scholarly journals Effects of intranasal instillation of nanoparticulate matter in the olfactory bulb

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
So Young Kim ◽  
Kyung Woon Kim ◽  
So Min Lee ◽  
Sohyeon Park ◽  
Byeong-Gon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Olfactory Discrimination ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Cation Transporters ◽  
Intranasal Instillation

AbstractNanoparticulate matter activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway in the respiratory system in a process involving the AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) and cytochrome P450 family 1, member A1 (CYP1A1). We examined changes in AhR-related pathways following intranasal instillation of nanoparticulate matter in the olfactory bulb and cerebral cortex. Twice a day for 5 days per week for 1 week or 2 weeks, 8-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats were intranasally instilled with 10 µL nanoparticulate matter (nano group; n = 36). An equal volume of saline was intranasally instilled in control rats (n = 36). One week after intranasal instillation, olfactory function and Y-maze tests were performed. The expression levels of AhR in the olfactory bulb and temporal cortex were analyzed using western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. The expression levels of AhR, CYP1A1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and five genes encoding cation transporters (ARNT, ATP7B, ATPB1, OCT1, and OCT2) in the olfactory bulb were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription. The olfactory discrimination capability was reduced in the nano group compared with the control group. Proportional changes in the Y-maze test were not significantly different between the nano and control groups. AhR mRNA and protein expression in the olfactory bulb increased 1.71-fold (P < 0.001) and 1.60-fold (P = 0.008), respectively. However, no significant changes were observed in the temporal cortex. In the olfactory bulb, the expression of ARNT, ATP7B, ATPB1, and OCT2 was downregulated. CYP1A1 and iNOS expression in the olfactory bulb was upregulated compared with that in the temporal cortex. The intranasal instillation of nanoparticulate matter decreased the olfactory discrimination ability, which was accompanied by upregulation of AhR expression and downregulation of cation transporters in the olfactory bulb.

scholarly journals Neuronal and perineuronal changes of cerebral cortex after exposure to inhaled particulate matter

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
So Young Kim ◽  
Da-hye Lee ◽  
Sohyeon Park ◽  
Byeong-Gon Kim ◽  
An-Soo Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tenascin C ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Vesicular Transporters

AbstractThe inhalation of particulate matter (PM) increases the perineuronal nets (PNNs) in the cerebral cortex; however, little is known about the related molecular changes. We explored how PM exposure impacted cognitive function and the levels of PNN-related genes. BALB/c mice (6-week-old females, n = 32) were exposed to 1–5-μm diesel-extracted particles (DEPs) (100 µg/m3, 5 hours per day, 5 days per week) and categorized into the following four groups: 1) 4-week DEP exposure (n = 8); 2) 4-week control (n = 8); 3) 8-week DEP exposure (n = 8); and 4) 8-week control (n = 8). The Y-maze test and olfactory function test were conducted after 4 and 8 weeks of DEP exposure. The prefrontal cortex, olfactory bulb and temporal cortex were harvested from the animals in each group. The expression of genes related to PNNs (Tenascin C, matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]14, MMP9) and synaptic vesicular transporters of vesicular glutamergic transporter 1 (VGLUT1), VGLUT2, vesicular GABAergic transporter (VGAT) were measured. The temporal cortex was immunostained for neurocan, VGLUT1, and VGAT. The 4-week DEP group had lower total arm entry in the Y-maze test and olfactory sensitivity. These impaired behavioral functions recovered in the 8-week DEP group. Expression of tenascin C and MMP9 were increased in the cerebral cortex in the 8-week DEP group compared with the control group. The levels of VGLUT1, VGLUT2, and VGAT were elevated in the cerebral cortex of the 8-week DEP group compared with the control group. In immunostaining of the temporal cortex, the expression of neurocan, VGLUT1, and GAD67 were increased in the 8-week DEP group compared with the control group. The 4-week DEP inhalation impaired spatial activities and olfactory sensitivities. After 8 weeks of DEP exposure, the PNN components and their proteolytic enzymes and the vesicular transporters increased in the cerebral cortex.

scholarly journals Otoprotective Effects of Zingerone on Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Ho Lee ◽  
Da-hye Lee ◽  
So Min Lee ◽  
So Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Auditory Thresholds ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Brainstem Response ◽  
Group A

Previous studies have described the effects of zingerone (ZO) on cisplatin (CXP)-induced injury to the kidneys, liver, and other organs but not to the cochlea. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ZO on CXP-induced ototoxicity. Eight-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats were used and divided into a control group, a CXP group, and a CXP + ZO group. Rats in the CXP group received 5 mg/kg/day CXP intraperitoneally for five days. Rats in the CXP + ZO group received 5 mg/kg/day CXP intraperitoneally for five days and 50 mg/kg/day ZO intraperitoneally for seven days. Auditory brainstem response thresholds (ABRTs) were measured before (day 0) and after (day 10) drug administration. Cochlear histology was examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and cochlear whole mounts. The expression levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1, CYP1B1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interleukin 6 (IL6) were estimated using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The expression levels of heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) and caspase 3 were analyzed via Western blotting. The auditory thresholds at 4, 8, and 16 kHz were attenuated in the CXP + ZO group compared with the CXP group. The mRNA expression levels of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, iNOS, NFκB, TNFα, and IL6 were lower in the CXP + ZO group than in the CXP group. The protein expression levels of HO1 and caspase 3 were lower in the CXP + ZO group than in the CXP group. Cotreatment with ZO exerted otoprotective effects against CXP-induced cochlear injury via antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities involving CYPs, iNOS, NFκB, and TNFα.

Maternal exposure to low doses of bisphenol A affects learning and memory in male rat offspring with abnormal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the hippocampus

2021 ◽  
pp. 074823372098462
Author(s):  
Chong Wang ◽  
Yao Shu ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Qiling Liu ◽  
Bei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Rat Offspring ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Bisphenol A (BPA), a component of polycarbonate and epoxy resins, has been reported to induce learning and memory deficits. However, the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Growing evidence has suggested that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are involved in cognitive impairments. In this study, BPA was administered to female Sprague–Dawley rats (six per dose group) at concentrations of 0 (control), 4, 40, and 400 μg/kg·body weight/day from gestation day 1 through lactation day 21. Spatial learning was evaluated using the Morris water maze on postnatal day 22. Expression levels of NMDARs were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The results showed that male offspring exposed to BPA exhibited increased latency in reaching the platform and reduced time in the target quadrant, and the number of crossing the platform was less, as compared with the control group. The mRNA and protein expression levels of NMDARs in the hippocampus were significantly downregulated when compared with the control group of male offspring. The data showed that maternal exposure to BPA at low dosage can cause cognitive deficits in male rat offspring, probably due to a decrease in NMDARs in the hippocampus.

scholarly journals Relationship between Amyloid-beta 42 Levels and Y-maze Alternation Values in Sprague Dawley Alzheimer’s Induction Received Medium-Chain Triglycerides Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (A) ◽  
pp. 476-480
Author(s):  
Faradila Faradila ◽  
Yuliarni Syafrita ◽  
Nur Indrawaty Lipoeto
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Y Maze

BACKGROUND: At present, there is no pharmacological therapy that can cure Alzheimer’s disease. Treatment is only limited to preventing progression and controlling risk factors that worsen Alzheimer’s. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) are nutritional therapies that are being studied to prevent the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. AIM: This study aims to see the effect of giving MCT to the value of percentage alternation Y-maze test and serum Aβ-42 levels as a marker of Alzheimer’s disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is an experimental study using postp-test control group design. Samples from this study were 30 Sprague Dawley rats which were divided into positive control groups, negative controls, and three treatment groups. Positive control group and treatment were induced by Alzheimer’s by ovariectomy and d-galactose. After induction, MCT were given to the treatment group for 6 weeks. After treatment, the levels of Aβ-42 serum were examined by ELISA and cognitive function was examined by Y-maze. After that, the data were analyzed by ANOVA. p < 0.05 was said to be statistically significant. RESULTS: The results showed that this study was found a moderate relationship with a positive pattern. This means that the higher the percentage alternation value, the higher the level of Aβ-42 in serum which indicates that the higher the percentage alternation value, the higher the clearance of Aβ-42. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that the group of rats given MCT has a serum Aβ-42 level higher than the group of rats that were not given MCT.

scholarly journals Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) promotes the regeneration of severe endometrial damage in a rat model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuang Mei ◽  
Zhang Wuwen ◽  
Liu Dan ◽  
Yan Hua ◽  
Fang Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Umbilical Cord ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Paracrine Secretion ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Injury Control

Abstract Background: Intrauterine adhesions (IUA) is a common endometrial disease, which is one of the causes of infertility. Transplantation of stem cells may provide a viable solution for endometrial repair and regeneration. We made a model of severe endometrial injury in rats, transplanted hUCMSCs, and studied the effect of hUCMSCs on endometrial regeneration. Methods: Thirty-two female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal group, injury control group, MSC1 group and MSC2 group. After 15 days of intervention and transplantation, histological analysis was performed and cytokine messenger RNA expression was measured. Results: The HE staining results showed that the endometrial tissue of the injury control group was significantly damaged, and the endometrial tissues of the MSC1 group and the MSC2 group were improved. We did not detect the expression of keratin and vimentin in the injury control group. However, there was the expression of keratin and vimentin in the MSC1 group and the MSC2 group. The results of Real-time PCR showed that the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA in the normal group and MSC1 group was lower than that of the injury control group (P<0.05).The expression levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA in the normal group and MSC2 group were higher than that of the injury control group (P<0.05). The expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA in the normal group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Transplantation of hUCMSCs promoted the recovery of severe endometrial damage in rats. These findings suggest the effect may be related to the mechanisms of homing and paracrine secretion.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective Effects of Probiotic-Supplemented Diet on Cognitive Behavior of 3xTg-AD Mice

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Chenxi Tan ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Huiyi Zhang ◽  
Cihan Di ◽  
Dechao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Y Maze

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is recognized as one of the most common types of senile dementia. AD patients first suffer memory loss for recent events (short-term memory impairment). As the disease progresses, they are deprived of self-awareness. This study aims to explore the effects of a probiotic-supplemented diet on the cognitive behaviors and pathological features of mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mice in the control group and the 3xTg-AD group were fed a regular diet and a probiotic-supplemented diet, respectively, for 20 weeks. Behavioral experiments like Morris’s water maze and Y maze were conducted. Then, feces of mice were collected for 16S sRNA gene sequencing for microorganisms. In the end, soluble and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the hippocampus and cortex of mice in each group were quantitatively analyzed with a double-antibody Sandwich ELISA. The expression levels of tau protein and gliocyte in the hippocampus and cortex were detected using the Western Blot method. The result of the Morris water maze experiment indicated that, in the place navigation test, the mice in the 3xTg-AD group experienced a significant decline in the learning ability and a longer escape latency and in the space exploration test, the swimming time of mice in the 3xTg-AD group in the target quadrant decreased and after being treated with the probiotic diet, mice in the 3xTg-AD group had improved learning and memory ability. The result of Y maze showed that the probiotic diet can improve the spontaneous alternation accuracy of mice in the 3xTg-AD group. The result of 16s rRNA gene sequencing showed that, compared with mice in the WT group, those in the 3xTg-AD group experienced a change in the intestinal flora. The Western Blot result displayed a decreased expression level of tau (pS202) ( P < 0.05 ) and decreased expression levels of Iba-1 and GFAP ( P < 0.05 ). The result of the ELISA experiment showed decreased levels of soluble and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 in 3xTg-AD mice ( P < 0.05 ). In conclusion, a probiotic diet can prevent and treat AD by improving the intestinal flora of 3xTg-AD.

scholarly journals Nephroprotective effect of losartan in IgA model rat

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 5205-5215
Author(s):  
Li Xing ◽  
Er Lin Song ◽  
Xi Bei Jia ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Bing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Mesangial Cells ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Tubulointerstitial Injury ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Losartan Group ◽  
Tgf Β1

Objective This study was performed to investigate the possible nephroprotective effects of losartan in a rat model of experimental IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Methods Thirty male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. The rats in the model group were treated with bovine serum albumin (oral gavage), lipopolysaccharide (tail vein injection), and carbon tetrachloride (subcutaneous injection); rats in the losartan group received treatments similar to those of the model group, and were orally gavaged with losartan; and rats in the control group received phosphate-buffered saline alone (both orally and intravenously). Results Losartan treatment lowered the 24-hour urinary protein, serum blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine levels. Proliferating mesangial cells with a variable increase in the mesangial matrix were detected in the model group, whereas injury in the losartan group was significantly attenuated. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and α-smooth muscle actin were significantly elevated in the model group but reduced in the losartan group. The expression levels of TGF-β1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were minimal in the control group, significantly increased in the model group, and reduced in the losartan group. Conclusion Losartan has a protective effect against tubulointerstitial injury in IgAN.

scholarly journals Intraperitoneal injection of ketamine enhances apoptosis in urothelium via autophagy in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 205873922093566
Author(s):  
Liqin Wei ◽  
Jitao Wu ◽  
Danxia Li ◽  
Zhengfei Shan
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tunel Staining ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Bladder Epithelium ◽  
Bladder Tissue ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Ketamine abusing is associated with ulcerative cystitis, but the mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the existence of ketamine-induced symptom in a rat model and evaluate the underlining mechanisms. Sprague-Dawley rats were chosen and randomly divided into 12 groups (n = 8), such as the control group, low dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg/day), middle dose of ketamine (30 mg/kg/day) and high dose of ketamine (50 mg/kg/day) groups. The experimental groups were administrated ketamine i.p. daily, whereas the control groups were administrated with saline. After 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment, the bladder tissues were collected. Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and a transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were used to evaluate the bladder epithelium pathology and urothelial apoptosis, respectively. The protein expression levels of LC3, p62, Beclin1 were assessed by Western blotting. HE staining results of the experimental rats showed the bladder tissue denudation of the urothelial epithelium with edema and congestion compared with the control groups. TUNEL staining showed a significantly higher number of apoptotic cells in experimental groups than in the control groups. The protein LC3 and Beclin1 had significantly higher levels compared with control groups. The protein p62 had lower levels compared with control groups. The expression levels correlated with contraction of ketamine and treatment time. HE staining, TUNEL staining and Western blot results showed dose-dependent, time-dependent autophage in ketamine-treated rats. All the results suggested that autophagy proteins might be involved in inflammatory response in rats.

scholarly journals Intravascular Streaming and Variable Delivery to Brain following Carotid Artery Infusions in the Sprague-Dawley Rat

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Saris ◽  
Donald C. Wright ◽  
Edward H. Oldfield ◽  
Ronald G. Blasberg
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Intraarterial Infusion ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
The Brain

Intracarotid artery infusions in animals are commonly performed in studies of the blood–brain barrier and in chemotherapy trials. Implicit in the analysis of these experiments is that the infusate will be distributed to the territory of the internal carotid artery in a manner that is proportional to blood flow. Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were studied to determine if poor infusate mixing with blood due to intravascular streaming occurred during intracarotid artery drug infusions and if it could be eliminated with fast retrograde infusion. In three experimental groups, a radiolabeled flow tracer—14C-iodoantipyrine (IAP)—was infused retrograde through the external carotid artery into the common carotid artery at slow, medium, and fast rates (0.45, 1.5, and 5.0 ml/min). In a control group, IAP was injected intravenously (i.v.). Local isotope concentrations in the brain were determined by quantitative autoradiography, and the variability of isotope delivery was assessed in the frontoparietal cortex, temporal cortex, and caudate putamen of all animals. Streaming phenomena were manifest in all selected anatomic areas after the slow and medium rates of intraarterial infusion. After fast intracarotid infusion or i.v. injection, there was uniform distribution of isotope in the same brain regions.

scholarly journals Effects of Exercise Intensity on Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Expression in the Rat Large Intestine

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. e8-e13
Author(s):  
Eun-Ju Choi ◽  
Wi-Young So
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
White Male ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Expression Levels

Background and Objective The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the intensity of treadmill exercise and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) expression in the large intestine. Material and Methods Thirty Sprague-Dawley white male rats were randomly assigned to a control group (CON; no exercise), low-intensity exercise group (LIG; 30-min exercise at 8 m/min 5 times a week for 4 weeks), or high-intensity exercise group (HIG; 30-min exercise at 28 m/min 5 times a week for 4 weeks). Results Microarray analysis was conducted to evaluate ADH gene expression levels in large intestinal tissue, significant changes in the expression of four ADH genes (Adh1, Adh4, Adh6a, and Adh7) related to exercise intensity. In addition, pooled samples of the exercise groups showed decreased expression levels of these four genes compared with those of the control group. These findings were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In addition, differences were detected with respect to exercise intensity: Adh1, Adh4, and Adh6a levels were significantly decreased in the LIG compared with those in the HIG, whereas Adh7 expression showed an opposite trend. Conclusion In conclusion, this study suggests that regular exercise can decrease the incidence of alcohol-related disease by suppressing ADH production in the digestive system.

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