scholarly journals Epidemiology of renal cancer in developing countries: Review of the literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. E154-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Medina-Rico ◽  
Hugo López-Ramos ◽  
Manuel Lobo ◽  
Jorge Romo ◽  
Juan Guillermo Prada

Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the ninth most common cancer in men, and the 14th most common cancer in women. It has been reported that the incidence of RCC is rising. These changes are more common in developed countries because of better screening programs and disease registry. The aim of this article is to review the epidemiology of RCC around the world.Methods: A literature review of four databases was performed: PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, and Scielo. Studies of incidence, prevalence, mortality, and survival of RCC were taken from different countries. Studies included were published in the last 10 years. Two reviewers independently selected the studies.Results: A total of 5275 references were reviewed by title and abstract. In the end, 42 references were selected for full-text review. The global incidence and prevalence of cancer vary. The highest incidence was described in North America and Northern Europe. In Canada, by 2007 the incidence was 17.9/100 000 and 10.3/100 000 in males and females, respectively. Developing countries like Colombia have fewer incidence rates, with less information in poor-income areas.Conclusions: We have seen a rise in the incidence and mortality of RCC globally. There is an association between RCC and smoking, obesity, hypertension, and socioeconomic status. Seeing the epidemiological data from some regions in developing countries and the lack of specialists in those places, it can be deduced there is underreporting of the disease that reveals the need to improve both surveillance and disease registration programs, especially in these countries.

Author(s):  
Carina Musetti ◽  
Mariela Garau ◽  
Rafael Alonso ◽  
Marion Piñeros ◽  
Isabelle Soerjomataram ◽  
...  

Uruguay has the highest colorectal cancer incidence rates in Latin America. Previous studies reported a stable incidence and a slight increase in mortality among males. We aimed to assess colorectal cancer incidence (2002–2017) and mortality trends (1990–2017) by age groups and sex, using data from the National Cancer Registry. Annual percent changes (APCs) were estimated using joinpoint regression models. We included 27,561 colorectal cancer cases and 25,403 deaths. We found an increasing incidence among both males and females aged 40–49, with annual increases of 3.1% (95%CI: 1.21–5.03) and 2.1% (95%CI: 0.49–3.66), respectively, and an increasein the rate in older males (70+) of 0.60% (95%CI: 0.02–1.20) per year between 2002 and 2017. Mortality remained stable among those younger than 50, whereas it decreased for older females aged 50–69 and 70+ (APC: −0.61% (−1.07–0.14) and −0.68% (−1.02–0.34), respectively), and increased for the oldest males (70+; APC: 0.74 (0.47–1.01)). In conclusion, we found rising colorectal cancer incidence accompanied by stable mortality in young adults. Sex disparities were also found among the older adults, with a more favorable pattern for females. Exposures to dietary and lifestyle risk factors, and inequalities in access to and awareness of screening programs, are probably among the main underlying causes and deserve further investigation.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela Garau ◽  
Carina Musetti ◽  
Rafael Alonso ◽  
Enrique Barrios

Background: Uruguay is the southamerican country which has the highest cancer incidence and mortality rates. The National Cancer Registry collects data on cancer cases nationwide since 1989 and has reached high quality standards in the last decades. This is the first report on incidence trends. Methods: Data from the National Cancer Registry of all new cases of invasive cancer from twelve sites diagnosed in 2002-2015 was analyzed. Age-standardized rates were calculated. Trends of incidence rates were analyzed using joinpoint regression models. Results For both, men and women, incidence rates trends for all cancer sites, colo-rectal and bladder cancer remained stable. Esophageal and gastric cancers descend while Thyroid and kidney cancer incidence increased. In men lung cancer decreased; testicular cancer increased, and prostate cancer increased at the beginning of the period and decreased in the final years. In women; lung cancer increased, breast cancer remained stable and cervical cancer presented a significant decline from 2005 to 2010 and reached a plateau since then. Conclusion: Cancer incidence dynamics are complex and affected not only by Public Health policies such as tobacco control, vaccination and screening programs, but also by environmental and life style changes and the attitude of the medical community towards the application of diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The aim of this paper is to analyze cancer incidence time trends in the country and provide possible explanations to them.


Author(s):  
Alexandru E. Eniu ◽  
Yehoda M. Martei ◽  
Edward L. Trimble ◽  
Lawrence N. Shulman

The global burden of cancer incidence and mortality is on the rise. There are major differences in cancer fatality rates due to profound disparities in the burden and resource allocation for cancer care and control in developed compared with developing countries. The right to cancer care and control should be a human right accessible to all patients with cancer, regardless of geographic or economic region, to avoid unnecessary deaths and suffering from cancer. National cancer planning should include an integrated approach that incorporates a continuum of education, prevention, cancer diagnostics, treatment, survivorship, and palliative care. Global oncology as an academic field should offer the knowledge and skills needed to efficiently assess situations and work on solutions, in close partnership. We need medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, pediatric oncologists, gynecologic oncologists, radiologists, and pathologists trained to think about well-tailored resource-stratified solutions to cancer care in the developing world. Moreover, the multidisciplinary fundamental team approach needed to treat most neoplastic diseases requires coordinated investment in several areas. Current innovative approaches have relied on partnerships between academic institutions in developed countries and local governments and ministries of health in developing countries to provide the expertise needed to implement effective cancer control programs. Global oncology is a viable and necessary field that needs to be emphasized because of its critical role in proposing not only solutions in developing countries, but also solutions that can be applied to similar challenges of access to cancer care and control faced by underserved populations in developed countries.


2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 844-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Cristiano ◽  
JI Rojas ◽  
M Romano ◽  
N Frider ◽  
G Machnicki ◽  
...  

The incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) varies geographically as shown through extensive epidemiological studies performed mainly in developed countries. Nonetheless, scant data is available in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The objective of this review is to assess epidemiological data of MS in LAC. We conducted a systematic review of published articles and gray literature from January 1995 to May 2011. Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria after full-text review. Incidence data were found in only three studies and ranged from 0.3 to 1.9 annual cases per 100,000 person-years. Prevalence was reported in 10 studies and ranged from 0.83 to 21.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The most prevalent subtype of MS was the relapsing–remitting form (48% to 91% of the series). No data about mortality were found. This study showed low frequency for MS in LAC compared with North American and European countries. The role of environmental and genetic factors should be well studied, providing new insights about its etiology.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Goncalves ◽  
Maria Carolina Formigoni ◽  
José Maria Soares ◽  
Edmund Chada Baracat ◽  
José Roberto Filassi

The incidence and mortality of breast cancer are rising in the whole world in the past few decades, adding up to a total of around two million new cases and 620,000 deaths in 2018. Unlike what occurs in developed countries, most of the cases diagnosed in the developing world are already in advanced stages and also in women younger than 50 years old. As most screening programs suggest annual mammograms starting at the age of 50, we can infer that a considerable portion of the new breast cancer cases is missed with this strategy. Here, we will propose the adoption of an alternative hierarchical patient flow, with the creation of a diagnostic fast track with referral to timely treatment, promoting better resources reallocation favoring the least advantaged strata of the population, which is not only ethically acceptable but also a way of promoting social justice.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
NOELY DE CARVALHO LEITE ◽  
Jordana Lucio Garcia ◽  
Itamar Magalhães Gonçalves

RESUMO A Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) é uma antropozoonose generalizada, de evolução crônica e sistêmica, que, apesar de ser passível de tratamento e cura, possui elevadas taxas de incidência e letalidade. Tipicamente, afeta países subdesenvolvidos, com uma preferência pela população mais vulnerável socioeconomicamente, e possui ampla distribuição territorial, sendo o Brasil um dos principais países acometidos. Objetivo: analisar dados epidemiológicos da doença no país no período estabelecido. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo, realizado a partir de busca de dados de acesso livre do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação no período de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2017. Resultados e discussões: No intervalo em questão, foram documentados 40.786 casos de LV, com uma variação pouco heterogênea entre os anos estudados. Destes, 2011 registrou o maior número de casos, contando com 4.039 registros. As populações mais afetadas incluem: sexo masculino (média de 2.362 casos/ano), faixa etária de 1-4 anos (média de 978 casos/ano), raça parda (média de 2.750 casos/ano) e baixa escolaridade – a maioria entre a primeira e a quarta série (média de 405 casos/ano). Além disso, excluindo-se os casos ignorados/brancos, 10% do total dos indivíduos apresentaram coinfecção da LV com HIV. A região Nordeste demonstrou maior incidência da doença, com 52,7% do total dos casos. O principal estado atingido é o Maranhão, que apresentou um número de 6.070 casos durante o período estudado. Conclusão: Considerando a relevância do alto número de casos apontados nesse trabalho, mostra-se necessária a implantação de políticas públicas voltadas para a prevenção da transmissão, busca ativa de casos e educação em saúde. Nesse quadro, para maior eficácia, deve existir integração entre vigilância epidemiológica e assistência clínica, acesso aos serviços, capacitação dos profissionais e empoderamento da população. Palavras-chave: Leishmaniose visceral; Epidemiologia; Doenças Negligenciadas; Zoonose. ABSTRACT Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a generalised anthropozoonosis whose evolution is chronic and systemic, with high rates of incidence and mortality, even though it can be treated and cured. VL typically occurs in non-developed countries and affects preferentially the most socioeconomically vulnerable population. Brazil is one of the most affected countries from this disease. Objective: To analyse the epidemiological data on VL in Brazil regarding the study period. Methods: This is a descriptive epidemiological study using data obtained from the Brazilian Case Registry Database corresponding to the period between January 2007 and December 2017. Results: A total of 40,786 cases of VL were recorded for the study period, with slightly heterogeneous variation among the years. The highest number of cases stood at 4,039 in the year of 2011. The most affected populations were men (mean of 2,362 cases/year), children in the age group of 1-4 years (mean of 978 cases/year), Afro-descendant individuals (mean of 2,750 cases/year) and those with low educational level, that is, first to fourth year of elementary school (mean of 405 cases /year). Moreover, not considering the ignored/blank cases, 10% of all individuals were co-infected with HIV. The Brazilian north-eastern region has the highest incidence of the disease, with 52.7% of all cases. The State of Maranhão is the most affected as there were 6,070 cases in the study period. Conclusion: Considering the high number of cases of VL found in the present study, it is necessary to implement public policies aimed at preventing the transmission of the disease, actively seeking cases and providing health education. In this context, there should be integration among epidemiological surveillance, clinical care, access to services, qualification of professionals and empowerment of population. Key-words: Visceral leishmaniasis; Epidemiology; Neglected diseases; Zoonoses.


Author(s):  
Shivangi S. Gandhi ◽  
Pinal C. Shah

Background: "Preventable but not prevented", this is the reality of cervical cancer today, at least in developing countries. 80% of all the cases of cervical cancer occur in these developing countries. In India, cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths in women. The Papanicolaou test is simple, quick, and painless. It is capable of detecting cervical cancer at an early stage and is used widely in developed countries, where it has decreased both the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. Objective of the study was conducted to determine the importance of conventional Pap smears for the diagnosis of inflammatory, premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2017 to June 2018 on 2000 women coming for a Pap smear examination in Government Medical College attached to New Civil Hospital, Surat. After doing Pap stain, all cases were reported as per the 2014 Bethesda system.Results: A total of 2000 cases of Pap smears were received out of which 1914(95.7%) cases were satisfactory for evaluation, 86(4.3%) cases were unsatisfactory. The frequency of epithelial abnormalities was 3.66%. The age group of 51-60 years showed the highest epithelial abnormalities. The frequency of epithelial abnormalities in asymptomatic women was 2.3%. Out of the 1844 cases, 103(5.6%) showed changes of atrophy, 1011(54.8%) cases showed inflammatory/reactive changes, whereas organisms were seen in 558(30.3%) cases.Conclusions: Pap smear happens to be an economical, safe and pragmatic diagnostic tool for early detection of cervical cancer.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Jose-Luis Sagripanti

Early predictions by computer simulation of 7 billion infections and 40 million deaths by COVID-19 during 2020 alone if lock-downs and other confining measures were not enforced may have justified restrictive policies mandated by governments of 165 countries. The objective of the present study was to determine differences between the infection and death rate in countries that established early, nation-wide curfews, state-at-home orders, or lock-downs versus countries that did not mandated any lock-downs to deal with the COVID-19 crisis. The analyzed epidemiological data indicates that lock-downs, and other confining measures had no effect on the chances of healthy individuals becoming infected with- ir dying off SARS-CoV-2. The highest incidence of COVID-19 infection progressed from countries in northern latitudes, where it was winter at the beginning of the pandemic, to countries in the southern hemisphere in July 21, 2020 were winter was starting.This trend reversed again during the last quarter of 2020. A considerable (4-fold) increase in COVID-19 infection rate is observed between fall and beginning of winter in countries in the southern hemisphere. This seasonal progression correlates with the variation in the germicidal solar flux received by these countries, suggesting that infectious virus in the environment plays a role in the evolution of COVID-19. In addition, hypotheses are presented that could explain the recurrent new spikes of COVID-19 as well as the mortality of SARS-Co V-2 observed in some developed countries higher than the mortality rate reported in several developing countries.


2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian S. Alvarez ◽  
Shama Virani ◽  
Rafael Meza ◽  
Laura S. Rozek ◽  
Hutcha Sriplung ◽  
...  

Purpose Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy among men worldwide, and it poses a significant public health burden that has traditionally been limited mostly to developed countries. However, the burden of the disease is expected to increase, affecting developing countries, including Thailand. We undertook an analysis to investigate current and future trends of prostate cancer in the province of Songkhla, Thailand, using data from the Songkhla Cancer Registry from 1990 to 2013. Methods Joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine trends in age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer and provide estimated annual percent change (EAPC) with 95% CIs. Age-period-cohort (APC) models were used to assess the effect of age, calendar year, and birth cohort on incidence and mortality rates. Three different methods (Joinpoint, Nordpred, and APC) were used to project trends from 2013 to 2030. Results Eight hundred fifty-five cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed from 1990 to 2013 in Songkhla, Thailand. The incidence rates of prostate cancer significantly increased since 1990 at an EAPC of 4.8% (95% CI, 3.6% to 5.9%). Similarly, mortality rates increased at an EAPC of 5.3% (95% CI, 3.4% to 7.2%). The APC models suggest that birth cohort is the most important factor driving the increased incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer. Future incidence and mortality of prostate cancer are projected to continue to increase, doubling the rates observed in 2013 by 2030. Conclusion It is critical to allocate resources to provide care for the men who will be affected by this increase in prostate cancer incidence in Songkhla, Thailand, and to design context-appropriate interventions to prevent its increasing burden.


Author(s):  
Gulnar SHALGUMBAYEVA ◽  
Almagul ZHABAGINA ◽  
Anargul KUANYSHEVA ◽  
Marat SANDYBAYEV ◽  
Raida FAIZOVA ◽  
...  

Background: Epidemiology of cervical cancer is relatively well studied in developed countries of the world, but little is known about Central Asian states. This study aimed to analyze the changing patterns of cervical cancer incidence and mortality in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methods: The statistical analysis of official data on cervical cancer mortality and morbidity was performed for the whole country. Data on cervical cancer patients were retrieved for the period 2007-2016. Results: There was an increase in the incidence of cervical cancer among the population of Kazakhstan from 15.24 per 100,000 in 2007 to 18.83 per 100,000 in 2016. This might be attributed to the introduction of national health program in 2011, which improved early identification. Over the last few years, the decreasing cervical cancer mortality is observed influenced by early diagnosis. The age-standardized incidence rates show that the majority of cervical cancer cases occur in the 40-49 yr age group. Conclusion: The incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer in Kazakhstan in 2007-2016 are comparable with those in the neighboring former Soviet Union countries. Significant variations in incidence and mortality rates and one-year cancer-specific survival were observed between country regions.  


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