Performance Study of Absorption Tower and Adsorption Reactor to Eliminate Ammonia Gas as Pollutant

Ammonia known as harmful gas that could impact on health and environment. Typically, ammonia gas emitted by fertilizer industry, rubber factory, etc. There are many options for advance industry to control ammonia gas pollution, absorption tower using water scrubber and using activated carbon as adsorption reaction could be an option. But for middle- and lower-class industry, it is common in Indonesia, as seen on many rubber factories, ammonia gas pollution is serious problem to control, actually they have used wet scrubber but eficiency is lower about 47%. This study measure performance for ammonia elimination as gas pollutant using absorption tower and adsorption tower in laboratory scale. Using electrochemical gas sensor, we measure both ammonia concentration for inlet and outlet simultaneously to settle saturation point of these two types of ammonia emission control. In conclusion, Ammonia absorbed in water proportional to saturation time and absorbent volume. Highest absorbed ammonia concentration 1.538 mg/L on 4000 mL absorbent. For Adsorption system, saturation time proportional and correlated to adsorbent weight and Adsorption capacity reverse correlated to adsorbent weight. Optimum adsorption point can be achieved from intersection curve between saturation time and adsorption capacity which is 1200 grams adsorbent

Effects of H2S Loading Rate on the Performance of Reactive Absorption with Electrochemical Oxidation

The odor released from environmental facilities is recognized as a major problem in environmental industries. In this study, reactive absorption, using an electrolyzed water solution (electrolyzed water scrubber, EWS), was developed to treat the odorous gases H2S and NH3, which are representative odorous substances. In addition, a numerical model composed of mass transfer coefficients and zero-order kinetic constants was established to predict the performance of EWS. The model was verified through experiments and data fittings. In the experiments, the concentration of H2S varied from 500 to 2000 ppm, while NH3 was fixed at 500 ppm. The results revealed that the H2S removal rate varied depending on the inlet H2S concentration, but no changes were observed for NH3. The numerical model appropriately described the experimental results to further predict the performance of EWS. The model prediction results for the shock loading of H2S indicated that a 100% removal rate can be achieved by increasing the current density to 70 mA cm−2 or higher. Finally, the EWS can be used to reduce the odor, owing to its flexible operation that responds to fluctuating loading rates.

Promotion and Potential Analysis of Biogas Plants to Produce Compressed Biomethane Gas for Transportation in Thailand

BackgroundThe implementation of activities agriculture resulted in a large amount of wastewater and organic waste. In the past, Thailand has been using these to produce biogas to replace fossil fuels in the country. At present, biogas production has a residual amount due to no use in farms/factories. So, it to be released into the atmosphere. The government has a policy of biogas by the upgrade to produced biomethane for fuel vehicles but it is still just a prototype system. Therefore, if the government has targeted of the development biomethane in commercial plants, it is necessary to analyze the financial feasibility to an incentive of investors and plan for energy effective support. Including, people can use gas at a reasonable price and create a comprehensive energy source in sustainable agriculture.ResultsThe research evaluates the commercial investment potential of compressed biomethane gas plants based on upgrading biogas by water scrubber technology. The results identified biogas plants must have a digester volume of 2,000 m3 or more to produce compressed biomethane gas. Locations of 10 plants with the potential to establish compressed biomethane gas plants in Thailand. The capacity of compressed biomethane gas plants at 3, 6, 12 and 24 tons/day with no subsidy, subsidy 20% and 30% from the government. The plant should have a capacity of 12 tons/day or more in on subsidy from the government that there will be a financial possibility. The government should be subsidy at 30% in the plants of capacity at 3 tons/day for small plants can operate their businesses, subsidy 20% in the plants of capacity at 6 tons/day. In the part of plants more 12 tons/day which the government should be added measures such as Measures for low-interest loans, tax relief measures, etc. In addition, 10 locations will be expected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by about 78,333 tCO2e/year. ConclusionThis study can be used to support decision-making on commercial investment in clean technology to promote the use of resources in agriculture for efficient transportation and support energy-efficient plans to provide an alternative sustainable fuel source to reduce global warming.

PEMISAHAN GAS CO2 BIOGAS MENGGUNAKAN ALAT WATER SCRUBBER DENGAN VARIASI LAJU ALIR DAN TEKANAN BIOGAS

Biogass is produced from fermentation of organic materials such as domestic waste and manure from animal husbandary. To increase the quality of biogass as a fuel, it has to be followed by the increasing of CH4 concentration. It could be done with seperating CH4 from other gases such as CO2. One of separation methode is using a water scrubber with water act as medium which as CO2 is more soluable to water than CH4. The result showed that CO2 absorption was increased followed by the increasing of the pressure and the biogass flow rate. The percentage of CO2 absorption at 2,5 m3 per hour of biogass flow rate and 8 bar was 4,6%, meanwhile it was 11,l% at 10 bar. In the other side, there was 9,5% of CH4 increasing at 10 bar. Therefore, CO2 separation from biogass using water scrubber at 10 bar is better than at 8 bar.

Hybrid Membrane Distillation and Wet Scrubber for Simultaneous Recovery of Heat and Water from Flue Gas

Flue gas contains high amount of low-grade heat and water vapor that are attractive for recovery. This study assesses performance of a hybrid of water scrubber and membrane distillation (MD) to recover both heat and water from a simulated flue gas. The former help to condense the water vapor to form a hot liquid flow which later used as the feed for the MD unit. The system simultaneously recovers water and heat through the MD permeate. Results show that the system performance is dictated by the MD performance since most heat and water can be recovered by the scrubber unit. The scrubber achieved nearly complete water and heat recovery because the flue gas flows were supersaturated with steam condensed in the water scrubber unit. The recovered water and heat in the scrubber contains in the hot liquid used as the feed for the MD unit. The MD performance is affected by both the temperature and the flow rate of the flue gas. The MD fluxes increases at higher flue gas temperatures and higher flow rates because of higher enthalpy of the flue gas inputs. The maximum obtained water and heat fluxes of 12 kg m−2 h−1 and 2505 kJm−2 h−1 respectively, obtained at flue gas temperature of 99 °C and at flow rate of 5.56 L min−1. The MD flux was also found stable over the testing period at this optimum condition. Further study on assessing a more realistic flue gas composition is required to capture complexity of the process, particularly to address the impacts of particulates and acid gases.

Submerged aquatic plant (Vallisneria spiralis and Egeria densa) utilisation as a biogas cleaner and feedstock of co-digestion

Biogas was produced from sheep manure and two types of submerged aquatic plant (Vallisneria spiralis and Egeria densa). The gas cleaning was carried out by a water scrubber, where a significant part of CO2 and H2S can be separated from the gas. A part of water from the scrubber was circulated through an aquatic plant growth tank and the growth of used plants was examined. Addition of E. densa to sheep manure increased gas yield by 8% and the mixing of sheep manure and V. spiralis resulted in 21% increase in gas yield. With the used scrubber, 70-80 vol% methane content can be reached in the cleaned biogas, and the water from the scrubber (which contained dissolved CO2 and H2S) resulted in 56-87% increase in size as opposed to 12-44% increase in the control group.

Purifikasi Gas Metana (CH4) dari TPA Sampah Menggunakan Metode Water Scrubber

ABSTRACTHigh population growth rate has stimulated the increase of energy consumption. Therefore, the use of renewable energy sources such as methane gas from landfill has also been encouraged. It is necessary that landfill methane gas is purified to increase its concentration. Common method to purify methane gas is water scrubber method. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of landfill methane gas purification using a spray water scrubber (water scrubber method), a water column scrubber (bubbling methods) and the combination of both methods to increase the content of landfill methane. The experiment was conducted in the dry season and rainy season. Results of the study concluded that water scrubber was the most effective method for increasing methane gas concentration. The average increase of methane gas in the dry season were 33.32% (water scrubber) and 23.79% (combination of bubbling and water scrubber), and in the rainy season 8.89% (water bubbling) and 2.75% (combination of water scrubber and water bubbling). The increase in methane gas was due to a decrease in CO2 gas. In addition, there was an increase of H2O content in biogas from landfill after the purification process.Keywords: Landfill, methane gas, purification, water scrubberABSTRAKTingginya laju pertumbuhan penduduk telah memacu konsumsi energi yang terus meningkat. Oleh karena itu diperlukan upaya pemanfaatan sumber energi terbarukan, yang salah satunya adalah gas metana yang berasal dari TPA sampah. Keinginan untuk meningkatkan kandungan gas metana TPA diperlukan upaya purifikasi, menggunakan metode water scrubber. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mengetahui efektivitas purifikasi gas metana TPA dengan menggunakan metode pengaliran gas dalam percikan air (water scrubber) dan metode pengaliran gas dalam air atau water bubbling (serta kombinasi keduanya) untuk meningkatkan kandungan gas metana TPA, yang dilakukan pada musim kemarau dan musim penghujan. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa water scrubber merupakan metoda yang paling efektif untuk meningkatkan kandungan gas metana. Rata-rata peningkatan gas metana pada musim kemarau dan musim penghujan, berturut-turut sebesar 33,32% (water scrubber), 23,79 (kombinasi water bubbling dan water scrubber), 8,89% (water bubbling) dan 2,75% (kombinasi water scrubber dan water bubbling). Peningkatan gas metana tersebut terjadi karena adanya penurunan gas CO2. Selain itu, terjadi peningkatan kandungan H2O pada biogas dari TPA setelah proses purifikasi.Kata kunci: TPA, gas metana, purifikasi, water scrubber.