PSIV-B-20 A fecal arsenic excretion pattern in pigs fed arsenic-containing rice bran

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 389-389
Author(s):  
Shengfa F Liao ◽  
Shamimul Hasan ◽  
Andrew W Stevens ◽  
Zhongyue Yang ◽  
Jean M Feugang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Excretion Pattern ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Arsenic Excretion

Abstract Rice bran is a common feed/food stuff for animals and humans; however, it usually contains a substantial amount of arsenic that is a class-I, non-threshold carcinogen to humans. This study was to investigate the fecal arsenic excretion pattern from the pigs fed an arsenic-containing rice bran. Twenty growing gilts (26.3 kg) were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments (n = 6 or 7) with Diets I, II, and III containing 0, 36.7, and 73.5% rice bran, and 0, 306, and 612 ppb arsenic, respectively. The feeding trial lasted 6 weeks, and fresh fecal samples were collected on Days 0, 14, 28, and 42 post-treatments. Fecal arsenic concentrations were analyzed using an ICP-MS protocol standardized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Tobit statistical model was employed for data analysis because some censored values were obtained from the laboratory sample analysis. Results (Table 1) showed that there were no differences in fecal arsenic concentrations from Day 0 through 42 post-treatment in pigs fed Diet I (a control diet). Nevertheless, the fecal arsenic concentration was increased significantly (P < 0.05) on Days 14 and 28 when compared to Day 0 post-treatment with Diet II (a moderate level of rice bran inclusion), and it was further increased (P < 0.05) on Day 42 post-treatment. The fecal arsenic excretion pattern in pigs fed Diet III (a high level of rice bran inclusion) was the same as that in pigs fed Diet II. The dietary treatment effects on fecal arsenic excretion were already reported previously. In short, the results of this study suggest that the fecal arsenic excretion is increased in the first 4 weeks and then further increased around the 6th week since the start of feeding arsenic-containing rice bran. This further increase may be due to the saturation of arsenic retention in pig body.

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Meats of the Indonesian Indigenous Crossbred Chickens Fed Fermented Mixture of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaf and Seed Meal

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The objective of this present study was to investigate the effect of feeding fermented mixture of papaya leaf and seed meal (FERM) on the physical and chemical characteristics of meats of the Indonesian indigenous crossbred chicken (IICC). The study was carried out with 300 day-old IICC. The chicks were randomly distributed to five treatment groups, i.e., CONT (control diet based on corn-soybean- diet), FERMA (diet containing 1% FERM), FERMB (2.5% FERM), FERMC (5% FERM) and FERMD (7.5% FERM). Each treatment group consisted of 6 replicates with 10 IICC in each. At week 8, one chick from each replicate was randomly taken and slaughtered. After being de-feathered and eviscerated, samples from breast and thigh meats were obtained. Results showed that the increased levels of FERM was followed by the increased (P<0.05) pH values, moisture and crude protein content of breast meats of the IICC. Dietary incorporation of FERM especially at the level of 2.5% increased (P<0.05) the content of fat in the breast meat of IICC, while further increased levels of FERM did not alter (P>0.05) the fat content of the IICC breast meat. Dietary treatment did not have any effect (P>0.05) on the lightness (L*) values of breast meat of the IICC. The redness (a*) values were higher (P<0.05) in FERMD breast meat than other. FERM diet resulted in lower (P<0.05) yellowness (b*) values in the IICC breast meat. The pH values and moisture content of thigh meat increased (P<0.05) with the increased level of FERM. The WHC decreased (P<0.05) with the elevated levels of FERM in the diets. There was an increase (P<0.05) in crude protein concentration in FERMA as compared to the other meats. Crude fat and ash concentrations in thigh meat were affected (P<0.05) by the treatments. Dietary treatments had no impact (P>0.05) on L* values of thigh meats. Feeding FERM at 7.5% from diets increased (P<0.05) and decreased (P<0.05) the redness and yellowness of meats. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of FERM especially at the level of 7.5% from diets improved the physical and chemical characteristics of the IICC meats.

scholarly journals Effect of replacing maize with cassava/brewers dried yeast blend (Cassayeast) on performance of broiler chicks and feed cost in southern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178
Author(s):  
B. M. Oruwari ◽  
A. O. Anibo ◽  
D. M. Nkanta
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Total Replacement ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Cost

A feeding trial using 240, day old Anak broiler chicks was conducted in which cassava meal (CM) completely replaced maize in the control diet (A) to formulate five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. Dried CM blended with brewers dried yeast (BDY) formed cassayeast with 2.704 parts of CM to 1 part of BDY. The (Cassayeast) CM and BDY blend in the dietary treatments, (B,C,D and E) were 30 CM + 11.1% BDY, 35 CM +12.94% BDY, 40 CM + 14.79% BDY, and 45 CM + 16.64% BDY, respectively, and these treatments had no maize. Dietary treatment A, containing maize, which served as the control had no cassayeast inclusion, thus demonstrating the total replacement of maize by cassayeast in the other dietary treatments. Results showed that significant of maize difference (P<0.5) were observed in the control and at in one cassayeast treatment in feed intake (4.43 as against 4.22kg), body weight (1.94 as against 1.65kg), efficiency of feed utilization (feed: gain ratio 2.19 as against 2.51; gain: feed ratio 0.49 as against 0.43), respectively. However, gizzard weights were not significant. Economic analysis showed that the cost of producing a bird with the maize based diet (A) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that with the cassayeast diets but there was not difference among the cassayeast diets (B-E). The maize based diet was most expensive (₦ 29.68 per kg diet) while diet C was the cheapest (₦ 25.57 per kg). The study demonstrated that the use of cassaveast has a place in the broiler industry, thus indicating that with proper protein balancing, cassava can completely replace maize in broiler diets.

scholarly journals 349 The use of low antioxidant mineral concentrations in the growing diet as a method to increase marbling deposition in feedlot cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 141-142
Author(s):  
Jerad R Jaborek ◽  
Alejandro E Relling
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The presence of reactive oxygen species has been associated with the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into lipid filled mature adipocytes in vitro. We hypothesized offering a diet without supplemental antioxidant minerals (Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se) to steers during the growing phase, a time when intramuscular fat cells are believed to be proliferating, would promote differentiation of pre-adipocytes, leading to more desirable marbling scores compared with steers supplemented to meet their mineral requirements. After adaptation to the feedlot, 168 Sim-Angus steers were divided into four weight blocks, placed in one of twenty-four pens, and randomly assigned a dietary treatment. Dietary treatments were: 1) no supplemental (Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se) minerals; 2) control diet with supplemented minerals to meet the mineral requirements of growing beef steers (NRC, 2016); 3) Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se concentrations supplemented at twice the concentration of the control diet. After dietary treatments were applied for the 4-wk long growing phase, steers were offered a common finishing diet until reaching a similar backfat thickness until harvest. Feedlot performance and carcass data were analyzed in SAS with pen as the experimental unit in the following model: Yij = μ+Di+wj+eij, where Di was the fixed effect of diet, wj was the random effect of weight block, and eij was the random error. No significant (P > 0.35) treatment effects were found for feedlot performance and carcass measurements. The feedstuffs in the basal diet may have contained sufficient concentrations of antioxidant minerals to meet the mineral requirements of the steers and mask differences in marbling. Additionally, offering a similar diet during the finishing period may have resulted in compensatory marbling growth, which offset marbling differences after the growing phase and resulted in uniform marbling accumulation across dietary treatments.

scholarly journals Haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens fed roselle seed (Hibiscus sabdariffa l.) cake based diet as replacement for soyabean meal

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-163
Author(s):  
D. N. Onunkwo ◽  
J. C. Ezike ◽  
W. Amaduruonye ◽  
J. Nathaniel ◽  
G. Daniel-Igwe,
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Seed Cake ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Feeding trial experiment was carried out to evaluate the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens fed graded levels of Roselle Seed Cake (RSC) as replacement of a conventional protein source. Proximate composition was done to determine the nutrient content of RSC and experimental diets. The experiment contained graded levels of RSC replacing soya bean cake (SBC). One hundred and twenty (120) day old Ross broiler chickens were used in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The broiler chicks were assigned to five dietary treatments with three replicates each with 8 birds per replicate and 24 birds per treatment. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated for the broiler straight diet. Diet 1 served asthe control diet while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 contained 8%, 16%, 24% and 32% RSC respectively. Data were collected and analyzed using analysis of variance and the mean was separated using Duncan multiple range test. The findings from the study showed that there were no significant (P?0.05) differences in all the parameters measured for haematology across dietary treatment means except for the white blood cell. The blood biochemical composition showed no significant (P?0.05) differences in total protein, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and creatinine across dietary treatments. RSC as an alternative feedstuff can replace soya bean cake at 24% in the diet of broiler chickens for improved haematological and blood biochemical of broilers. Roselle seed cake can replace SBC at the broiler chicken straight ration at 75% (24% dietary RSC) inclusion for better performance.

Full-Fat Insect Meal as a Protein and Energy Source for Weaned Piglets: Effects on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Gastrointestinal Function and Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Marie Håkenåsen ◽  
Guro Holseth Grepperud ◽  
Jon Øvrum Hansen ◽  
Margareth Øverland ◽  
Ragnhild Martinsen Ånestad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Gastrointestinal Function ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Background: Weaning is associated with growth decline and morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract of the pig. Insects, such as the Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), are suggested as a sustainable novel protein source in diets for pigs. They contain chitin, medium chained fatty acids, and anti-microbial peptides, which could improve the gastrointestinal function and health in the post-weaning pig. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of increasing inclusion of full-fat BSFL in diets for post-weaning pigs on growth performance parameters, digestibility, gut morphology, and the microbial community in the colon. Eighty crossbred weanling pigs were weaned at approximately 32 days of age, with an average weaning weight of 10.6 ± 0.8 kg. For four weeks, the pigs were fed one of four dietary treatments: a control diet or one of three diets containing an increasing amount of full-fat BSFL meal: 4.76% (BSFL5), 9.52% (BSFL10), and 19.06% (BSFL20). Results: Increased level of full-fat BSFL in the diet did not affect growth performance or fecal consistency. A reduction in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (P = 0.035) was found for increased inclusion of BSFL, whereas the ATTD of crude fat increased (P<0.001). Jejunal, ileal, or colonic morphometry was not affected by the BSFL inclusion. Some changes in the colon microbiota were observed, but no differences in the short-chain fatty acid concentrations were detected between the dietary treatments. At the phylum level, dietary treatment affected the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, Campilobacteria, and Thermoplasmatota, but there was no clear pattern relationship with the BSFL inclusion level. At the genus level, the inclusion of BSFL in the diet reduced the relative abundance of Lactobacillus (P = 0.015) compared to the control. Conclusions: Collectively, the results indicate that up to 19.06% of full-fat BSFL meal could be included in a balanced diet for PW pigs without affecting growth performance, gut function, or health.

EFFECTS OF REDUCING DIETARY CATION-ANION BALANCE FOR PREPARTUM DAIRY COWS WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO HYPOCALCEMIC PARTURIENT PARESIS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
HÉLÈNE LECLERC ◽  
ELLIOT BLOCK
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Apparent Absorption ◽  
Milk Fever ◽  
Periparturient Period ◽  
Hydroxy Proline ◽  
Parturient Paresis ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A trial was conducted to investigate the response of prepartum dairy cows to reducing the level of dietary cation-anion balance by measuring the concentration of plasma Ca, P, Mg and hydroxy proline, the apparent absorption of Ca, P and Mg and the incidence of milk fever. Twenty prepartum Holstein cows were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments designated control, diets 1, 2 and 3, with cation-anion balances [(Na + K) – (Cl + S)] of + 394, + 121, + 105 and + 62 meq kg−1 dietary dry matter (DM), respectively. Diets containing 1.38% Ca and 0.76% P (dry basis) were offered from day 45 prepartum to day 2 postpartum. Reducing the level of dietary cation-anion balance decreased the severity of the decline of plasma Ca during the periparturient period and delayed the time of observing the lowest concentration of plasma Ca. Strong negative correlations were observed during the periparturient period, particularly at parturition, between dietary cation-anion intake and the concentrations of plasma Ca and P. Apparent absorption of minerals was not influenced by dietary treatment from day 24 to day 21 prepartum. However, apparent absorption of Ca was reduced in cows fed diets 2 and 3 compared to cows fed the control diet and apparent absorption of Mg was reduced in cows fed diets 1, 2 and 3 compared to cows fed the control diet from day 7 prepartum until day 1 postpartum. Apparent absorption of phosphorus was not influenced by treatment at either time. Plasma levels of hydroxyproline were higher in cows fed diets 2 and 3 than in those fed diet 1 and the control diet from day 2 prepartum to day 1 postpartum. Results showed that reducing the level of dietary cation-anion balance influenced the concentration of plasma calcium, its apparent absorption and its resorption from bone. These effects were most accentuated during the periparturient period and may be beneficial in the prevention of milk fever. Key words: Milk fever, dairy cows, dietary anions and cations, parturient paresis

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF FINISHING BROILERS TO GRADED LEVELS OF HEAT TREATED SOLVENT EXTRACTED THEVETIA OIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-138
Author(s):  
O. A. ADEYEMI
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The experiment reported herein considered the effect of using solvent extracted thevetia oil which was subjected to heat treatment at 110°C for 25 minutes. Four experimental diets consisting of a basal diet and three other diets in which 2.5, 5.0 and 10% of the control diet was replaced by the thevetia oil were formulated and fed to broilers during the finishing stage (4 - 8 weeks). Eighty broilers were individually weighed and randomly divided into four groups of 20 birds each and these were further divided into 4 replicates of 5 birds each. The four groups were then randomly allocated to the four dietary treatments. Feed Intake and Feed: Gain improved with increase in thevetia oil concentration (P<0.05). Flowever, there was a 10 significant effect of the dietary treatment on weight gain. increasing the concentration of thevetia oil improved the retention of both protein and fat (P<0.05). It was concluded that solvent extracted thevetia oil will serve as a valuable feed ingredient for finishing broiler if a mild heat treatment is employed since Some of the toxic compounds in it are probably thermolabile.

200 Effect of Long-term Feeding of Deoxynivalenol (DON) Contaminated Diets on Performance of Grower-finisher Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 67-68
Author(s):  
Michael A Bosompem ◽  
Michael O Wellington ◽  
Daniel A Columbus
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Previous studies examining the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) intake in pigs have largely focused on young animals or have been over a short period of time. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of long-term feeding of DON contaminated diets on growth performance of grower-finisher pigs. A total of 240 mixed-sex pigs (35.9 ± 1.1 kg) were group housed in 6 pigs/pen (n = 10/treatment) and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 77 d. Diets consisted of a control diet (CON) containing no DON or a diet containing 1, 3, or 5 ppm DON (DON1, DON3, or DON5) achieved by adding DON-contaminated wheat and wheat screenings at the expense of clean wheat. In the grower period, DON5-fed pigs had reduced average daily gain (ADG) compared to CON, with DON1 and DON3-fed pigs being intermediate P &lt; 0.05). There was no effect of dietary treatment on ADG in the finisher period (P &gt; 0.05). Overall the entire study, DON3 and DON5-fed pigs had similar and reduced ADG (P &lt; 0.05) compared to CON and DON1, which did not differ (P &gt; 0.05). Feed intake was reduced in DON-fed pigs in the finisher period (3.12, 2.97, 2.96, and 2.88 ± 0.05; P&lt; 0.05) and in DON3 and DON5-fed pigs overall (2.62, 2.55, 2.47, 2.47 ± 0.03; P &lt; 0.05) compared to CON, with no overall effect observed in the grower period. There was no effect on feed efficiency in any period (P &gt; 0.05). The decrease in performance resulted in reduced final body weight in DON3 and DON5-fed pigs, compared to CON, with DON1-fed pigs being intermediate (P &gt; 0.05). Overall, the effects of DON-intake on performance were variable and generally occurred rapidly after initial exposure and appear to be largely due to the reduction in feed intake.

scholarly journals 77 The effect of naturally occurring levels of multiple mycotoxins on growth performance and carcass parameters of grow-finish pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Leigh Ruckman ◽  
Stacie Gould ◽  
John Patience
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Mycotoxins may not be an issue every year, but the proper environmental conditions can cause a spike in contaminated grains and cause severe economic impact on pork producers. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of naturally occurring infections of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins (DZF) on growth performance and carcass parameters in grow/finish pigs. One hundred pigs (BW 34.0 ± 0.9 kg; L337 × Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments with 10 split-sex pens/treatment. The control diet (CTL) contained low levels of DZF and the CTL+DFZ diet contained high levels of DZF. Diets were fed in 4 phases over the 126-d experiment period. The CTL diet contained 1.6, 1.6, 1.8 and 1.2 mg deoxynivalenol/kg and CTL+DZF contained 9.2, 6.9, 5.8 and 3.8 mg deoxynivalenol/kg in the 4 diet phases, respectively. The CTL contained 0.30, 0.32, 0.51 and 0.32 mg zearalenone/kg and 0.7, 0.8, 0.8 and 0.9 mg total fumonisins/kg; CTL+DFZ contained 0.59, 0.72, 0.86 and 0.57 mg zearalenone/kg and 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 0.9 mg total fumonisins/kg for phases one through four, respectively. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (9.4) with treatment, sex, and their interaction as fixed effects. Compared to CTL, feeding CTL+DFZ decreased final BW (130.3 vs 120.5 kg; P&lt; 0.001), ADG (0.95 vs 0.79 kg/d; P&lt; 0.001), ADFI (2.73 vs 2.49 kg/d; P=0.016), and G:F (0.35 vs 0.32; P=0.043). Feeding CTL+DFZ decreased HCW (92.3 vs 89.4 kg; P=0.024) and increased dressing percentage (70.9 vs 74.3%; P=0.009) and tended to reduce loin depth (7.0 vs 6.8 cm; P=0.057) compared to CTL. Diet did not affect backfat depth or lean percentage (P &gt;0.10). In conclusion, diets naturally contaminated with multiple mycotoxins reduced growth performance and adversely affected carcass parameters; pigs did not adapt over time to the mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptomyces coelicolor on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1341
Author(s):  
Sarayu Bhogoju ◽  
Collins N. Khwatenge ◽  
Thyneice Taylor-Bowden ◽  
Gabriel Akerele ◽  
Boniface M. Kimathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Streptomyces Coelicolor ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
Dietary Treatments

There are well documented complications associated with the continuous use of antibiotics in the poultry industry. Over the past few decades, probiotics have emerged as viable alternatives to antibiotics; however, most of these candidate probiotic microorganisms have not been fully evaluated for their effectiveness as potential probiotics for poultry. Recent evaluation of a metagenome of broiler chickens in our laboratory revealed a prevalence of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) and Actinobacteria class of bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract. In this study Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptomyces coelicolor (S. coelicolor) were selected as probiotic bacteria, encapsulated, and added into broiler feed at a concentration of 100 mg/kg of feed. In an 8-week study, 240 one day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments. Three dietary treatments contained two probiotic bacteria in three different proportions (L. reuteri and S. coelicolor individually at 100 ppm, and mixture of L. reuteri and S. coelicolor at 50 ppm each). The fourth treatment had no probiotic bacteria and it functioned as the control diet. L. reuteri and S. coelicolor were added to the feed by using wheat middlings as a carrier at a concentration of 100 ppm (100 mg/kg). Chickens fed diets containing L. reuteri and S. coelicolor mixture showed 2% improvement in body weight gain, 7% decrease in feed consumption, and 6–7% decrease in feed conversion ratios. This research suggests that L. reuteri and S. coelicolor have the potential to constitute probiotics in chickens combined or separately, depending on the desired selection of performance index.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document