranes are typically better compared to inkjet-printed structures but inkjet printing offers a cost-effective and quicker way to fabricate heterostructures easily. In the future, the performance of inkjet-printed structures can be further improved by employing suitable contact materials, amongst other factors such as modifying the solvent chemistries. The architecture reported in this work has potential applications towards building solar cells with solution processed 2D materials in the future.

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Sporulation in solventogenic and acetogenic clostridia

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s00253-021-11289-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mamou Diallo ◽

Servé W. M. Kengen ◽

Ana M. López-Contreras

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Biotechnological Production ◽

Key Points ◽

Wide Range ◽

Potential Applications ◽

A Cell ◽

Sporulation Initiation ◽

Solventogenic Clostridia

AbstractThe Clostridium genus harbors compelling organisms for biotechnological production processes; while acetogenic clostridia can fix C1-compounds to produce acetate and ethanol, solventogenic clostridia can utilize a wide range of carbon sources to produce commercially valuable carboxylic acids, alcohols, and ketones by fermentation. Despite their potential, the conversion by these bacteria of carbohydrates or C1 compounds to alcohols is not cost-effective enough to result in economically viable processes. Engineering solventogenic clostridia by impairing sporulation is one of the investigated approaches to improve solvent productivity. Sporulation is a cell differentiation process triggered in bacteria in response to exposure to environmental stressors. The generated spores are metabolically inactive but resistant to harsh conditions (UV, chemicals, heat, oxygen). In Firmicutes, sporulation has been mainly studied in bacilli and pathogenic clostridia, and our knowledge of sporulation in solvent-producing or acetogenic clostridia is limited. Still, sporulation is an integral part of the cellular physiology of clostridia; thus, understanding the regulation of sporulation and its connection to solvent production may give clues to improve the performance of solventogenic clostridia. This review aims to provide an overview of the triggers, characteristics, and regulatory mechanism of sporulation in solventogenic clostridia. Those are further compared to the current knowledge on sporulation in the industrially relevant acetogenic clostridia. Finally, the potential applications of spores for process improvement are discussed.Key Points• The regulatory network governing sporulation initiation varies in solventogenic clostridia.• Media composition and cell density are the main triggers of sporulation.• Spores can be used to improve the fermentation process.

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Marine Fish Primary Hepatocyte Isolation and Culture: New Insights to Enzymatic Dissociation Pancreatin Digestion

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041380 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1380

Author(s):

Neusa Figueiredo ◽

Beatriz Matos ◽

Mário Diniz ◽

Vasco Branco ◽

Marta Martins

Keyword(s):

Cell Viability ◽

Cell Cultures ◽

Marine Fish ◽

Sparus Aurata ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Primary Hepatocyte ◽

Digestion Method ◽

Trypan Blue Exclusion ◽

And Function

Primary cell cultures from wild organisms have been gaining relevance in ecotoxicology as they are considered more sensitive than immortalized cell lines and retain the biochemical pathways found in vivo. In this study, the efficacy of two methods for primary hepatocyte cell isolation was compared using liver from two marine fish (Sparus aurata and Psetta maxima): (i) two-step collagenase perfusion and (ii) pancreatin digestion with modifications. Cell cultures were incubated in L-15 medium at 17 ± 1 °C and monitored for up to six days for cell viability and function using the trypan blue exclusion test, MTT test, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity after Benzo[a]Pyrene exposure. The results showed significant differences between the number of viable cells (p < 0.05), the highest number being obtained for the pancreatin digestion method (average = 4.5 ± 1.9 × 107 cells). Moreover, the hepatocytes showed solid adherence to the culture plate and the rounded shape, changing into a triangular/polygonal shape. The cell viability and function obtained by pancreatin digestion were maintained for five days, and the EROD induction after exposure to the B[a]P showed that cells were metabolically active. This study shows that the optimized pancreatin digestion method is a valid, cost-effective, and simple alternative to the standard perfusion method for the isolation of primary hepatocytes from fish and is suitable for ecotoxicological studies involving marine pollutants, such as PAHs.

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The Potential Applications of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated ReceptorδLigands in Assisted Reproductive Technology

PPAR Research ◽

10.1155/2008/794814 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2008 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jaou-Chen Huang

Keyword(s):

Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Reproductive Technology ◽

Embryonic Cell ◽

Preimplantation Embryos ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽

Potential Applications ◽

And Function

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorδ(PPARδ, also known as PPARβ) has ubiquitous distribution and extensive biological functions. The reproductive function of PPARδwas first revealed in the uterus at the implantation site. Since then, PPARδand its ligand have been discovered in all reproductive tissues, including the gametes and the preimplantation embryos. PPARδin preimplantation embryos is normally activated by oviduct-derived PPARδligand. PPARδactivation is associated with an increase in embryonic cell proliferation and a decrease in programmed cell death (apoptosis). On the other hand, the role of PPARδand its ligand in gamete formation and function is less well understood. This review will summarize the reproductive functions of PPARδand project its potential applications in assisted reproductive technology.

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Synthesis and Conductivity Studies of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) by Co-Polymerization and Blending with Polyaniline (PANi)

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13121939 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 1939

Author(s):

Helyati Abu Hassan Shaari ◽

Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli ◽

Mohd Nazim Mohtar ◽

Norizah Abdul Rahman ◽

Azizan Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Methyl Methacrylate ◽

Mechanical Stability ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Poly Methyl Methacrylate ◽

Conducting Materials ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Polymerization Condition ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a lightweight insulating polymer that possesses good mechanical stability. On the other hand, polyaniline (PANi) is one of the most favorable conducting materials to be used, as it is easily synthesized, cost-effective, and has good conductivity. However, most organic solvents have restricted potential applications due to poor mechanical properties and dispersibility. Compared to PANi, PMMA has more outstanding physical and chemical properties, such as good dimensional stability and better molecular interactions between the monomers. To date, many research studies have focused on incorporating PANi into PMMA. In this review, the properties and suitability of PANi as a conducting material are briefly reviewed. The major parts of this paper reviewed different approaches to incorporating PANi into PMMA, as well as evaluating the modifications to improve its conductivity. Finally, the polymerization condition to prepare PMMA/PANi copolymer to improve its conductivity is also discussed.

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