scholarly journals Tensile Characteristics of Bio-Composite Material Reinforced with Corn Skin

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 210513
Author(s):  
Jefri Bale ◽  
Yeremias Pell ◽  
Kristomus Boimau ◽  
Boy Bistolen ◽  
Dion Rihi
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Brittle Behavior ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Calculated Stress ◽  
Chip Fracture ◽  
Final Failure ◽  
The Matrix

The main focus of the present work was to study corn skin as reinforcement of polyester bio-composite (CSPCs). The effect of reinforcement type, i.e. short fibers and discontinuous chips, on the tensile properties was studied. The corn skin materials were chemically treated with NaOH and added as reinforcement of polyester bio-composite using the hand lay-up fabrication method. Tensile tests were carried out according to ASTM D3039. The tensile strength characteristics of stress and modulus showed a different behavior between the two types of reinforcement due to a slight difference in specimen thickness, which affected the calculated stress and modulus values. Furthermore, from a physical properties point of view, the larger surface area of CSC compared to CSF, which still contains a lignin layer after the treatment with NaOH, could decrease the interfacial bonding between polyester as the matrix and CSC as the reinforcement. The tensile damage characteristics showed brittle behavior, propagataing perpendicular to the loading direction. Matrix cracking and interfacial debonding were identified as the main two damage modes of the CSF bio-composite and the CSC bio-composite, where the final failure was dominated by fiber pull out and chip fracture.

scholarly journals Design, Fabrication and Testing of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Drive Shaft for All Terrain Vehicle using Filament Winding

2018 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 04010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhas Yeshwant Nayak ◽  
Nishank Minil Amin ◽  
Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka ◽  
Vishal Shenoy P ◽  
Ch. Sravan Prakash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Material ◽  
Rear Wheel ◽  
Filament Winding ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Torsional Strength ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Steel Shaft ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Material Fabrication

Filament winding is a composite material fabrication technique that is used to manufacture concentric hollow components. In this study Carbon/Epoxy composite drive shafts were fabricated using filament winding process with a fiber orientation of [852/±452/252]s. Carbon in the form of multifilament fibers of Tairyfil TC-33 having 3000 filaments/strand was used as reinforcement with low viscosity epoxy resin as the matrix material. The driveshaft is designed to be used in SAE Baja All Terrain Vehicle (ATV) that makes use of a fully floating axle in its rear wheel drive system. The torsional strength of the shaft was tested and compared to that of an OEM steel shaft that was previously used in the ATV. Results show that the composite shaft had 8.5% higher torsional strength in comparison to the OEM steel shaft and was also lighter by 60%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were studied to investigate the probable failure mechanism. Delamination, matrix agglomeration, fiber pull-out and matrix cracking were the prominent failure mechanisms identified.

Matrix cracking and the mechanical behaviour of SiC─CAS composites

1992 ◽  
Vol 437 (1899) ◽  
pp. 109-131 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Repeated Loading ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Matrix Cracks ◽  
Brittle Matrix Composites ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
The Matrix

An experimental investigation has been carried out on the mechanical properties of unidirectional (0) 12 , (0, 90) 3S , (±45, 0 2 ) S , and (±45) 3S composites consisting of CAS glass ceramic reinforced with Nicalon SiC fibres. Measurements have been made of the elastic properties and of the tensile, compression and shear strengths of the composites, and these have been supported by a detailed study of the damage which occurs during monotonic and repeated loading. These damage studies have been carried out by means of edge replication microscopy and acoustic emission monitoring. The elastic properties of the composites are, by and large, close to the values that would be predicted from the constituent properties and lay-up sequences, but their strengths are lower than expected, and it appears that the Nicalon reinforcing fibre has been seriously degraded during manufacture. The fracture energy is much higher than predicted from observations of fibre pull-out, and it is suggested that the energy required to form a close three-dimensional network of matrix cracks could account for the high apparent toughness. The matrix cracking stress can be predicted reasonably closely by the Aveston, Cooper and Kelly model of cracking in brittle matrix composites, but it is shown that subcritical microcracks can form and/or grow at stresses well below the predicted critical values without affecting composite properties.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Composites from Industrial By-products and Wastes as Raw Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Roxana Dinu ◽  
Alice Mija
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Biomass Valorization ◽  
Chicken Feathers ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Maximum Quantity ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Rigid Matrix ◽  
By Products

Innovative bio-based composites combining humins as biorefinery by-product with keratin or lignin as wastes or industrial side-products were developed. The bio-composites were prepared using three types of matrix formulations allowing the synthesis of elastic to rigid thermosets. These matrices were combined with chicken feathers powder, non-woven chicken feathers mat or lignin to produce bio-composites. A maximum quantity of bio-fillers was used, around 10 wt.%. The effect of the bio-fillers on the matrix’s crosslinking was studied by rheology and DSC. Then, the obtained materials were analyzed by TGA, DMA, tensile tests, water absorption and SEM. The results show a very good compatibility of the humins matrix with the bio-fillers, without any preliminary modification of the matrix, that is exceptional for the point of view of a composite. The overall performances of the neat matrix were maintained or improved through the composites. Therefore, bio-composites with potentially interesting thermal and mechanical properties have been synthesized. In the case of the elastic ductile matrix the Young’s modulus value was improved from 1 to 22 MPa, while for the rigid matrix the increase was from 106 to 443 or 667 MPa, in the case of composites with non-woven chicken feathers mat or lignin. To our knowledge this is the first study combining humins matrix with keratin. The obtained bio-composites are sustainable materials linked via the used raw materials to the circular economy and biomass valorization.

EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE TENSILE BEHAVIOR AND DAMAGE EVOLUTION OF A 3D C/SIC COMPOSITE

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (15n16) ◽  
pp. 2591-2596
Author(s):  
YIQIANG WANG ◽  
LITONG ZHANG ◽  
LAIFEI CHENG
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Damage Evolution ◽  
Tensile Behavior ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Lower Strength ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Final Failure ◽  
Fiber Preforms

The tensile responses and the associated damage evolutions of a 3D C / SiC composite with and without heat treatment on the fiber preforms were compared. The results show that the composite without heat treatment exhibits a largely non-linear stress-strain behavior up to rupture as well as a lower strength and a strain-to-failure. The damage evolution characterized by acoustic emission indicates the composite failures in the region of matrix cracking multiplication. However, the composite with heat treatment has a larger strength and a strain-to-failure, and the damage evolution indicates that the composite had experienced the region of matrix cracking saturation and then fiber bundle pull-out just prior to final failure. Microstructural observations on the fractured specimens revealed the interfacial bonding between fibers and matrix becomes weaker after heat treatment.

Microstructural Valuation of Iron-Based Composite Materials as an Ecomaterial

1996 ◽  
Vol 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norihiro Itsubo ◽  
Koumei Halada ◽  
Kazumi Minagawa ◽  
Ryoichi Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Iron Matrix ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Iron Based ◽  
Ultra Fine Particles ◽  
Nano Size

ABSTRACTOne of an important method to realize is said that we should take recycle processes into consideration and select the material without the mixture of particular elements that make it difficult to recycle. Therefore, it is useful to control of microstructure for improvement.From this point of view, we paid attention to “SCIFER (that is made from Kobe Steel Ltd.)” that has a recyclable formation (Fe-C-Si-Mn) and superior characteristic (tensile strength is 5000MPa). The grain size of this fiber is nano-size. In this study, we used this material and compounded it together with iron-matrix to make an iron-based composite for recycle and investigated the possibilities of realization. The difficulty of this study is to make this composite without injuring the fiber's microstructure. Therefore, we have adopted powder metallurgy which could fabricate composite at low temperature comparatively. Especially, Ultra Fine Particles (UFP) that would sinter at low temperature to bond the interface between fiber and matrix with keeping fiber's capacity. This method is useful to ascend the density of the matrix. Results are as follows. (1) Utilization of UFP slurry made it possible to adhere UFP to the surface of fiber and seed powder. Still more, this procedure enabled it to make a thin film uniformly by selecting the condition of slurry density and procedure of dryness. (2) Applying UFP to the surface of fiber and seed powder make it possible to get the bond between fiber and matrix. By the bond of interface, both fracture strength and energies have ascended remarkably due to pull out of fiber.

scholarly journals Effect of Hybridization on the Mechanical Properties of Chopped Strand Mat/Pineapple Leaf Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 01006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhas Yeshwant Nayak ◽  
Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka ◽  
Nishank Minil Amin ◽  
Ramakrishna Vikas Sadanand ◽  
Linto George Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Chopped Strand Mat ◽  
Hybrid Laminate

Hybridization of synthetic and natural fibres as reinforcement makes the polymer composites environmental friendly and sustainable when compared to synthetic fibres based polymer composites. In this study chopped strand mat/pineapple leaf fibres were hybridized. Four laminates with six layers each, with different stack sequence (GGGGGG, GPPPPG, PGGGGP and PPPPPP) were fabricated using hand layup technique while maintaining a fibre to matrix ratio of 30:70 by weight with polyester resin as matrix. Mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural strength were determined and morphology of fractured specimens was studied. Maximum tensile strength of 180 MPa was obtained for the laminate with six layers of chopped strand mat followed by hybrid laminate with four layers of chopped strand mat at the centre (120 MPa). Tensile strength of hybrid laminate with four layers of pineapple leaf fibres at the centre was in third position at 86 MPa. Least tensile strength of 65 MPa was obtained for the laminate with six layers of pineapple leaf fibres. Similar trend was observed in case of flexural behaviour of the laminates with maximum flexural strength of 255 MPa and minimum flexural strength 107 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured specimen reinforced with chopped strand mat only, indicated, fibre pull out, matrix cracking and lack of matrix adhesion to fibres. In case of hybrid composite (GPPPPG and PGGGGP) delamination was observed to be prominent due to improper wetting of the pineapple leaf fibres with the matrix. More significant delamination led to lesser strength in case of pineapple fibres reinforced composites even though the fibre pull out was relatively less.

Micro-Mechanical Modeling of the Pull-Out Behavior of Corrugated Wiredrawn Steel Fibers from Cementitious Matrices.

1990 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Chanvillard ◽  
Pierre-Claude Aitcin
Keyword(s):  
Coulomb Friction ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Steel Fibers ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Mechanical Modeling ◽  
Bond Slip ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Coulomb Friction Law ◽  
Steel Properties

AbstractThe pull-out behavior of non-straight steel fibers cannot always be analyzed solely in terms of bonding. Rather, it is necessary to take into account the mechanical anchorage provided by the fiber geometry.It is shown in this paper, that in the case of non-straight steel fibers a strong interaction exists between bonding and anchorage. A micro-mechanical model, based on the dissipation of energy during slipping of the fiber is proposed. In this model, bonding is included on the basis of the Coulomb friction law, without reference to a bond-slip law; mechanical anchorage is modelled from plastic deformation of the fiber.With this model, it is possible to evaluate the significance of some physical parameters such as the water/cement ratio of the matrix, the fiber's geometry and the steel properties. Moreover, this model provides a rational basis for the optimization of the fiber-cementitious matrix interaction from an energy point of view.

scholarly journals Chemical vapor deposited SiC (SCS-0) fiber-reinforced strontium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic composites

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narottam P. Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Ultimate Strength ◽  
Glass Ceramic ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Ceramic Composites ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Aluminosilicate Glass ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Chemical Vapor Deposited ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Cracking Stress

Unidirectional SrO · Al2O3 · 2SiO2 glass-ceramic matrix composites reinforced with uncoated chemical vapor deposited (CVD) SiC (SCS-0) fibers have been fabricated by hot-pressing under appropriate conditions using the glass-ceramic approach. Almost fully dense composites having a fiber volume fraction of 0.24 have been obtained. Monoclinic celsian, SrAl2Si2O8, was the only crystalline phase observed in the matrix by x-ray diffraction. No chemical reaction was observed between the fiber and the matrix after high temperature processing. In three-point flexure, the composite exhibited a first matrix cracking stress of ∼231 ± 20 MPa and an ultimate strength of 265 ± 17 MPa. Examination of fracture surfaces revealed limited short length fiber pull-out. From fiber push-out, the fiber/matrix interfacial debonding and frictional strengths were evaluated to be ∼17.5 ± 2.7 MPa and 11.3 ± 1.6 MPa, respectively. Some fibers were strongly bonded to the matrix and could not be pushed out. The micromechanical models were not useful in predicting values of the first matrix cracking stress as well as the ultimate strength of the composites.

Effect of temperature on matrix multicracking evolution of C/SiC fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-199
Author(s):  
Longbiao Li
Keyword(s):  
Strain Energy ◽  
Ceramic Matrix Composites ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Interface Debonding ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Damage State ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Sic Composites

AbstractIn this paper, the temperature-dependent matrix multicracking evolution of carbon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide ceramic-matrix composites (C/SiC CMCs) is investigated. The temperature-dependent composite microstress field is obtained by combining the shear-lag model and temperature-dependent material properties and damage models. The critical matrix strain energy criterion assumes that the strain energy in the matrix has a critical value. With increasing applied stress, when the matrix strain energy is higher than the critical value, more matrix cracks and interface debonding occur to dissipate the additional energy. Based on the composite damage state, the temperature-dependent matrix strain energy and its critical value are obtained. The relationships among applied stress, matrix cracking state, interface damage state, and environmental temperature are established. The effects of interfacial properties, material properties, and environmental temperature on temperature-dependent matrix multiple fracture evolution of C/SiC composites are analyzed. The experimental evolution of matrix multiple fracture and fraction of the interface debonding of C/SiC composites at elevated temperatures are predicted. When the interface shear stress increases, the debonding resistance at the interface increases, leading to the decrease of the debonding fraction at the interface, and the stress transfer capacity between the fiber and the matrix increases, leading to the higher first matrix cracking stress, saturation matrix cracking stress, and saturation matrix cracking density.

scholarly journals Impact of Prolonged Exposure of Eleven Years to Hot Seawater on the Degradation of a Thermoset Composite

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 2154
Author(s):  
Amir Hussain Idrisi ◽  
Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad ◽  
Muhammad M. Sherif
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Strength Based ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
River Line ◽  
Composite Samples

This paper presents a long-term experimental investigation of E-glass/epoxy composites’ durability exposed to seawater at different temperatures. The thermoset composite samples were exposed to 23 °C, 45 °C and 65 °C seawater for a prolonged exposure time of 11 years. The mechanical performance as a function of exposure time was evaluated and a strength-based technique was used to assess the durability of the composites. The experimental results revealed that the tensile strength of E-glass/epoxy composite was reduced by 8.2%, 29.7%, and 54.4% after immersion in seawater for 11 years at 23 °C, 45 °C, and 65 °C, respectively. The prolonged immersion in seawater resulted in the plasticization and swelling in the composite. This accelerated the rate of debonding between the fibers and matrix. The failure analysis was conducted to investigate the failure mode of the samples. SEM micrographs illustrated a correlation between the fiber/matrix debonding, potholing, fiber pull-out, river line marks and matrix cracking with deterioration in the tensile characteristics of the thermoset composite.

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