Tatakrama Manner Di Jepang Sebagai Upaya Pemahaman Budaya Jepang

Abstrak Dalam pembelajaran bahasa Jepang, pemahaman pengetahuan budaya Jepang sangatlah dibutuhkan. Kebiasaan masyarakat, tata krama, dan aturan-aturan yang berlaku di negara tersebut akan menimbulkan Cultureshock pada pembelajar saat ia berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi dengan orang Jepang karena kekuranganpahaman akan aturan budaya mereka. Juga akan lebih terasa ketika orang Indonesia harus tinggal di Jepang untuk belajar atau bekerja.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pemahaman mahasiswa mengenai manner, tata krama, dan aturan di negara Jepang sebagai salah satu upaya dalam pemahaman budaya Jepang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan angket yang disebarkan pada 82 orang mahasiswa.Berdasarkan hasil angket pada 82 responden, yang 81% menyatakan mengalami gap komunikasi dan kekeliruan ketika berkomunikasi dengan orang Jepang baik secara lisan maupun tulisan juga tindakan aktivitas ketika berhadapan dengan orang Jepang yang diakibatkan oleh rendahnya pengetahuan dan pemahaman budaya Jepang. Seperti saat wawancara, ojigi, bertukar kartu nama, budaya memberikan cinderamata/omiyage, dan kebiasaan sehari-hari di Jepang lainnya. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut mahasiswa diberikan materi-materi ajar yang terdapat dalam “Daily life manner in Japan” yang di dalamnya memuat referensi manner, kebiasaan, serta aturan-aturan orang Jepang yang disajikan pada perkuliahan daring/online. Luaran hasil penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa pemahaman mahasiswa meningkat mengenai pengetahuan manner Jepang yang berhubungan dengan tata krama dan kebiasaan dalam kehidupan sehari hari Jepang seperti Pengetahuan macam-macam ojigi, aturan tukar kartu nama (meishikoukan), aturan saat wawancara (mensetsu), dan ungkapan-ungkapan bahasa Jepang yang berkaitan saat memberikan omiyage, berkunjung kerumah orang Jepang, dan lainnya. Pemahaman yang baik mengenai budaya Jepang memudahkan mahasiswa dalam berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi dengan orang Jepang sesuai dengan tata krama dan manner dalam kehidupan sehari-hari di Jepang. Abstract In learning Japanese, understanding Japanese cultural knowledge is very needed. The habits of society, manners, and the rules that apply in the country will cause a culture shock in the learner when he communicates and interacts with Japanese people because of a lack of understanding of their cultural rules. It will also be more pronounced when Indonesians have to live in Japan to study or work.The purpose of this study was to determine students' understanding of manners, habits, and rules in Japan as an effort to understand Japanese culture. The research method used is a descriptive method with a questionnaire distributed to 82 students. Based on the results of a questionnaire on 82 respondents, 81% stated that they experienced communication gaps and mistakes when communicating with Japanese people both verbally and in writing as well as activities when dealing with Japanese people due to lack knowledge and understanding of Japanese culture. Like during interviews, bowing ojigi, exchanging business cards, the culture of giving souvenirs, and other daily habits in Japan. To overcome these problems students are given teaching materials contained in "Daily life manner in Japan" which contains references to Japanese manner, habits, and rules presented in online / online lectures. The results of this study indicate that understanding students increase knowledge of Japanese mannerisms related to Japanese manners and habits such as knowledge of various ojigi, business card exchange rules (meishikoukan), rules during interviews (mensetsu), and Japanese phrases related to giving omiyage, visiting Japanese homes, and others. A good understanding of Japanese culture makes it easier for students to communicate and interact with Japanese people according to manners and manners in everyday life in Japan.

Looking to the Past to Survive the Future: The Hungarian Minority in Slovakia

This article belongs to the special cluster, “Here to Stay: The Politics of History in Eastern Europe”, guest-edited by Félix Krawatzek & George Soroka. With reference to the Hungarian minority’s overarching concern over its declining population in Slovakia, this article reveals how different elements of the past are activated, remembered, and renegotiated to ensure the minority’s cultural survival. Using elite interviews, party documents, and a detailed analysis of two local newspaper archives in Hungarian, I unpack how memory and politics interact in the post-EU accession period. First, I uncover how political and civil society actors use acts of commemoration as a conduit to circulate certain narratives of the Hungarian minority identity. Through remembering historic Hungarian leaders and events, elites affirm and construct the minority identity, thus enabling its cultural reproduction. The Habsburg and Austro-Hungarian Monarchy period is referred to most frequently with the celebration of national heroes. Events spanning the twentieth century are generally mourned as painful and detrimental for the Hungarian minority. While the acts of commemoration are “soft” measures to ensure cultural survival, Hungarian political actors also desire “hard” guarantees through institutional measures, best encapsulated by their desire for autonomy arrangements. However, the Slovak nation’s own past of claiming autonomy and their eventual secession from Czechoslovakia in 1939 conditions the cultural rules around language and the appropriate vocabulary that Hungarian elites can use. Consequently, Hungarian minority elites appropriate the past strategically in two ways. They readjust their tactics through using different vocabulary to claim autonomy and second, they pursue policy reforms across areas such as education and regional development, thus making the de facto possibility of autonomy more palatable to their Slovak counterparts.

Cognitive penetration and taste predicates: making an exception to the rule

The relevance of cognitive penetration has been pointed out concerning three fields within philosophy: philosophy of science, philosophy of mind, and epistemology. This paper argues that this phenomenon is also relevant to the philosophy of language. First, I will defend that there are situations where ethical, social, or cultural rules can affect our taste perceptions. This influence can cause speakers to utter conflicting contents that lead them to disagree and, subsequently, to negotiate the circumstances of application of the taste predicates they have used to describe or express their taste perceptions. Then, to account for the proper dynamics of these cases, I will develop a theoretical framework build upon two elements: the Lewisian idea of the score of a conversation (Lewis, 1979), and Richard’s (2008) taxonomy of the different attitudes speakers can have in taste disagreements. In a nutshell, I will argue that speakers can accommodate these conflicting contents as exceptions to the rule that determines the circumstances of application of taste predicates.Keywords: Cognitive penetration, Common ground, Circumstances of application, Accommodation, Exceptions, Score of the conversation, Taste predicates.

Translating the queer body

The objective of this study is to enlarge the concept of translation with the theoretical basis of the proposals from Edwin Gentzler’s “post-translation studies” (2017) and Susan Bassnett’s “outward turn” (2017). These contributions represent a turning point in the field of translation studies due to the opportunities they present to discover new discursive limits in the rewriting process. Based on this extended concept of translation, this article analyzes the body as a text which is determined by acts of rewriting and, at the same time, as a subversive element that allows us to bring into question the social and cultural rules that define the normativity of sexuality. This article refers to feminist currents including LGBTIQ studies and queer theory, in order to build the necessary theoretical structure to analyze the power of (translated) discourses in the construction of the body and its sexuality. Finally, this article applies this proposal to analyzing specific cases of non-normative bodies so as to observe the power and the influence of translation on the definition and classification of sexual identities.

DISCOURSE AS A UNIT OF LINGUISTICS

The present article is devoted to the culture, as a specific form of human relations, is represented by objects, actions, words and that the cross-cultural communication this is the process of direct interaction of cultures. Conversational analysis and discursive analysis are general, and the basis for the study is the selection of natural real dialogues. The analysis of conjugation offers to consider dialogical relations in their specific manifestation. Discursive analysis includes the study of the strategies and intentions of the speakers, the processes of intelligence: ethnographic, psychological and socio-cultural rules and strategies for the formation and understanding of speech. The study of communication can be seen as an integral part of conversation analysis and speech analysis.

CONTENT AND METHODOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ACQUAINTANCE OF JUNIOR SCHOOLCHILDREN WITH THE RULES OF CONDUCT IN THE PUBLIC PLACES

In the article, the theoretical and practical analysis of the psychological, pedagogical and methodological sources on the problem of acquainting the younger schoolchildren with the rules of conduct in the public places is provided. The essence and content of the concept “rules of conduct in the public places” are defined. The content and methodological approaches to acquainting pupils of the younger school age with the rules of conduct in the public places are established. In the primary school, the children must be taught to perform the rules of conduct in school, on the street, and in public places. The teacher must form such unity of knowledge, skills and habits which would contribute to the acquisition of the steady behavior, and formation of the certain features in an individual. It is important to involve the younger schoolchildren to the activity, which is a part of child’s everyday life and is executed systematically. Play situations suit mostly for the work on formation of the children’s culture of behavior in the public places. The content, forms, methods and means of acquainting the younger schoolchildren with the rules of conduct in the public places were characterized. The structure and content of the author’s project “Travelling to the country of good manners” were represented. The relevance of the project is that teaching children the rules of conduct in public places in modern conditions of education requires new methods of presenting educational information. The play methods of education suit the best for the younger schoolchildren. The project will help to expand children’s vocabulary through the use of the new important words and stable expressions; the children will consolidate all necessary cultural rules and norms of conduct and master the good manners, tact and tolerance; children will learn to use their knowledge, skills and habits in the real life situations, and show their kindness, care, respect for peers and adults; children will acquire the abilities to analyze own and other people’s negative behavior. Play tasks help to reduce the aggressive behavior in the children, and increase the consciousness control of the negative emotions during different situations; children will learn the habits of behavior in the theater, store and other public places and transport.

Universality vs experience: a cross-cultural pilot study on the consonance effect in music at different altitudes

Background Previous studies have shown that music preferences are influenced by cultural “rules”, and some others have suggested a universal preference for some features over others. Methods We investigated cultural differences on the “consonance effect”, consisting in higher pleasantness judgments for consonant compared to dissonant chords—according to the Western definition of music: Italian and Himalayan participants were asked to express pleasantness judgments for consonant and dissonant chords. An Italian and a Nepalese sample were tested both at 1,450 m and at 4,750 m of altitude, with the further aim to evaluate the effect of hypoxia on this task. A third sample consisted of two subgroups of Sherpas: lowlanders (1,450 m of altitude), often exposed to Western music, and highlanders (3,427 m of altitude), less exposed to Western music. All Sherpas were tested where they lived. Results Independently from the altitude, results confirmed the consonance effect in the Italian sample, and the absence of such effect in the Nepalese sample. Lowlander Sherpas revealed the consonance effect, but highlander Sherpas did not show this effect. Conclusions Results of this pilot study show that neither hypoxia (altitude), nor demographic features (age, schooling, or playing music), nor ethnicity per se influence the consonance effect. We conclude that music preferences are attributable to music exposure.

Domestic Appropriation of Chinese Literature in Europe

In this article, it is argued that in the process of cultural transfer, literary translation and reception, the recipient will often transform the cultural rules and literary discourse in the original texts to make them fit the rules and discourse of the recipient reader/audience to target the taste of new readers. This phenomenon, which we call literary ‘domestic appropriation’, is a kind of transformation on a deeper level. Domestic appropriation is what can we get from literary variation, and it is the core part of variation studies. In cultural and literary exchange and dialogue between Chinese and European cultures, it occurs in both literary works and literary theory. History has witnessed how Chinese literary works are translated and introduced to Europe, in the process becoming an integral part of the canon of European literature. Chinese literary theory, when interpreted by European theorists, blends with local theory and furnishes new perspectives.

Emotional Arenas

Based on the records of a murder trial that transfixed the nation, this book is a social history of 1870s Italy that develops a new paradigm for the history of emotions - the ‘emotional arena’. The decade following Italian unification formed a context of notable cultural variety and fluidity, and the experience and expression of emotions could be as variable as the regions making up the new nation. Through a close examination of a range of specific spaces in which lives, loves, and deaths unfolded – such as marital homes, places of socializing and entertainment, funerals, and a Roman courtroom – the book argues that social ‘arenas’ are crucial to the historical development of emotional cultural rules and styles. The narrative is driven by the failed marriage of a decorated but allegedly impotent Risorgimento soldier, his wife’s affair with a circus artiste (who had a string of previous lovers), and the illicit new couple’s murder of the husband. Hundreds of witnesses – from local professionals to servants and even circus clowns – interviewed across the length and breadth of the peninsula, left their personal views on marriage, love, sexuality, and infidelity. These provide a series of peepholes into little-known corners of the new nation’s social fabric. A careful yet imaginative reading of the prosecution records and contemporary newspaper coverage allows exploration of the highly emotional experiences generated by this story. The result is a classic Italian micro-history with surprising relevance for today’s emotionally volatile times.

Identitas Etnik dan Asertivitas Mahasiswa Suku Sunda

The study was conducted to determine effect of ethnic identity on assertiveness of Sundanese students. The role of students who should be critical and responsive to various things, but less prominent in Sundanese students in consequence of existence of cultural rules require maintaining communication prefer to harbor personal opinions and feelings. The demands of role and acculturation occur on campus lead to high quality of ethnic identity negatively affecting assertive communication skills. The research uses correlational quantitative methods. The results showed the number of Sundanese students with a high level of ethnic identity tended to be more than the low level of ethnic identity. While the quality of assertive communication is high or low is not much different. Using the simple regression calculation method shows that ethnic identity has a positive effect on the assertiveness of Sundanese students.