Complex Time Methods and Chameleon Scalar Fields in the Dynamics of Spatial Extremes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionysia Panagoulia ◽  
Kalomoira Zisopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Hardy Spaces ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
Coordinate Space ◽  
Multivariate Methods ◽  
Action Functional ◽  
Complex Time ◽  
Spatial Extremes ◽  
Engineering Department ◽  
Variable Reduction ◽  
E Mail

<p>Complex Time Methods and Chameleon Scalar Fields in the Dynamics of Spatial Extremes</p><p>Dionysia Panagoulia1 and Kalomoira Zisopoulou 2</p><p>1 School of Civil Engineering, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece. E-mail [email protected]</p><p> 2 Travaux Publics, Becket House, London, United Kingdom</p><p>It is shown that complex time in classical physics may transform the action functional Lagrangian and Lagrangian density processes to, among others, energy descriptive functionals. By imposing restrictions in the problem coordinate space as per need, such as Sobolev or Hardy spaces, or to the complex time plane such as the two variable Hilbert Space dependent Bergman. Decomposition new results are obtained which facilitate a better understanding of the mechanism governing spatial extremes in terms of flows. <br>The introduction of Khoury-Weltman type chameleon scalar fields will, by the recognition of existing oscillatory patterns, pave a connective chain of momenta between smaller and larger objects which will uncover the causal relationships between them which will allow for variable reduction in multivariate methods.</p>

Nixing Engineerese

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (08) ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
Jean Thilmany
Keyword(s):  
Soft Skills ◽  
Working Relationships ◽  
Soft Skill ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Instant Message ◽  
Management Consultants ◽  
Engineering Department ◽  
Engineering Team ◽  
E Mail

This article focuses on requirement of soft skills for communicating across departments in an organization. Fortunately, laying the foundation for good working relationships with other departments is a learned skill as experienced by management consultants. It starts with evaluating the role of the engineering department in an enterprise and continues with learning how to best communicate with employees of all personalities and skill levels. One soft skill that is easily learned and honed over time is the ability to communicate clearly. Another tip is to treat the person making a request of you the way you would for an outside customer. If another customer request supersedes, explain that to the employee requesting your time. Always take the time to proofread an e-mail or instant message, or any other form of written communication. Always treat employees from other departments just as you would for those in your own engineering team.

scholarly journals Implementation of Practice Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1184-1188
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Assessment Of Learning ◽  
Engineering Department ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Specific Teaching ◽  
E Mail

This research was done because of the covid-19 pandemic. One regulation impact of this pandemic is social distance, so it disturbed the implementation of learning because students did not allowed to learn face to face in a room or at campus. They must learn from home by online learning. This regulation was not a problem for some courses, but it was not easy for practice course because students need tools and do demonstration in laboratory or workshop. This descriptive qualitative reseach was done to observed people who involved in specific teaching method course in the mechanical engineering department of Universitas Negeri Padang (UNP). The key of this research are about data observation, triangulation, careful examination, then data reduction, presentation, and conclusion. The research result stated that; 1) there was no changes in the substance of the learning planning during covid-19, 2) the implementation of practice learning was done by fully learning during covid-19, student and lecture did communication by using whatsapp, e-mail, zoom cloud meeting, UNP’s e-learning, and others tools such as youtube, 3) the assessment of learning was done by testing and observation.

scholarly journals Visualization of the Anisotropy of the Velocity Dispersion and Characteristics of the Multi-Velocity Continuum in the Regions of Multi-Stream Flows of Gas-Dust Media with Polydisperse Dust

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Mikhail A. Bezborodov ◽  
Mikhail A. Eremin ◽  
Vitaly V. Korolev ◽  
Ilya G. Kovalenko ◽  
Elena V. Zhukova
Keyword(s):  
Stream Flow ◽  
Velocity Dispersion ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
Velocity Fields ◽  
Velocity Space ◽  
Coordinate Space ◽  
Tensor Fields ◽  
Color Representation ◽  
Dispersion Tensor ◽  
First Case

Collisionless media devoid of intrinsic stresses, for example, a dispersed phase in a multiphase medium, have a much wider variety of space-time structures and features formed in them than collisional media, for example, a carrier, gas, or liquid phase. This is a consequence of the fact that evolution in such media occurs in phase space, i.e., in a space of greater dimensions than the usual coordinate space. As a consequence, the process of the formation of features in collisionless media (clustering or vice versa, a loss of continuity) can occur primarily in the velocity space, which, in contrast to the features in the coordinate space (folds, caustics, or voids), is poorly observed directly. To identify such features, it is necessary to use visualization methods that allow us to consider, in detail, the evolution of the medium in the velocity space. This article is devoted to the development of techniques that allow visualizing the degree of anisotropy of the velocity fields of collisionless interpenetrating media. Simultaneously tracking the behavior of different fractions in such media is important, as their behavior can be significantly different. We propose three different techniques for visualizing the anisotropy of velocity fields using the example of two- and three-continuum dispersed media models. We proposed the construction of spatial distributions of eccentricity fields (scalar fields), or fields of principal directions of the velocity dispersion tensor (tensor fields). In the first case, we used some simple eccentricity functions for dispersion tensors for two fractions simultaneously, which we call surrogate entropy. In the second case, to visualize the anisotropy of the velocity fields of three fractions simultaneously, we used an ordered array (3-vector) of eccentricities for the color representation through decomposition in three basic colors. In the case of a multi-stream flow, we used cluster analysis methods to identify sections of a multi-stream flow (beams) and used glyphs to visualize the entire set of beams (vector-tensor fields).

scholarly journals EVAPORAÇÃO E EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIA EM CAMPO E ESTUFA ORIENTADAS NOS SENTIDOS NORTE/SUL E LESTE/OESTE

Irriga ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Brandão Braga ◽  
Antonio Evaldo Klar
Keyword(s):  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Class A ◽  
Engineering Department ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
E Mail ◽  
East West ◽  
Class A Pan

EVAPORAÇÃO E EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIA EM CAMPO E ESTUFA ORIENTADAS NOS SENTIDOS NORTE/SUL E LESTE/OESTE  Marcos .Brandão .Braga1Antônio Evaldo Klar 2Departamento de Engenharia Rural – Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP – Botucatu, SP. CP: 237 – CEP: 18603-970. E-mail: [email protected]  1 RESUMO O estudo da evaporação da água tem sido bastante empregado para estimar a evapotranspiração de culturas, constituído-se num fator de importância relevante para planejamento e manejo da irrigação. Nas ultimas décadas, o cultivo em ambiente protegido, principalmente de hortaliças, tem sido muito utilizado no Brasil. No entanto, estudos referentes ao manejo de água em ambientes protegidos têm sido ainda pouco pesquisados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo, estimar a evaporação (Eo) e evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), dentro e fora das estufas, utilizando-se o método do tanque classe “A”, e estabelecer correlações entre estas variáveis medidas em duas estufas com orientações geográficas distintas (N-S, L-O). O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, campus de Botucatu-SP, no período de setembro de 1997 a fevereiro de 1998. Observou-se que a evaporação e a evapotranspiração de referência obtidas fora das estufas correlacionaram-se de forma positiva com as estimadas dentro das mesmas; que houve pequena variação na evaporação e evapotranspiração de referência, estimadas no interior das estufas; e que é possível estimar-se a evaporação e evapotranspiração de referência, dentro da estufa orientada no sentido Norte/Sul, através de dados de Eo e ETo obtidos fora destas e no interior da Leste/Oeste. UNITERMOS: Evaporação, Evapotranspiração, Estufas  BRAGA, M. B., KLAR, A. E.  PLASTIC TUNNEL ORIENTATION INFLUENCE ON EVAPORATION AND REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION  2 ABSTRACT The water evaporation has been employed to predict plant evapotranspiration in order to design irrigation management. Plastic tunnels has been used for cultivation of many plants, mainly vegetables, but few water use researches have been made under plastic tunnel conditions in Brazil. For this reason, the main objective of this study was to estimate evaporation -  Eo (class A pan metthod) and reference evapotranspiration – E To inside and outside greenhouses. Two plastic tunnels oriented North/South (N/S) and East/West (E/W) were used. The study was developed at the Agricultural Engineering Department, FCA/UNESP, Botucatu – SP from 09/1997 to 02/1998. The evaporation and the reference evapotranspiration obtained from classe A pan out the tunnels had positive correlations to those inside the tunnels, consequently it is possible to evaluate Eo and ETo inside tunnels from outside data. A positive correlation were founded between class A pan data obtained from both plastic tunnels. KEYWORDS: Evaporation, Reference Evapotranspiration, Plastic Tunnel  

scholarly journals UNIFORMIDADE DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE POTÁSSIO NUM SISTEMA DE IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO QUANDO APLICADO POR DIFERENTES INJETORES

Irriga ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Vinicius Araujo Mello de Oliveira ◽  
Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas ◽  
Carlos Jesus Baca Garcia ◽  
Fernanda Regina Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Hydraulic Pump ◽  
Stabilization Time ◽  
Lateral Lines ◽  
Engineering Department ◽  
Science College ◽  
Distribution Uniformity ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
E Mail

UNIFORMIDADE  DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE POTÁSSIO NUM SISTEMA DE IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO QUANDO APLICADO POR DIFERENTES INJETORES   Marcus Vinicius Araujo Mello de Oliveira¹Roberto Lyra Villas BoasCarlos Jesus Baca GarciaFernanda Regina NascimentoDepartamento de Recursos Naturais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, CP 237, CEP 18603-970. E-mail:  [email protected]   1 RESUMO              O presente trabalho objetivou comparar a uniformidade de distribuição do potássio em um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento quando utilizado um injetor venturi, uma bomba elétrica Multifertic e uma bomba injetora hidráulica proporcional Dosmatic, ambas de pistão. O experimento foi conduzido na área de experimentação do Departamento de  Engenharia Rural  da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Unesp campus de Botucatu – SP. Foram escolhidos quatro tempos de injeção: 10, 15, 20 e 25 minutos; sendo recolhidas amostras de solução em diferentes momentos durante e após a injeção do produto. As amostras coletadas tiveram seu teor de potássio determinado via fotometria de chama. Com os resultados obtidos concluiu-se que: 1) não ocorreu variação significativa na uniformidade de distribuição do potássio devido aos injetores utilizados; 2) maiores tempos de injeção possibilitam melhores uniformidades de distribuição, sendo que para sistemas com 200 m de linhas laterais tempos a partir de 20 minutos de injeção podem ser empregados e 3) não houve influência da concentração inicial no tempo de estabilização da fertirrigação.  UNITERMOS: fertirrigação, injetores de fertilizantes, injetor venturi, bombas injetoras, distribuição de fertilizantes.   OLIVEIRA,M. V. M. de; VILLAS BOAS, R. L.; BACA, C. J. G.; FARIAS, M. F. de; DALRI, A. B.; LEITE JUNIOR, J. B.; NASCIMENTO, F. R. DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY OF POTASSIUM IN DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM WHEN APPLIED BY DIFFERENT FERTILIZER INJECTORS   2 ABSTRACT  The objective of this paper was to compare the potassium distribution uniformity when applied using three fertilizer injectors in field conditions. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Rural Engineering Department, Agricultural Science College – UNESP, in Botucatu – SP. A venturi injector, an electrical pump and a proportional hydraulic pump were the equipments used for fertilizer injection. Four-injection time periods (10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes) have been chosen to study potassium distribution uniformity. The solution samples were picked up in different moments over and after the product injection. The sample potassium contents were measured using flame photometry. According to the obtained results the conclusions were as follows: 1) there was no difference in potassium distribution uniformity among the injectors, 2) longer injection intervals enable better distribution uniformity and irrigation systems with 200 m length lateral lines can use 20-minute minimum injection intervals and 3) there was no influence of initial concentration on fertigation stabilization time.  KEYWORDS: fertigation, fertilizers injection, venturi injector, injector pump, fertilizer distribution

scholarly journals Hadamard’s variational formula in terms of stress and strain tensors

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Gustafsson ◽  
Ahmed Sebbar
Keyword(s):  
Green Function ◽  
Stress Tensor ◽  
Strain Tensor ◽  
Variational Formula ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
Action Functional ◽  
Lagrangian Action ◽  
The Green Function ◽  
Strain Tensors ◽  
Hadamard Variational Formula

AbstractStarting from a Lagrangian action functional for two scalar fields we construct, by variational methods, the Laplacian Green function for a bounded domain and an appropriate stress tensor. By a further variation, imposed by a given vector field, we arrive at an interior version of the Hadamard variational formula, previously considered by P. Garabedian. It gives the variation of the Green function in terms of a pairing between the stress tensor and a strain tensor in the interior of the domain, this contrasting the classical Hadamard formula which is expressed as a pure boundary variation.

Scalar fields in generalized theories of gravity: Limit to general relativity

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (02n03) ◽  
pp. 2040006
Author(s):  
Piret Kuusk
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
Einstein Gravity ◽  
Scalar Tensor Theory ◽  
Action Functional ◽  
Tensor Theory ◽  
General Action ◽  
Theories Of Gravity ◽  
Theory Of Gravitation ◽  
Special Case

The general action functional for a scalar-tensor theory of gravitation without derivative couplings is considered together with its special case of the Brans–Dicke theory. The aim of the paper is to clarify the problem of anomalous limit of the Brans–Dicke to the Einstein gravity.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A COMPUTER MODEL TO SIMULATE WATER TABLE RESPONSE TO SUBIRRIGATION

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
JADIR APARECIDO ROSA ◽  
Allen George Smajstrla ◽  
Kenneth Leonard Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Deep Percolation ◽  
Biological Engineering ◽  
Engineering Department ◽  
The Face ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
E Mail

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A COMPUTER MODEL TO SIMULATE WATER TABLE RESPONSE TO SUBIRRIGATION   Jadir Aparecido RosaPólo Regional de Ponta Grossa, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná , Caixa Postal 129, CEP 84001-970, Ponta Grossa – PR, E-mail: [email protected] George Smajstrla (deceased)Kenneth Leonard Campbell Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110570, Gainesville - Florida, 36511-0570 USA, E-mail: [email protected]    1 ABSTRACT  A two-dimensional finite difference model (WATABLE) was developed to simulate water movement from a buried microirrigation line source, and the response of the water table to irrigation, precipitation, evapotranspiration, deep percolation, and runoff. The water uptake by plant roots was simulated by an extraction function with a root distribution term. Deep percolation was modeled with a water table-drainage flux relationship, and runoff was simulated at the surface and at the face of the water furrow.  The accuracy of the model in simulating infiltration and redistribution of soil water was determined by comparison with other computer simulations and experimental observations from the literature. The comparisons were selected to test the applicability and accuracy of the model with soils that had widely varying hydraulic properties. Results from WATABLE agreed very well with other simulation models and the model was able to reproduce closely the experimental results taken for comparison. This article focuses on the development and testing of the simulation model and a further article will present the calibration and verification of the model comparing results with experimental observations on water table management research plots.  KEYWORDS: drainage, modeling, subsurface drip irrigation.   ROSA, J.A., SMAJSTRLA, A.G., CAMPBELL, K.L. DESENVOLVIMENTO E TESTE DE UM MODELO COMPUTACIONAL PARA SIMULAR A RESPOSTA DO LENÇOL FREÁTICO À SUBIRRIGAÇÃO  2 RESUMO  Um modelo computacional em duas dimensões (WATABLE) foi desenvolvido para simular o movimento de água a partir de uma linha de irrigação localizada enterrada, e a resposta do nível do lençol à irrigação, precipitação, evapotranspiração, percolação profunda e escorrimento superficial. O consumo de água pelas raízes foi simulado com uma função de extração e um termo de distribuição de raízes. A percolação profunda foi modelada através de uma relação entre profundidade do lençol e fluxo de drenagem na parte inferior do perfil. A precisão do modelo na simulação da infiltração e da redistribuição da água no solo foi determinada comparando-se resultados obtidos com este  modelo e simulações feitas com outros modelos e dados experimentais obtidos na literatura. As comparações foram selecionadas de modo a testar a aplicabilidade e precisão do modelo em diferentes tipos de solos. Os resultados obtidos com o WATABLE foram concordantes com aqueles obtidos com outros modelos, e o modelo foi capaz de reproduzir muito bem os resultados experimentais tomados como referências. Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento e os testes de simulação com o modelo, e um futuro artigo apresentará os resultados da calibração e verificação do modelo usando-se dados de campo obtidos em uma área experimental em manejo de lençol freático.  UNITERMOS: drenagem, modelagem, irrigação por subsuperfície.

scholarly journals DESENVOLVIMENTO DE SOFTWARE PARA AVALIAÇÃO DOS DESEMPENHOS HIDRÁULICO E ECONÔMICO DE PIVÔS CENTRAIS

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33
Author(s):  
Rafael Ludwig ◽  
Givaldo Dantas Sampaio Neto ◽  
Fernando Ferrari Putti ◽  
João Carlos Cury Saad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Center Pivot ◽  
Engineering Department ◽  
Microsoft Office ◽  
Performance Validation ◽  
E Mail

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE SOFTWARE PARA AVALIAÇÃO DOS DESEMPENHOS HIDRÁULICO E ECONÔMICO DE PIVÔS CENTRAIS*   RAFAEL LUDWIG1; GIVALDO DANTAS SAMPAIO NETO2;  FERNANDO FERRARI PUTTI3 E JOÃO CARLOS CURY SAAD1   1Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brasil. E-mail:  [email protected] ; [email protected] 2Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso - Campus Confresa,  Confresa, MT, Brasil.   E-mail: [email protected] 3Faculdade de Ciências e Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Tupã, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]     1 RESUMO   A agricultura irrigada é dependente de energia elétrica para aumentar a produção e conseguir suprir as necessidades do mercado, o qual mostra-se cada vez mais exigente e competitivo. No entanto, com a escassez de energia e água, aliada à rápida elevação dos custos de produção, desperta-se o interesse para o uso racional destes recursos. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o processo de criação de um software para avaliar a influência da declividade do terreno nas pressões e no gasto energético em um sistema de irrigação por pivô central. O software foi elaborado utilizando a linguagem de programação Delphi, acessando um Banco de Dados criado em Access2013, integrante do pacote Microsoft Office. Trata-se de um estudo desenvolvido em parceria com o Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – FCA –UNESP, a Escuela de Ingenieros Agronomos da Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – EIA-UPM e a Associação do Sudoeste Paulista de Irrigantes e Plantio na Palha – ASPIPP, sediada no distrito de Campos de Holambra município de Paranapanema – SP. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o software desenvolvido pode ser utilizado como uma alternativa para a avaliação do desempenho e funcionamento de sistemas de irrigação por pivô central, possibilitando ao usuário a realização da análise quanto à possibilidade de intervenção na vazão e pressão para redução de custos operacionais, fornecendo três possibilidades de alteração, considerando a lâmina fornecida e o consumo energético.   Palavras-chave: otimização, gasto energético, irrigação.     LUDWIG, R.; SAMPAIO NETO, G. D.; PUTTI, F. F.; SAAD, J. C. C. SOFTWARE FOR EVALUATION OF HYDRAULIC AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCES OF CENTER PIVOTS     2 ABSTRACT   Irrigated agriculture is dependent on electricity to increase production and to be able to supply the needs of the market, which is increasingly demanding and competitive. However, the lack of resources, such as water and electricity, and the rise of production cost, demand a rational use of these resources. The objective of this paper is to present the process of creating a software to assess the influence of land slope on pressures and energy spent in a center pivot irrigation system.  The software was developed using Delphi programming language, accessing a database created in Access 2013, part of the Microsoft Office suite. It is a research developed in a partnership with the Rural Engineering Department of  Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – FCA –UNESP, Escuela de Ingenieros Agronomos da Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – EIA-UPM, and Associação do Sudoeste Paulista de Irrigantes e Plantio na Palha – ASPIPP, located in the district of Campos de Holambra in Parapanema – SP. The results show that the software is an alternative for performance validation and operation of  center pivot irrigation systems. Moreover, it allows users to analyze the possibility of intervention in the flow rate and pressure to reduce operational costs, providing three possibilities of intervention considering water depth provided and energy consumption.   Keywords: optimization, sprinkle irrigation, energy consumption

A hitchhiker’s guide to microscopy and microanalysis using telecommunications, e-mail, and the Internet

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 390-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nestor J. Zaluzec
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Information Superhighway ◽  
The World ◽  
Exchange Information ◽  
On Line ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Software And Hardware ◽  
Communication Software ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
E Mail

The Information SuperHighway, Email, The Internet, FTP, BBS, Modems, : all buzz words which are becoming more and more routine in our daily life. Confusing terminology? Hopefully it won't be in a few minutes, all you need is to have a handle on a few basic concepts and terms and you will be on-line with the rest of the "telecommunication experts". These terms all refer to some type or aspect of tools associated with a range of computer-based communication software and hardware. They are in fact far less complex than the instruments we use on a day to day basis as microscopist's and microanalyst's. The key is for each of us to know what each is and how to make use of the wealth of information which they can make available to us for the asking. Basically all of these items relate to mechanisms and protocols by which we as scientists can easily exchange information rapidly and efficiently to colleagues in the office down the hall, or half-way around the world using computers and various communications media. The purpose of this tutorial/paper is to outline and demonstrate the basic ideas of some of the major information systems available to all of us today. For the sake of simplicity we will break this presentation down into two distinct (but as we shall see later connected) areas: telecommunications over conventional phone lines, and telecommunications by computer networks. Live tutorial/demonstrations of both procedures will be presented in the Computer Workshop/Software Exchange during the course of the meeting.

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