scholarly journals Sujalam Suphalam (SS) : A multi-stakeholder Water Resources Management Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarang Kulkarni ◽  
Pragya Soni
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Government ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
District Administration

Rejuvenation of existing water bodies is an important element to achieve village water security in the context of both drinking and agriculture water requirements. Rejuvenation of the water structure leads to the creation of storage or increase in the storage capacity of the existing structure, eventually aiding to groundwater recharge. “Sujalam Suphalam” is a District level time-bound program that focuses on the improvement of village water resources by undertaking the restoration of existing water bodies, and watershed treatments for the augmentation of groundwater. It is an effort to make a parched village 'water abundant' by creating water infrastructure that instils the notion of ownership amongst the stakeholders which is an important element in arriving at a sustainable solution for drought frequented regions in a short period of time. Sujalam Suphalam (SS) takes a multi-stakeholder approach to arrive at village water security. The multi-stakeholder design of the programme involves the Government (State and District Administration) – Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana (BJS) -Community/Farmers Group – like-minded civil society organisations and advocacy groups (public representatives and newspaper & electronic media) as the stakeholders. Where Government authority provides necessary sanctions and takes full ownership of the programme, BJS provide their services of heavy machinery and support the Government in programme execution, implementation, community mobilisation, data management and monitoring. This program promises rejuvenating water structures that store run-off generated during monsoons, which recharges groundwater, these earthen works also provide an essential resource to the farmers which is silt to enhance individual farmer's productivity. SS has helped in increasing the agricultural income by bringing the larger area under irrigation and enhanced the income from agro-allied diversified activities. By desilting percolation tanks, water harvesting tanks and village nalas (rivulets) BJS has not only enhanced the storage capacity of these structures but also increased the period of water availability in the parched villages. It increased the number of days of drinking and domestic water availability accessible to all habitations within a village. The approach promises to reduce the gap between demand and supply of both, water and silt, in a short period. It also garners active participation from the farmers that leads to effective management of community water resources by enhancing the capacity of Panchayati Raj Institutions and individual farmers. Since the implementation of IWRM projects back in the 1970s, many water storage structures were created in drought-prone villages. But often it was found that very few programs were concentrated on rejuvenation or repair of these water bodies. Often the Gram Panchayat was given charge of these water bodies who lacked the necessary guidance and resources to rejuvenate or repair. Sujalam Suphalam program is focused on rejuvenation or repair of government and community-owned water bodies. These processes demanded the active participation of district administration, gram panchayat, progressive farmers, farmer boards at village level and those who were on the periphery of these institutions. This paper reviews the multi-stakeholder sustainable water conservation approach adopted by Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana with the support of the government of Maharashtra and Karnataka. The paper also highlights the main components of the programme, methodology of the programme, execution, key achievements, impacts and critical lessons learnt.

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER AVAILABILITY AT HOUSE HOLD LEVEL A CASE STUDY OF QUETTA BALOCHISTAN

Al-Burz ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-276
Author(s):  
Shaheen Usman Kakar ◽  
Dr. Mumtaz Ali Baloch ◽  
Dr. Shahida Habib
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
Sanitation Systems

  Water is of basic substance for Human development, the water brought environment, economy, civilization, livelihood provisions and well being for the society. Comprehensively understanding factors affecting the availability of water for household the water consumption behavior are required to be designed for efficient and effective water uses. To address the issue we randomly investigated 200 households in five different populated towns of Quetta city. The primary data was collected through household questionnaire survey and observation. On the other hand, secondary data included books, journal articles and websites. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The findings of this study revealed that type of family, monthly income, major source of water, presence of garden at household and responsible factor of water shortage are significantly correlated with water availability. The survey concludes that the available water resources provided by the government are not enough for the daily household usage resultantly the respondents struggle hard to managed alternative water resources as per their requirement. The paper recommend to bring  awareness for the public sector about their right to water and provision of water sources is core responsibly of Government, especially to draw a policy for new constructions of water resources or by the remodeling of water and sanitation systems.

Study on Sudden Water Pollution Incidents of Guangdong Huanggang River

2011 ◽  
Vol 99-100 ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
Yong Li Zhang ◽  
Min Xiao ◽  
Wei Hao Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Treatment Measures ◽  
Sudden Water Pollution

Sudden water pollution incidents are incidents that the pollutants affected by some unexpected factors following into water bodies, resulting in contamination of water resources within a short period, which will lead to emergencies of adverse impacts on society. According to the ways of pollutants following into water bodies, sudden water pollution incidents could be classified into four categories. Sudden water pollution incidents have potentially risks, and some positive approaches should be adopted to control them. Those have been discussed in the research that three sudden water pollution incidents having taken place in Huanggang River basin and their treatment measures, and the four hidden pollution hazards existing in Huanggang river basin have been analyzed.

Hydrological, socioeconomic, engineering and water quality modeling aspects for evaluating water security: experience from Greek rural watersheds.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athina Angeli ◽  
Eleni Karkani ◽  
Angelos Alamanos ◽  
Stefanos Xenarios ◽  
Nikitas Mylopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Water Value ◽  
Surface And Groundwater ◽  
Lake Karla

<p>Water security poses one of the biggest challenges of the century. It is a versatile problem, going beyond the traditional concepts of hydrology and water quality. It is difficult to give a single definition, since water security signifies a "safe operating subspace" within a multi-dimensional space that maps physical resource availability, water quality, demand, infrastructure and economic choices. The main idea of water security, as addressed in the present study, is the need to balance human and environmental water needs.</p><p>In arid and semi-arid areas, including Greece, intensification of agriculture accompanied with poor management is a common phenomenon. These attempts to meet economic and productive objectives, combined with the physical characteristics of these areas, has led to quantitative and qualitative water degradation, questioning the sustainability of water resources. In Greece, the Ministry of Environment Management Plans found that only 1 or 2 cases in the country are in “a good status”. This study aims to propose a way towards integrated and sustainable management, through hydro-economic tools: water balance, profits from agricultural activities, water value, and water quality. Water security is examined based on these terms in several Greek rural watersheds.</p><p>The methodology consists of the estimation of water availability, water demand, and thus water balance in surface and groundwater resources. The profits from the agricultural activities are estimated from a straightforward economic model, based on the gross profits and production costs. Water quality is based on measurements on concentrations of fertilizers, chemical parameters and pesticides, and its improvement is examined through the quantitative replenishment due to several strategies exploiting dilution processes in surface and groundwater. The analysis used data from the period 2005-2015, and a set of management scenarios were examined, suggesting technical measures (e.g. reducing losses, improving irrigation methods) and crop replacement scenarios, taking into account factors affecting these decisions, and also the Ministry’s recommendations. The water value was calculated using the “change of the net-income” method. All the above factors’ results indicate the degradation of the examined areas.</p><p>More specifically, the watersheds of Lake Karla, Almyros, Koronia, and Loudia were selected as the most representative cases. These watersheds seem to have limited water availability, intensified agriculture, poor water quality and management issues. The Lake Karla watershed is characterized from overexploited surface and groundwater resources, Loudia and Koronia watersheds face the same issues plus a strong qualitative degradation, Almyros watershed main issue is the salinization of its coastal aquifer. In conclusion, the first steps that are introduced in this study can be a starting point for more integrated water security management, helping local water managers understand and address the above issues.</p><p>Overall, it is a novel attempt to integrate all the above parameters in one framework, for a ten-year horizon, and comparing rural Greek case studies. Non-comparable factors also exist among different case studies, which are discussed, however the evidences support the finding of the general degradation and unsustainable management in the country.</p><p><strong>KEYWORDS:</strong> Water Security, agricultural watersheds, Greece, Water Resources Management, Hydro-economic modeling, water quality, scenario analysis.</p>

A role for GIS-based simulation for empowering local stakeholders in water resources negotiations in developing countries: case studies for two rural hillside watersheds in Honduras and Colombia

Water Policy ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Luijten ◽  
E. B. Knapp ◽  
S. I. Sanz ◽  
J. W. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Development Scenarios

Water security for those living in poverty is a concern for a broad range of policy makers. Identifying appropriate policy options, however, means coping with complexity and uncertainty inherent in natural and human systems. This paper demonstrates how geographical information systems and simulation modeling can facilitate scenario analysis of water availability and water security. The result is policy development with a strong human context that can empower stakeholders in water resources negotiations and the design of a science-based, community-supported water resources management plans. We applied these tools to two hillside watersheds in Honduras and Colombia to generate basic information about the “state of water resources”, and how they may change over space and time, for the present situation and under alternatives futures. Stakeholder participation in creating and analyzing scenarios is a critical part of the overall policy development methodological framework, so that what might otherwise be only lines on a graph is put into more concrete human terms. The analyses showed that, among others, stream water availability and the location of streams strongly vary throughout the year and over space; that different parts of the watersheds do not equally contribute to stream water; that inequalities exist in household accessibility to streams; and that dams could help supply sufficient irrigation water under alternative development scenarios without endangering water supply to downstream communities. These results are helpful for better understanding landscape processes at a watershed scale, for identifying desired future conditions and negotiating tradeoffs that are required to reach them, and for supporting water policy development.

CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND IMPACT VULNERABILITY STATUS OF IRRIGATION WATER RESOURCES ON RICE AND TOMATO PRODUCTION DOWNSTREAM OF TIGA DAM, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-134
Author(s):  
A. B. Adegbehin ◽  
E. O. Iguisi ◽  
Y. O. Yusuf ◽  
C. K. Dauda
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Reservoir Water Level ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Rainfall Index ◽  
The Government

The focus of this empirical study is to investigate the trends of some hydro metrological parameters and Impact Vulnerability Status (IVS) of irrigation water resources on rice and tomato production in the downstream of Tiga station. Investigation was conducted using data on rainfall, temperature, evaporation and reservoir water level for 30 years in Tiga station. The data collected was used to show the trend fluctuations of each parameter for the period of study. The rainfall data was also used to analyze the Normalized Rainfall Index (NRI) in order to know periods of surplus, deficit and optimal water availability as against the required water for rice and tomato production. The rainfall pattern and water level showed increasing trend while temperature and evaporation showed a general decrease in trend. The NRI used to investigate the IVS in Tiga station downstream revealed that rice and tomato were not vulnerable to drought and flooding for 18 years while every other years were vulnerable or slightly vulnerable. However, only year 1993 appears to be very wet and highly susceptible to flooding. Findings from focus group revealed that 80% of the farmers reported floods occurrences during rainy season and deficit of water between January and March of each year. In conclusion, the IVS of farmers to climate change revealed periods of deficit, optimal and excess water availability for rice and tomato production and their vulnerability status. It was recommended that the government should strengthen laws and policies relevant in addressing climate change

Analysis of the Present Situation of Water Resources and Water Security in Zhejiang Province

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 3364-3371
Author(s):  
Zhan Qing Ma ◽  
Ya Ping Gan ◽  
Yong Mei Xue ◽  
Shu Yao Wen
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Rational Development ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
Annual Distribution

This paper analyzes the status quo and the existing problems of water resources in Zhejiang Province. Although with an abundant total quantity, the per capital hold of water resources here is low. Besides, this area is characterized by an uneven annual and inter-annual distribution of water resources, with frequent droughts and floods. The uneven regional distribution causes incompatible socio and economic development, and the low utilization of water resources leads to serious water pollution. In order to solve the existing problems and insure water security, the government proposed countermeasures which mainly cover the following items:first, to enhance the efficiency of water use and resolve contradictions between water supply and the demand; second, to promote rational development of water resources and strengthen comprehensive utilization; third, to raise the awareness of water security and promote innovations on the scientific management of water resources;fourth, to improve related mechanisms on water price and accelerate the pace of water rights trading.

scholarly journals Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meron Taye ◽  
Ellen Dyer ◽  
Feyera Hirpa ◽  
Katrina Charles
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Coupled Models ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Difference

Rapid growth of agriculture, industries and urbanization within the Awash basin, Ethiopia, as well as population growth is placing increasing demands on the basin’s water resources. In a basin known for high climate variability involving droughts and floods, climate change will likely intensify the existing challenges. To quantify the potential impact of climate change on water availability of the Awash basin in different seasons we have used three climate models from Coupled Models Inter-comparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) and for three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, and 2056–2080). The models were selected based on their performance in capturing historical precipitation characteristics. The baseline period used for comparison is 1981–2005. The future water availability was estimated as the difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration projections using the representative concentration pathway (RCP8.5) emission scenarios after the climate change signals from the climate models are transferred to the observed data. The projections for the future three periods show an increase in water deficiency in all seasons and for parts of the basin, due to a projected increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation. This decrease in water availability will increase water stress in the basin, further threatening water security for different sectors, which are currently increasing their investments in the basin such as irrigation. This calls for an enhanced water management strategy that is inclusive of all sectors that considers the equity for different users.

scholarly journals Projection of land use to 2030 and its impacts on water availability in a brazilian sub-basin: A LCM and SWAT approach

2022 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-87
Author(s):  
Adriana Paulo de Sousa Oliveira ◽  
Rafaela Ribeiro Gracelli ◽  
Arthur Amaral e Silva ◽  
Vitor Juste dos Santos ◽  
Jackeline De Siqueira Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Resources Management

Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) can result in significant changes in a hydrographic ba- sin flow regime. Future projections about LULC and its interference with water availability help to identify extreme events in advance and help propose appropriate management measures. Thus, this study aimed to make the LULC projection for the year 2030 for the Alto Rio Grande (ARG) sub- basin, located in Southeastern Brazil. This region was chosen because of its intense water resources use and for having recently faced water scarcity as result of prolonged droughts and inadequate water resources management. To identify the LULC trend for the year 2030, the Land Change Modeler (LCM) was used, the map obtained was inserted in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model previously calibrated and validated for the region’ environmental and climatic conditions. The ARG sub-basin was affected by heavy rains in 2011, which resulted in changes in the landscape due to landslides. This particularity of the region contributed to the projection of LULC for the year 2030 to present an increase in forest and pastures to the agricultural areas detriment. When evaluating the impacts of these changes in water availability, it was observed that the SWAT model presented, for the same rainfall conditions, a reduction in peak streamflows of up to 59% and a reduction in the average monthly flow of up to 63% in 2030 in relation to the LULC observed in 2017. Thus, this study provides an important contribution by identifying a considerable reduction in water availability. These results will help to formulate strategies for water resources management and the adoption of measures to promote water security in the region.

scholarly journals Water Security Assessment of the Grand River Watershed in Southwestern Ontario, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baljeet Kaur ◽  
Narayan Shrestha ◽  
Prasad Daggupati ◽  
Ramesh Rudra ◽  
Pradeep Goel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Stream Flow ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Environmental Flow ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Flow Method

Water security is the capability of a community to have adequate access to good quality and a sufficient quantity of water as well as safeguard resources for the future generations. Understanding the spatial and temporal variabilities of water security can play a pivotal role in sustainable management of fresh water resources. In this study, a long-term water security analysis of the Grand River watershed (GRW), Ontario, Canada, was carried out using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT). Analyses on blue and green water availability and water security were carried out by dividing the GRW into eight drainage zones. As such, both anthropogenic as well as environmental demand were considered. In particular, while calculating blue water scarcity, three different methods were used in determining the environmental flow requirement, namely, the presumptive standards method, the modified low stream-flow method, and the variable monthly flow method. Model results showed that the SWAT model could simulate streamflow dynamics of the GRW with ‘good’ to ‘very good’ accuracy with an average Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency of 0.75, R2 value of 0.78, and percentage of bias (PBIAS) of 8.23%. Sen’s slope calculated using data from over 60 years confirmed that the blue water flow, green water flow, and storage had increasing trends. The presumptive standards method and the modified low stream-flow method, respectively, were found to be the most and least restrictive method in calculating environmental flow requirements. While both green (0.4–1.1) and blue (0.25–2.0) water scarcity values showed marked temporal and spatial variabilities, blue water scarcity was found to be the highest in urban areas on account of higher water usage and less blue water availability. Similarly, green water scarcity was found to be highest in zones with higher temperatures and intensive agricultural practices. We believe that knowledge of the green and blue water security situation would be helpful in sustainable water resources management of the GRW and help to identify hotspots that need immediate attention.

scholarly journals KELAYAKAN DISTRIBUSI DAN KETERSEDIAAN AIR BERSIH DI DESA MOJO KECAMATAN PADANG KABUPATEN LUMAJANG

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Mochtar Nova Mulyadi ◽  
Elida Novita ◽  
N. Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
The Government

The limitation to get clean water causes the community to utilize the existing water resources. One of the villages needs clean water during the dry season in Mojo Village Padang District, Regency Lumajang. The need for clean water was increasing as the population growth. The population of the Mojo Village was 3,901 people. The needs of clean water were supplied from Jirun wellspring. The Jirun wellspring was located 20 meters lower than a residential area. The government of Lumajang Regency installed a hydrant pump to solve the problem for distributing the clean water from Jirun wellspring to the residential area. The flow rate of Jirun wellspring reached 22.91 l/s. The index of clean water criticality was 3.44% namely “uncritical” that indicated Mojo Village was abundant water availability. Keywords: dongki pump, water balance

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