scholarly journals The influence of abiotic stress on the crop and seed setting

2021 ◽  
Vol 843 (1) ◽  
pp. 012015
Author(s):  
A S Markova ◽  
A D Kabashov ◽  
Ya G Leibovich ◽  
Z V Filonenko
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Biological Potential ◽  
Naked Oats

Abstract The potential productivity of an ear by the time of flowering is predetermined by the number of fertile flowers and the “planned” mass of 1000 grains - through the number of flowers with which the grain size is inversely correlated, by the resources of the shoot vegetative mass and by the possibility of realizing these resources. The influence of pinching and incomplete setting of seeds in the conditions of dry growing seasons of 2018 and 2020 for the formation of grain is considered. It was concluded that grains from the first three flowers have a predominant contribution to the productivity of a spikelet. The naked oat variety Nemchinovskiy 61 could not realize its biological potential due to abiotic stresses. Due to the incomplete seed setting, an average of 2.03 grains out of 5-6 flowers were preserved for harvesting. Reduction of flowers number in a spikelet in naked oats to two as the direction in breeding has no prospects. To increase the adaptability of naked oats to abiotic stresses, parental forms with a relatively small number of grains in a spike, which are capable to utilize precipitation, should be involved in hybridization, to increase the mass of 1000 grains.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of Abiotic Stress Responsive CBL-CIPK Family Genes in Medicago

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4634
Author(s):  
Wenxuan Du ◽  
Junfeng Yang ◽  
Lin Ma ◽  
Qian Su ◽  
Yongzhen Pang
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Protein Motifs ◽  
Plant Signal Transduction ◽  
Identification And Characterization

The calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) play important roles in plant signal transduction and response to abiotic stress. Plants of Medicago genus contain many important forages, and their growth is often affected by a variety of abiotic stresses. However, studies on the CBL and CIPK family member and their function are rare in Medicago. In this study, a total of 23 CBL and 58 CIPK genes were identified from the genome of Medicago sativa as an important forage crop, and Medicaog truncatula as the model plant. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that these CBL and CIPK genes could be classified into five and seven groups, respectively. Moreover, these genes/proteins showed diverse exon-intron organizations, architectures of conserved protein motifs. Many stress-related cis-acting elements were found in their promoter region. In addition, transcriptional analyses showed that these CBL and CIPK genes exhibited distinct expression patterns in various tissues, and in response to drought, salt, and abscisic acid treatments. In particular, the expression levels of MtCIPK2 (MsCIPK3), MtCIPK17 (MsCIPK11), and MtCIPK18 (MsCIPK12) were significantly increased under PEG, NaCl, and ABA treatments. Collectively, our study suggested that CBL and CIPK genes play crucial roles in response to various abiotic stresses in Medicago.

scholarly journals Metabolomics-Guided Elucidation of Plant Abiotic Stress Responses in the 4IR Era: An Overview

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
Morena M. Tinte ◽  
Kekeletso H. Chele ◽  
Justin J. J. van der Hooft ◽  
Fidele Tugizimana
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Chemical Space ◽  
Big Data Analytics ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Computational Tools

Plants are constantly challenged by changing environmental conditions that include abiotic stresses. These are limiting their development and productivity and are subsequently threatening our food security, especially when considering the pressure of the increasing global population. Thus, there is an urgent need for the next generation of crops with high productivity and resilience to climate change. The dawn of a new era characterized by the emergence of fourth industrial revolution (4IR) technologies has redefined the ideological boundaries of research and applications in plant sciences. Recent technological advances and machine learning (ML)-based computational tools and omics data analysis approaches are allowing scientists to derive comprehensive metabolic descriptions and models for the target plant species under specific conditions. Such accurate metabolic descriptions are imperatively essential for devising a roadmap for the next generation of crops that are resilient to environmental deterioration. By synthesizing the recent literature and collating data on metabolomics studies on plant responses to abiotic stresses, in the context of the 4IR era, we point out the opportunities and challenges offered by omics science, analytical intelligence, computational tools and big data analytics. Specifically, we highlight technological advancements in (plant) metabolomics workflows and the use of machine learning and computational tools to decipher the dynamics in the chemical space that define plant responses to abiotic stress conditions.

scholarly journals Down-Regulation of SlGRAS10 in Tomato Confers Abiotic Stress Tolerance

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 623
Author(s):  
Sidra Habib ◽  
Yee Yee Lwin ◽  
Ning Li
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Down Regulation

Adverse environmental factors like salt stress, drought, and extreme temperatures, cause damage to plant growth, development, and crop yield. GRAS transcription factors (TFs) have numerous functions in biological processes. Some studies have reported that the GRAS protein family plays significant functions in plant growth and development under abiotic stresses. In this study, we demonstrated the functional characterization of a tomato SlGRAS10 gene under abiotic stresses such as salt stress and drought. Down-regulation of SlGRAS10 by RNA interference (RNAi) produced dwarf plants with smaller leaves, internode lengths, and enhanced flavonoid accumulation. We studied the effects of abiotic stresses on RNAi and wild-type (WT) plants. Moreover, SlGRAS10-RNAi plants were more tolerant to abiotic stresses (salt, drought, and Abscisic acid) than the WT plants. Down-regulation of SlGRAS10 significantly enhanced the expressions of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to reduce the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O2− and H2O2. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents were remarkably high in SlGRAS10-RNAi plants. Furthermore, the expression levels of chlorophyll biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and stress-related genes were also enhanced under abiotic stress conditions. Collectively, our conclusions emphasized the significant function of SlGRAS10 as a stress tolerate transcription factor in a certain variety of abiotic stress tolerance by enhancing osmotic potential, flavonoid biosynthesis, and ROS scavenging system in the tomato plant.

scholarly journals Metabolomics, a Powerful Tool for Understanding Plant Abiotic Stress

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 824
Author(s):  
Fredy P. Carrera ◽  
Carlos Noceda ◽  
María G. Maridueña-Zavala ◽  
Juan M. Cevallos-Cevallos
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Resistance Strategies ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Biochemical State ◽  
Plant Abiotic Stress

Metabolomics is a technology that generates large amounts of data and contributes to obtaining wide and integral explanations of the biochemical state of a living organism. Plants are continuously affected by abiotic stresses such as water scarcity, high temperatures and high salinity, and metabolomics has the potential for elucidating the response-to-stress mechanisms and develop resistance strategies in affected cultivars. This review describes the characteristics of each of the stages of metabolomic studies in plants and the role of metabolomics in the characterization of the response of various plant species to abiotic stresses.

scholarly journals WRKY Proteins: Signaling and Regulation of Expression during Abiotic Stress Responses

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Banerjee ◽  
Aryadeep Roychoudhury
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Plant Signaling ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stress ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
Wrky Proteins

WRKY proteins are emerging players in plant signaling and have been thoroughly reported to play important roles in plants under biotic stress like pathogen attack. However, recent advances in this field do reveal the enormous significance of these proteins in eliciting responses induced by abiotic stresses. WRKY proteins act as major transcription factors, either as positive or negative regulators. Specific WRKY factors which help in the expression of a cluster of stress-responsive genes are being targeted and genetically modified to induce improved abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The knowledge regarding the signaling cascade leading to the activation of the WRKY proteins, their interaction with other proteins of the signaling pathway, and the downstream genes activated by them are altogether vital for justified targeting of theWRKYgenes. WRKY proteins have also been considered to generate tolerance against multiple abiotic stresses with possible roles in mediating a cross talk between abiotic and biotic stress responses. In this review, we have reckoned the diverse signaling pattern and biological functions of WRKY proteins throughout the plant kingdom along with the growing prospects in this field of research.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification, Evolutionary And Expression Analyses of LEA Gene Family In Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
RuoLan Huang ◽  
Dong Xiao ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Yi Shen ◽  
Jie Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Segmental Duplication ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Tandem Duplication ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Recognition Sites ◽  
Genome Wide

Abstract Background: Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are a group of highly hydrophilic glycine-rich proteins, which accumulate in the late stage of seed maturation and are associated with many abiotic stresses. However, few peanut LEA genes had been reported, and the research on the number, location, structure, molecular phylogeny and expression of AhLEAs was very limited. Results: In this study, 126 LEA genes were identified in the peanut genome through genome-wide analysis and were further divided into eight groups. Sequence analysis showed that most of the AhLEAs (85.7 %) had no or only one intron. LEA genes were randomly distributed on 20 chromosomes. Compared with tandem duplication, segmental duplication played a more critical role in AhLEAs amplication, and 93 segmental duplication AhLEAs and 5 pairs of tandem duplication genes were identified. Synteny analysis showed that some AhLEAs genes come from a common ancestor, and genome rearrangement and translocation occurred among these genomes. Almost all promoters of LEAs contain ABRE, MYB recognition sites, MYC recognition sites, and ERE cis-acting elements, suggesting that the LEA genes were involved in stress response. Gene expression analyses revealed that most of the LEAs were expressed in the late stages of peanut embryonic development. LEA3 (AH16G06810.1, AH06G03960.1), and Dehydrin (AH07G18700.1, AH17G19710.1) were highly expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers. Moreover, 100 AhLEAs were involved in response to drought, low-temperature, or Al stresses. Some LEAs that were regulated by different abiotic stresses were also regulated by hormones including ABA, brassinolide, ethylene and salicylic acid. Interestingly, AhLEAs that were up-regulated by ethylene and salicylic acid showed obvious subfamily preferences.Conclusions: AhLEAs are involved in abiotic stress response, and segmental duplication plays an important role in the evolution and amplification of AhLEAs. The genome-wide identification, classification, evolutionary and expression analyses of the AhLEA gene family provide a foundation for further exploring the LEA genes’ function in response to abiotic stress in peanuts.

scholarly journals Plant-Microbe Interactions in Alleviating Abiotic Stress—A Mini Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Prabhu Inbaraj
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
The Impact

Crop plants are continuously exposed to various abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, ultraviolet radiation, low and high temperatures, flooding, metal toxicities, nutrient deficiencies which act as limiting factors that hampers plant growth and low agricultural productivity. Climate change and intensive agricultural practices has further aggravated the impact of abiotic stresses leading to a substantial crop loss worldwide. Crop plants have to get acclimatized to various environmental abiotic stress factors. Though genetic engineering is applied to improve plants tolerance to abiotic stresses, these are long-term strategies, and many countries have not accepted them worldwide. Therefore, use of microbes can be an economical and ecofriendly tool to avoid the shortcomings of other strategies. The microbial community in close proximity to the plant roots is so diverse in nature and can play an important role in mitigating the abiotic stresses. Plant-associated microorganisms, such as endophytes, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are well-documented for their role in promoting crop productivity and providing stress tolerance. This mini review highlights and discusses the current knowledge on the role of various microbes and it's tolerance mechanisms which helps the crop plants to mitigate and tolerate varied abiotic stresses.

Recent understanding on molecular mechanisms of plant abiotic stress response and tolerance.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Onaga ◽  
Kerstin Wydra
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Abiotic Stress Response ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
Plant Abiotic Stress

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the recent significant perspectives on molecules involved in response and tolerance to drought and salinity, the 2 major abiotic stresses affecting crop production, and highlights major molecular components identified in major cereals.

CRISPR-mediated genome editing in maize for improved abiotic stress tolerance.

2021 ◽  
pp. 405-420
Author(s):  
Ali Razzaq ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa ◽  
Muhammad Amjad Ali ◽  
Muhammad Sarwar Khan ◽  
Faiz Ahmad Joyia
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Maize Genome ◽  
Yield Improvement ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Genome Manipulation

Abstract This chapter discusses the applications of CRISPR-mediated genome editing to improve the abiotic stress tolerance (such as drought, heat, waterlogging and cold tolerance) of maize. CRISPR/Cas9 has great potential for maize genome manipulation at desired sites. By using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, numerous genes can be targeted to produce elite maize cultivars that minimize the challenges of abiotic stresses. In the future, more precise and accurate variants of the CRISPR/Cas9 toolbox are expected to be used for maize yield improvement.

Effect of dietary level of naked oats (Avena nuda) on internal and sensory quality of eggs and on yolk lipid composition

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Cave ◽  
E. E. Farnworth ◽  
L. M. Poste ◽  
G. Butler ◽  
V. D. Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Yolk Lipid ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Naked Oats

The yolk lipid composition was determined and the sensory and internal quality evaluated for eggs obtained from hens at 8 and 15 m of age from two experiments. In exp. 1, in which naked oats replaced corn and soybean meal at levels of 0–800 g kg−1, there was a marked decrease in Roche yolk color at 8 mo, an increase in egg weight, and at 15 mo and a decrease in yolk flavor intensity with increasing level of oats. In exp. 2, there were four diets (0) a corn-soybean meal control, (876) a soybean-free naked oat alfalfa diet, (874) diet 876 supplemented with lysine and methionine and (691) diet 876 supplemented with canola meal. Haugh units were greater and yolk color less for supplemented naked oat diets versus the control diet. The yolk lipid content of sphingomyelin and sterols were higher than for the control diet. A yolk sulfury aroma was noted at 15 mo. At 8 mo, egg Haugh units were lower for the unsupplemented oat diet relative to the corn-soy diet. There were no other detrimental effects of oat diet on egg sensory quality. Other than a corrigible yolk color effect, egg quality traits do not limit the use of naked oats in poultry layer diets. Key words: Oats (naked), canola, egg internal quality, egg sensory quality, egg lipid composition, laying hen

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