A Modified Normal Scores Test for Paired Data

Methodology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang T. Wiedermann ◽  
Rainer W. Alexandrowicz
Keyword(s):  
Significance Test ◽  
Nonparametric Tests ◽  
T Test ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Normality Assumption ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dependent Samples ◽  
Modified Test ◽  
Paired T Test

For the dependent-samples problem it is known that nonparametric tests such as the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test should be used instead of the paired t-test if the normality assumption is violated. The present study extends a family of tests for correlated samples by incorporating the concept of expected normal scores. This fusion leads to a promising significance test for paired non-normal samples, especially when distributions are highly skewed. In a simulation study we show that this modified normal scores test is robust for a wide range of non-normal distributions. Also, in most situations the test proved more powerful than traditional tests such as the paired t-test, the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, or the Fraser normal scores test. For skewed distributions the test is also more powerful than applying the modified test to original measures or on ranks.

A comparative review of methods for comparing means using partially paired data

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 1323-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Guo ◽  
Ying Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
T Test ◽  
Type I ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
Modified Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Normally Distributed

In medical experiments with the objective of testing the equality of two means, data are often partially paired by design or because of missing data. The partially paired data represent a combination of paired and unpaired observations. In this article, we review and compare nine methods for analyzing partially paired data, including the two-sample t-test, paired t-test, corrected z-test, weighted t-test, pooled t-test, optimal pooled t-test, multiple imputation method, mixed model approach, and the test based on a modified maximum likelihood estimate. We compare the performance of these methods through extensive simulation studies that cover a wide range of scenarios with different effect sizes, sample sizes, and correlations between the paired variables, as well as true underlying distributions. The simulation results suggest that when the sample size is moderate, the test based on the modified maximum likelihood estimator is generally superior to the other approaches when the data is normally distributed and the optimal pooled t-test performs the best when the data is not normally distributed, with well-controlled type I error rates and high statistical power; when the sample size is small, the optimal pooled t-test is to be recommended when both variables have missing data and the paired t-test is to be recommended when only one variable has missing data.

Analysing matched or paired data

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet L. Peacock ◽  
Sally M. Kerry
Keyword(s):  
Case Control ◽  
T Test ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
Control Data ◽  
Cohort Data ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Paired T Test

Chapter 8 covers analysing matched or paired data, and includes the paired t-test, non-normal data, matched case–control data, cohort data, and further reading.

scholarly journals Teknik Effleurage Massage terhadap Nyeri Dissmenore

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Putri Andanawarih ◽  
Miftachul Jannah ◽  
Swasti Artanti
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Significance Test ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
T Test ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Menstrual Pain ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Stimulation Of

Complaints of dissmenorrhea occur in 60-90% of adolescents and are the most frequent causes of absenteeism from lectures and reduced daily activities. Dissmenorrhea that is felt in the form of pain or cyclic pain along with menstruation and often feels like cramps in the stomach and can spread to the back, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Handling of dissmenorrhea can be done by means of the effleurage technique, the effleurage technique to stimulate the stimulation of the stomach that is experiencing pain which can provide a comfortable effect. This type of research used a quasi-experimental, quasi-experimental research design, the population in this study used a random sampling technique with a total of 15. The results of the normality test of menstrual pain data before treatment were 0.33 and after treatment was 0.14 which means p> 0.05. This shows that the data is normally distributed, so the statistical test used is the Paired T-test. Based on the Paired T-test significance test, it was found that the significance value (p) is 0.00 using the provision that the degree of error (α) is 5% or 0.05 so that there is a difference between menstrual pain before efflurage massage and after efflurage massage. In this study, it was found that there was a decrease in the level of menstrual pain after efflurage massage compared to before efflurage massage, this proves that massage with the efflurage technique can reduce pain.

COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 403-428
Author(s):  
Amir Ahmad Dar ◽  
Shahid Qadir ◽  
Shahbaz Afzal
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Public ◽  
Normality Assumption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
At Home

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a new virus and spread all over the world. It is a transferrable virus from human to human, and there is currently no vaccine to prevent COVID-19. The government is trying to prevent healthy ones from infected peoples that process is known as quarantine. During COVID19, people who travel from one states to other states are quarantined by the government of India at home or other places like hospitals, hotels, hostels, schools, etc. for a maximum of 14 days for the public safety. In this study, the authors discuss the differences between the home and other place quarantine in Kashmir. Also, they provide a solid conclusion about which one is better, home or outside the home for quarantine. The parameters that are used in this study are hygienic good, cleanness, mentally fit, sharing room, entertainment, medical care, and sleep. The paired t-test was used to check whether there is any significant difference between the parameters at home and outside quarantine, and the Shapiro-Wilk test at (α=0.05) was used to check the normality assumption.

An evaluation of diagnostic tests and their roles in validating forest biometric models

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqing Yang ◽  
Robert A Monserud ◽  
Shongming Huang
Keyword(s):  
Model Validation ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Nonparametric Tests ◽  
T Test ◽  
Sign Test ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Smirnov Test

Model validation is an important part of model development. It is performed to increase the credibility and gain sufficient confidence about a model. This paper evaluated the usefulness of 10 statistical tests, five parametric and five nonparametric, in validating forest biometric models. The five parametric tests are the paired t test, the Χ2 test, the separate t test, the simultaneous F test, and the novel test. The five nonparametric tests are the Brown-Mood test, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, the modified Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, the sign test, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Nine benchmark data sets were selected to evaluate the behavior of these tests in model validation; three were collected from Alberta and six were published elsewhere. It was shown that the usefulness of statistical tests in model validation is very limited. None of the tests seems to be generic enough to work well across a wide range of models and data. Each model passed one or more tests, but not all of them. Because of this, caution should be exercised when choosing a statistical test or several tests together to try to validate a model. It is important to reduce and remove any potential personal bias in selecting a favorite test, which can influence the outcome of the results.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Bio-Energy Power to Improving VO2Max Futsal Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Hendra Mashuri ◽  
I Wayan Artanayasa
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Significance Test ◽  
T Test ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Practice Method ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Paired T Test

Bio energy power (BEP) is an practice method that combines breathing and exercise to improve the quality of body cells for optimal body performance. Futsal is an aerobic game that requires oxygen in the formation of energy. Increased VO2Max will help the performance of futsal players. The purpose of this study to test the effectiveness of the BEP to the increase in VO2max futsal players beginners. This research is an experimental quantitative research. The study population was a beginner futsal players aged 10-12. The research sample used 30 futsal players. Signification test using paired t-test. The results of the research significance test showed that the t-count value was 14.807> t-table 1.699 (df = 29). It can be concluded that the BEP effectively improve endurance capacity (VO2max) futsal players beginners.

Efektivitas Aroma Terapi Lemon untuk Menangani Emesis Gravidarum

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-284
Author(s):  
Vitrianingsih Vitrianingsih ◽  
Sitti Khadijah
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
P Value ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Paired T Test

Studi memperkirakan emesis gravidarum terjadi pada 50-90% kehamilan. Mual muntah pada kehamilan memberikan dampak yang signifikan bagi tubuh dimana ibu menjadi lemah, pucat dan cairan tubuh berkurang sehingga darah menjadi kental (hemokonsentrasi). Keadaan ini dapat memperlambat peredaran darah dan berakibat pada kurangnya suplay oksigen serta makanan ke jaringan sehingga dapat membahayakan kesehatan ibu dan janin. Salah satu terapi yang aman dan dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi keluahan mual muntah pada ibu hamil adalah pemberian aromaterapi lemon. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas aroma terapi lemon untuk menangani emesis gravidarum. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan Quasi experiment  dengan  one group pre-post test design. Populasi penelitian adalah ibu hamil yang mengalami emesis gravidarum di Kecamatan Berbah, Sleman. Jumlah sampel 20 ibu hamil trimester pertama yang diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Pengukuran mual muntah dilakukan debelum dan setelah  pemberian aromaterapi lemon menggunakan Indeks Rhodes. Analisa data menggunakan uji Paired t-test. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rata-rata skor mual muntah sebelum pemberian aromaterapi lemon berdasarkan Indeks Rhodes pada Ibu Hamil dengan emesis gravidarum yaitu 22,1 dan terjadi penurunan skor setelah pemberian aromaterapi lemon menjadi 19,8. Ada pengaruh pemberian aromaterapi lemon dengan pengurangan mual muntah pada ibu hamil (p-value = 0.017). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan pemberian aromaterapi lemon efektif untuk mengurangi emesis gravidarum pada ibu hamil trimester pertama.  Kata kunci: aromaterapi lemon, emesis gravidarum THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON AROMATHERAPY FOR HANDLING EMESIS GRAVIDARUM   ABSTRACT Studies estimate that nausea and vomiting (emesis gravidarum) occur in 50 – 90% of pregnancies. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy have a significant impact on the body in which it makes a mother becomes weak, pale, and decreasing body fluid so that the blood becomes thick (hemoconcentration). This situation can slow down blood circulation and inflict the lack of oxygen and food supplies to the body tissues so that it can endanger the health of the mother and fetus. One of the therapies that is safe and can be conducted to reduce nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is by giving the lemon aromatherapy treatment. The research aims to determine the effectiveness of the aroma of lemon therapy to deal with emesis gravidarum. This study applied quasi-experimental research with one group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was pregnant women who experienced emesis gravidarum. Furthermore, samples were 20 mothers from Berbah, Sleman taken by using a purposive sampling technique. Nausea and vomiting were assessed between before and after giving lemon aromatherapy using the Rhodes Index. The data were analyzed using the paired t-test. The mean score of nausea and vomiting before giving lemon aromatherapy on mother with emesis gravidarum based on the Rhodes Index was 22.1. However, it decreased after given lemon aromatherapy treatment to 19.8. Therefore, there was an effect on giving lemon aromatherapy treatment toward the decrease of nausea and vomiting for pregnant women (p-value = 0.017). Lemon aromatherapy is effective to reduce emesis gravidarum.  Keywords: lemon aromatherapy, emesis gravidarum

PENGARUH PRACTICE BASED SIMULATION MODEL TERHADAP CRITICAL THINKING DI NURSING SKILL LABORATORY

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Retno Issroviatiningrum ◽  
Shanti Wardaningsih ◽  
Novita Kurnia Sari
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Skill Laboratory ◽  
Paired T Test

ABSTRAK Upaya untuk meningkatkan mutu pendidikan keperawatan khususnya untuk mendukung peserta didik menjadi perawat profesional memerlukan proses pembelajaran dengan menggunakan fasilitas keterampilan klinis. Practice based simulation model didasarkan pada teori belajar konstruktif yang menegaskan bahwa pengetahuan tidak pasif ditransfer dari pendidik kepada peserta didik, tetapi dibangun oleh peserta didik melalui pengolahan pengalaman dan interaksi dengan lingkungan mereka. Dengan metode simulasi di laboratorium dapat mendorong mahasiswa untuk menggunakan critical thinking dalam mengambil keputusan dalam mengatasi masalah tanpa merugikan pasien yang sebenarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh practice based simulation model terhadap critical thinking pada mahasiswa semester VI di FIK Unissula Semarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Quasy – Experiment dengan pendekatan pretest-posttest with control group design. Pengambilan sampel dengan teknik  simple random sampling dengan jumlah 21 responden baik kelompok intervensi maupun kelompok kontrol. Analisis data menggunakan uji Paired T-Test dan Independent Samples T-Test. Hasil penelitian selisih peningkatan critical thinking pada kelompok intervensi sebanyak 11.95 poin dan pada kelompok kontrol 2.05. Practice based simulation model berpengaruh terhadap critical thinking dengan nilai p=0.00<0.05. Disimpulkan bahwa practice based simulation model mempengaruhi critical thinking pada mahasiswa semester VI FIK Unissula Semarang. Kata kunci: Practice based simulation model, critical thinking

The effect of realistic mathematics education on student achievement in 8th grades geometric objects teaching

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-31
Author(s):  
Hasan Huseyin Aksu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
T Test ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
8Th Grade ◽  
And Control ◽  
Dependent Samples

The purpose of this study is to answer if there is a reasonable difference on academical success of students who get education with traditional and RME approach question on “Teaching geometrical objects to 8th grade students” subject. Study group consists of 47 students which contains 21 experimental and 16 control group from “Ordu Anadolu İmam Hatip High School Project School” in Altinordu, Ordu. Experimental and control group have same academical success level, as the school which this study has runned is a school which accepts students with an exam only. After the experimental and control groups were created, a 25 question pre-test was performed to understand the level of knowledge of the group regarding geometrical objects. The same test was performed on the same groups 8 weeks later as retention test. To determine opinions of the students in experimental group regarding RME and related learning activities, semi-structured interviews are conducted. The data obtained from the pretest, posttest and retention tests were analyzed with t-test for independent samples and t-test for dependent samples and variance analysis for mixed measurements with 0.05 significance level. According to the results, it is seen that learning activities prepared according to RME approach are much more effective than learning activities prepared according to the traditional approach on students’ academic success.

Pengaruh media teka-teki silang terhadap pengetahuan gizi seimbang pada anak sekolah dasar

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Umi Mahmudah
Keyword(s):  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Quasi Experiment

Latar Belakang: Anak-anak sekolah dasar merupakan salah satu kelompok rawan masalah gizi, baik pada gizi kurang maupun gizi lebih. Pendidikan gizi seimbang perlu diterapkan untuk mengatasi masalah gizi tersebut. Metode pendidikan mendorong peran serta dan keterlibatan anak untuk memberikan motivasi dalam belajar. Berbagai metode pendidikan yang menarik bagi anak antara lain permainan, tebak-tebakan, diskusi kelompok, serta peragaan. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan gizi menggunakan media teka-teki silang (TTS) terhadap pengetahuan gizi seimbang pada anak sekolah dasar. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi experiment dengan rancangan pre-posttest with control group. Penelitian dilakukan pada anak Sekolah Dasar Negeri Donohudan I. Pengukuran pengetahuan gizi seimbang dilakukan sebanyak dua kali, yaitu pretest dan posttest. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok intervensi yang diberikan pendidikan gizi menggunakan teka-teki silang dan kelompok kontrol yang diberikan pendidikan gizi menggunakan ceramah. Pengukuran pengetahuan pretest dilakukan sebelum diberikan pendidikan gizi dan pengukuran pengetahuan posttest diberikan setelah dilakukan pendidikan gizi. Data dianalisis menggunakan Paired T-test dan Independent Sample T-test. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan pengetahuan sebelum dan setelah dilakukan pendidikan gizi menggunakan media TTS dan media ceramah (p=0,010). Rerata peningkatan pengetahuan gizi menggunakan media TTS lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan menggunakan metode ceramah pada anak sekolah dasar. Kesimpulan: Ada pengaruh pengetahuan gizi seimbang sebelum dan setelah diberikan pendidikan gizi, baik menggunakan media teka-teki silang maupun menggunakan media ceramah.

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