The Influence of Heat and Two Stages Precipitation in the Process of Natural Polymer Purification from the Byproduct of Bioethanol Process Base on Empty Palm Fruit Bunch

2015 ◽  
Vol 1123 ◽  
pp. 177-181
Author(s):  
Achmad Hanafi ◽  
Harry Budiman ◽  
Fauzan Aulia

The biopolymer material, lignin, was recovered from the black liquor by acidification of the black liquor using sulfuric acid. Several purification techniques were carried out to produce the high purity of lignin such as gradual precipitation of lignin from black liquor (first stage: precipitation at pH 7, second stage: precipitation at pH 2) and the diluting of crude lignin by sodium hydroxide then followed by re-precipitation at different temperature. Subsequently, the impurities of lignin product resulted from each purification techniques was determined as ash content that analyzed using temperature program furnace; and the content of lignin was investigated using spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The result showed that the content of lignin of material produced from gradual precipitation was approximately 77.6%. It was higher than the content of lignin about 3.4% of material produced from direct precipitation to pH 2. In addition, the elevating of temperature from 40 to 60°C was no considerably affect to the content of lignin in precipitate produced from re-precipitation of crude lignin solution in sodium hydroxide. Nonetheless, the content of lignin of precipitate improved 15% when the temperature of re-precipitation of crude lignin solution in sodium hydroxide was raised from room temperature to 40-60°C.

Author(s):  
Dyah Puspa Ayu ◽  
Budi Prayitno ◽  
Agus Hariyadi

Indonesia is prone to a variety of natural disasters, one of which is earthquakes. Earthquakes are detrimental to human life, causing among other things a loss of shelter. As such, victims of earthquakes need basic assistance in the form of shelter, which the Indonesian government provides in the transition phase of emergency responses. Several innovations in the provision of temporary shelter have arisen in terms of packaging and fast unloading. This research aimed to examine the effective value of OTTV energy (overall thermal transfer value), differences in room temperature, and thermal comfort in existing temporary shelters. OTTV values and thermal comfort are adapted to Indonesia's humid tropical climate, which has a temperature ranging 24–30°C and air humidity of 75%. Temporary shelters were simulated with Rhinoceros and Grasshopper softwares. The simulation was carried out in two stages, with the first stage simulating the temporary shelter materials and the second stage simulating according to a predetermined standard. The results concluded that the effective value of OTTV with the use of Styrofoam-based shelter gives a value of 27.63 W/m2 with a decrease of up to 4.70 W/m2 and the temperature drops to 2–3°C.


2021 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 05003
Author(s):  
Morales-Aranibar Carlos ◽  
Linares Nataniel ◽  
Soto Tolomeo ◽  
Morales-Aranibar Luis

Currently, energy and extraction activities generate large amounts of highly polluting waste, so there is a need for sustainable and environmentally friendly technologies. The aim of the study is to treat mining tailings and fly ash through the process of geopolymerization. The samples studied were obtained from the Toquepala mine, Tacna and from the ENGIE-Moquegua hydroelectric plant (Peru). The methodology was based on two stages, the first characterization of Fly Ash (FA) and mine tailings (MT) by EDX chemical characterization, SEM morphology, the second was prepared mixtures of MT and FA in 10 M alkaline solution, cured in 35 days at room temperature and the characterization of the geopolymer by organoleptic analysis, SEM and TCLP. The first stage shows high aluminosilicate content 20.44% Al2O3 and 53.39 % SiO2 for (MT); 22.11% Al2O3 and 51.76% SiO2 for (FA), presents metal and pyrite content. In the second stage, the samples show health and environmental harmlessness, with the formation of tetragonal structures typical of the geopolymer, the samples show a significant reduction of Sr, Ca, Fe, Pb, Ba, Be, and Cu, demonstrating the effectiveness of treatment by means of geopolymerization opening a new field for the environmental passive treatment.


Author(s):  
Yoshizumi Nakasuji ◽  
Hiroyuki Iwasaki ◽  
Hiroaki Sakai

Room-temperature strength was evaluated using sintered silicon nitride crept specimens. Creep tests were performed using 4-point bending loading at 1400°C in air. The bending creep tests applied stresses from 100 to 400 MPa for 10−1 to 3×103 hours. For applied stress over 200 MPa, the room-temperature strength of the crept specimen had two stages. In the first stage the strength degraded slowly, and in the second stage the strength degraded rapidly. In the first stage, oxidation caused the strength degradation, since the degradation was similar for the different applied stresses. In the second stage, large creep deformation mainly caused the strength degradation. Early in the stage, creep induced matrix and boundary damage under the oxidation layer caused the degradation. At the end of the stage, cracks induced by creep caused the degradation.


2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 3901-3907
Author(s):  
M. A. ABDEL-RAHMAN ◽  
M. ABDEL-RAHMAN ◽  
M. ABO-ELSOUD ◽  
M. F. EISSA ◽  
YAHIA A. LOTFY ◽  
...  

The effect of irradiation dose (kGy) on a set of AlCu 8.5 samples has been studied. The samples were irradiated to doses of 10, 30, 50, 70, 100, 300, 500, 700 and 1000 kGy of 60 Co γ-source at room temperature. The effect of γ-ray irradiation on the values of the S- and W-parameters reveals two stages. In the first stage, the S-parameter increases, while the W-parameter decreases up to 70 kGy. In the second stage, the S- and W-parameters decrease and increase respectively in the dose region from 100 to 1000 kGy. The dominant controlling mechanism of the S- and W-parameters was observed.


1990 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.H. Oh ◽  
H. Inui ◽  
S.R. Nishitani ◽  
M. Yamaguchi

ABSTRACTPolysynthetically twinned (PST) crystals of Ti-rich TiAl have been grown and specimens cut from these crystals have been rolled at room temperature and subsequently annealed at 900°C and 1000°C. When the shear deformation parallel to the lamellar boundaries occurs during rolling, PST crystals of Ti-rich TiAl can be rolled to about 50% reduction in thickness at room temperature.The recovery in microhardness occurs in two stages; the first stage associated with the decrease in dislocation density and the second stage connected with the annealing-out of deformation induced twins. The recrystallization mode depends on the amount of reduction. Up to 20% reduction, the lamellar structure is preserved even after the full recovery in hardness. When the amount of reduction exceeds 40%, a structure composed of equiaxed grains of TiAl is obtained after recrystallization. A mechanism of recrystallization of cold-rolled PST crystals, which may explain the dependence of recrystallization mode on the amount of reduction, is proposed.


2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 03030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slamet Priyanto ◽  
Bambang Pramudono ◽  
Tutuk Djoko Kusworo ◽  
Suherman ◽  
Hapsoro Aruno Aji ◽  
...  

Lignin from biomass waste (Black Liquor) was isolated by using sulfuric acid 25% and sodium hydroxide solutions 2N. The obtained lignin was reacted with Sodium Bisulfite to Sodium Ligno Sulfonate (SLS). The best result was achieved at 80 ° C, pH 9, ratio of lignin and bisulfite 4: 1, for 2 hours, and 290 rpm stirring rate. The result of lignin formed was sulfonated using Sodium Bisulfite (NaHSO3) to Sodium Ligno Sulfonate (SLS) whose results were tested by the role of groups in peak formation by FTIR and compared to the spectrum of Sodium Ligno Sulfonate made from pure Lignin (commercial) reacted with the commercial Sodium Bisulfite. The result can be seen by the typical functional groups present in the SLS.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Nurul Charismawaty Sabir ◽  
Lahming Lahming ◽  
Andi Sukainah

This study aims to determine the chemical quality and organoleptic level of panelist acceptance of crackers resulting from the substitution of wheat flour with tofu dregs flour. This research is a quantitative research with an experimental approach. This study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments with the ratio of wheat flour and tofu dregs flour, namely 100%:0%, 75%:25%, 50%:50%, and 25%:75% with 3 repetitions. This research was carried out in two stages. The first stage is making tofu dregs flour and then the second stage is making crackers. The variables observed in this study were chemical tests which included water content, ash content, protein, carbohydrates, crude fiber and organoleptic tests. Data were processed using SPSS version 21, with the method of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with the DMRT test (Duncan). The results showed that the addition of tofu dregs flour gave effect to the crackers produced, so that the best treatment was found, namely treatment A with a composition of 75% wheat flour and 25% tofu dregs flour.


Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1682
Author(s):  
Andrea Di Schino ◽  
Roberto Montanari ◽  
Claudio Testani ◽  
Alessandra Varone

The AA7050 alloy prepared through the standard industrial hot-forging cycle has been investigated by means of isothermal mechanical spectroscopy (MS) from room temperature up to 185 °C. Each MS test consisted of a cycle with two stages, at increasing and decreasing strain. After each cycle the damping value resulted to be higher than the original one indicating the occurrence of an irreversible transformation. Such phenomenon, observed for all the test temperatures, becomes more relevant for T ≥ 150 °C. The irreversible transformation has been discussed and explained by considering the evolution of the mean dislocation link length between pinning points represented by nanometric MgZn2 precipitates. The breakaway of dislocation segments from pinning points occurs in the stage at increasing strain and is not fully recovered during the second stage at decreasing strain thus the mean link length increases in a MS test cycle. The onset of thermal activated dislocation cross-slip at about 150 °C favors the dislocation breakaway and consequently enhances the effect on damping.


Author(s):  
О.В. Федорова ◽  
В.Г. Казаков ◽  
К.О. Субботина

При обработке черного щелока сульфат-целлюлозного производства серной кислотой (с целью частичного или полного высаждения сульфатного лигнина) происходит выделение сероводорода и других серосодержащих газов. Рассмотрен процесс поглощения этих газов путем абсорбции водным раствором гидроксида натрия. Процесс подкисления черного щелока серной кислотой сопровождается выделением сероводорода, который должен подвергаться абсорбции. Промышленные методы получения сульфатного лигнина предусматривают применение абсорбции сероводорода водными растворами гидроксида натрия. В качестве абсорбентов при поглощении серосодержащих газов применяют растворы щелочи или воду в зависимости от состава сероводородных газов и дальнейшего использования продуктов абсорбции. Водные растворы гидроксида натрия применяются для абсорбции в тех случаях, когда обработке подвергаются значительные объемы газов, содержащих преимущественно сероводород. При этом в процессе абсорбции получается раствор сульфида натрия. В случае подкисления черного щелока серной кислотой абсорбции подвергается сероводород, который содержит и другие примеси. Для того чтобы абсорбция сероводорода гидроксидом натрия прошла с образованием конечного продукта сульфида натрия, необходимо использовать определенную концентрацию щелочи. Для достижения необходимого результата использовался симплекс-метод по целочисленной матрице, который позволил выбрать оптимальные параметры проведения процесса абсорбции сероводорода гидроксидом натрия. В результате получен раствор белого щелока с высокой сульфидностью, что является положительной характеристикой процесса варки сульфатной целлюлозы, так как уменьшает продолжительность варки до определенной степени провара, облегчает процесс делигнификации, а также увеличивает выход целлюлозы. Это позволяет уменьшить расход реагентов при приготовлении белого щелока, подаваемого на варку технологической щепы. По предложенному методу осаждение лигноуглеводного комплекса из черного щелока проводят без применения содорегенерационных котлов, где процесс получения белого щелока связан с получением плава щелочей и последующим получением из него зеленого щелока, с дальнейшей регенерацией белого щелока, используемого для варки сульфатной целлюлозы. В результате установлена принципиальная возможность абсорбции сероводорода раствором гидроксида с выполнением требований, предъявляемых к белому щелоку. While black liquor from sulfate pulp process treatment with sulfuric acid (for partial or full sulfate lignin precipitation) emission of hydrosulfide and other sulfur containing gasses happens. It is reviewed process of the gasses absorption by sodium hydroxide solution. The process of acidification of black liquor with sulfuric acid is accompanied by the release of hydrogen sulfide, which must undergo absorption. Industrial methods for producing sulphate lignin involve the use of hydrogen sulfide absorption by aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide. Alkali solutions or water are used as absorbents for absorption of sulfur-containing gases, depending on the composition of hydrogen sulfide gases and the further use of absorption products. Aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide are used for absorption in cases where significant volumes of gases containing predominantly hydrogen sulfide are processed. In the process of absorption is obtained a solution of sodium sulfide. In the case of acidification of black liquor with sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide is subjected to absorption, which contains other impurities. In order for the absorption of hydrogen sulfide by sodium hydroxide to form the final product of sodium sulfide, it is necessary to use a certain concentration of alkali. To achieve the required results, a simplex method was used for the integer matrix, which allows choosing the optimal parameters for the process of hydrogen sulfide absorption by sodium hydroxide. As a result of the experiment, a solution of white liquor with high sulfidity is obtained. which is a positive characteristic of the sulphate pulp boiling process, as it reduces the cooking time to a certain degree of penetration, facilitates the delignification process, and also increases the cellulose yield. This allows reducing the consumption of reagents in the preparation of white liquor fed to the cooking chips. According to the proposed method, the precipitation of the black liquor lignohydrocarbon complex is carried out without the use of soda recovery boilers, where the process of obtaining white liquor is associated with obtaining alkaline water and subsequent production of green liquor from it, with further regeneration of white liquor used for cooking sulphate pulp. As a result of the experiment, the principal possibility of hydrogen sulfide absorption by a hydroxide solution was established with the fulfillment of the requirements for white liquor.


Author(s):  
Dale E. Bockman ◽  
L. Y. Frank Wu ◽  
Alexander R. Lawton ◽  
Max D. Cooper

B-lymphocytes normally synthesize small amounts of immunoglobulin, some of which is incorporated into the cell membrane where it serves as receptor of antigen. These cells, on contact with specific antigen, proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells which synthesize and secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin. The two stages of differentiation of this cell line (generation of B-lymphocytes and antigen-driven maturation to plasma cells) are clearly separable during ontogeny and in some immune deficiency diseases. The present report describes morphologic aberrations of B-lymphocytes in two diseases in which second stage differentiation is defective.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document