Batch spawning facilitates transfer of an essential nutrient from diet to eggs in a marine fish

Fatty acid composition of eggs affects development, growth and ecological performance of fish embryos and larvae, with potential consequences for recruitment success. Essential fatty acids in eggs derive from the maternal diet, and the time between ingestion and deposition in eggs is ecologically important but unknown. We examined the dynamics of diet–egg transfer of arachidonic acid (ARA) in the batch-spawning fish, red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ), by measuring ARA concentrations in eggs after a single diet shift and during a period of irregular variations in diet. ARA concentrations in eggs changed within 2–16 days of a diet shift. The rate of change was proportional to the magnitude of the shift, with no evidence of equilibration. These results are not consistent with eggs being assembled entirely from accumulated body stores. The immediate source of ARA in eggs appears to be the recent diet. We propose that batch spawning produces rapid diet–egg transfer of ARA because it removes large amounts of fatty acids from the body and prevents equilibration. The immediacy of the diet–egg connection suggests that spawning migration combined with short-interval batch spawning may have evolved to take advantage of nutrients critical for offspring survival that are available at the spawning site.

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Dynamics of diet-egg transfer of fatty acids in the teleost fish, red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus )

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2019.0646 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 375 (1804) ◽

pp. 20190646 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhenxin Hou ◽

Cynthia K. Faulk ◽

Lee A. Fuiman

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Red Drum ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

Sciaenops Ocellatus ◽

Diet Shift ◽

Fatty Acid Profiles ◽

Marine Food Webs ◽

Batch Spawning

Eggs of marine organisms are increasingly being recognized as important components of marine food webs. The degree to which egg fatty acid profiles reflect maternal diet fatty acid profiles, and therefore the value of fatty acids in eggs as trophic biomarkers, depends on the species' reproductive strategy and the extent of modification of ingested fatty acids. We measured the dynamics of transfer of recently ingested fatty acids to spawned eggs in a batch-spawning teleost, red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ). Results of 21 diet-shift experiments, from which the fatty acid profiles of the diets and eggs were compared, showed that 15 of 27 fatty acids measured (one saturated, two monounsaturated and 12 polyunsaturated fatty acids) in eggs were correlated with their levels in the recent diet, and the rate of incorporation into eggs was proportional to the magnitude of the diet shift. Large shifts in diet might occur naturally during spawning migrations or when prey communities vary over time. Results of this study indicate that fatty acids in red drum eggs can be useful for studying adult diet and exploring trophic linkages in marine systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The next horizons for lipids as ‘trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.

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USE OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE HUMAN ORGANISM DEVELOPMENT

Knowledge International Journal ◽

10.35120/kij28041219f ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 1219-1225

Author(s):

Filip Jovanovski ◽

Toni Mitrovski ◽

Viktorija Bezhovska

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Normal Growth ◽

The Body ◽

Human Nutrition ◽

Human Organism ◽

Working Ability ◽

The World ◽

Growth Development

Food is not just a pleasure in life, it is also an important factor for our health. Human nutrition is a mixture of nutrients, which are the only source of energy needed for survival. Energy-poor diet endangers many life functions, and above all the working ability. In the world, the meaning of the diet is very serious, and hence the demands for a –rational, healthy and safe diet are growing. Human nutrition contains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) must be ingested in everyday diet because the body does not produce it. They are very important for human health. They are present in each cell of the human body and are an important factor for the normal growth, development and functioning of cells, muscles, nerves and organs. They are also used in the production of certain hormones - such as prostaglandins, which are crucial for the performance of certain important processes. The deficit from EFAs is due to a number of health problems, including more serious diseases.

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Lipid role in the immune system

INFORM International News on Fats Oils and Related Materials ◽

10.21748/inform.11.2021.06 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (10) ◽

pp. 6-10

Author(s):

Rebecca Guenard ◽

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Immune System ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

The Body ◽

New Members ◽

Inflammatory Pathways ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The essential fatty acids react with enzymes to produce a group of compounds known as specialized pro-resolving mediators, or SPMs. Researchers continually discover new members of the four groups of precursors that comprise the SPM family, called lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins. These stereospecific molecules shut down inflammation and restore the body to homeostasis, a mechanism researchers are targeting for treatment as an alternative to anti-inflammatory pathways.

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The Use of Crude Fish Oil (CFO) in Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Feed on EPA and DHA Contents

Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health ◽

10.20473/jafh.v9i3.18038 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 232

Author(s):

Januar Hadi Prasetyo ◽

Agustono Agustono ◽

Widya Paramitha Lokapirnasari

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Penaeid Shrimp ◽

The Body ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Omega 6

Omega-3 fatty acids (Alpha-linolenic acid) and omega-6 fatty acids (Linoleic acid) are a group of essential fatty acids. Essential fatty acids are fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body so that must be supplied from the diet. One of the sources of essential fatty acids is derived from fish oil. This study aims to determine the effect of Crude Fish Oil (CFO) in the feed to EPA and DHA content in penaeid shrimp meat. The research method used was a completely randomized design. The treatments used are the varying content of Crude Fish Oil (CFO), which are P0 (0%), P1 (2%), P2 (4%), P3 (6%), and P4 (8%). The results of the study showed significant differences (p <0.05) on the content of EPA and DHA in penaeid shrimp meat. The highest content of EPA and DHA found in P4 treatment (8%) and the lowest at P0 treatment (0%). The use of CFO in penaeid shrimp feed need further study related to the growth of shrimps and prawns reproductive cycle to increase the productivity of penaeid shrimp. CFO on feed should be used at a dose of 6%.

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Effect of Enriched Feed by Different n-6 Fatty Acids Levels at 0% of n-3 on Danio rerio Reproductive Performance

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.5.51-56 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

N.B.P Utomo ◽

A. Rosmawati ◽

I. Mokoginta

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Species ◽

Danio Rerio ◽

Reproductive Performance ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Fertilization Rate ◽

The Body ◽

Two Factors ◽

The Stability ◽

Somatic Index

Lipid and fatty acids are two factors determining reproductive performance of fish and survival rate of hatched larvae. Lipid has important role as energy source and to maintain the stability of membrane permeability. The requirement of fatty acids differs among fish species. Freshwater fishes need more n-6 than n-3 fatty acids, or appropriate combination of them. In several fish species, feeding HUFA increase their fecundity, fertilization rate and eggs quality. In this study, zebra fish, Danio rerio were fed with diet containing 0% n-3 essential fatty acids and different n-6 level; 0, 1 and 2%. The result showed that there were no significant differences in gonado somatic index and several reproductive performances observed. However, 1% of n-6 fatty acids supplementation produced a higher protein and lipid content in the body by 16.85% and 55.10%, respectively. Keywords: fatty acid, n-3, n-6, Danio rerio, reproductive performance ABSTRAK Lemak dan asam lemak merupakan faktor yang sangat mempengaruhi performa reproduksi dan kelangsungan hidup larva yang menetas. Lemak berperan penting sebagai sumber energi dan menjaga kestabilan permeabilitas membran. Kebutuhan asam lemak berbeda untuk setiap jenis ikan. Ikan air tawar biasanya lebih banyak membutuhkan asam lemak n-6 daripada asam lemak n-3 atau campuran asam lemak n-6 dan n-3. Pada beberapa ikan , pemberian HUFA melalui pakan induk dapat meningkatkan fekunditas, derajat pembuahan dan kualitas telur. Pada penelitian ini ikan zebra diberi pakan mengandung asam lemak esensial dengan kadar n-3 tetap (0%) dan n-6 berbeda yaitu 0, 1 dan 2%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan nyata terhadap nilai Gonado Somatik Indeks serta beberapa parameter penampilan reproduksi lainnya pada ikan zebra, Danio rerio. Namun kadar asam lemak n-3 sebesar 0% dan n-6 sebesar 1% menghasilkan kadar protein dan kadar lemak tubuh tertinggi yang masing-masing mencapai 16,85% dan 55,10% Kata kunci: asam lemak, n-3, n-6, Danio rerio, performa reproduksi

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Compuestos bioactivos, actividad antioxidante y perfil de ácidos grasos en aceite de semilla de Mezquite (Prosopis spp)

Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición ◽

10.37527/2020.70.1.006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 50-59

Author(s):

Dora Valencia ◽

Edgar Omar Rueda Puente ◽

Mario Alberto Leyva Peralta ◽

Sergio Rogelio Mazón-López ◽

Jesús Ortega-García

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Sonoran Desert ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

The Body ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Activity Method

La medicina tradicional y estudios realizados a diferentes especies del género Prosopis, del desierto sonorense, indican que es una fuente para la cualificación de compuestos bioactivos, con poder antioxidante y ácidos grasos (linoleico y linolénico) de la semilla. La actividad biológica, es atribuible a alcaloides, flavonoides, terpenos y compuestos fenólicos, para lo cual, se realizó el perfil fitoquímico en los extractos acuoso, etanólico, hexanico y clorofórmico (mediante técnicas colorimétricas), actividad antioxidante (método: 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH)), fenoles totales (utilizando el reactivo de Folin-Ciocalteau) y perfil de ácidos grasos (cromatografía de gases) de la semilla de Prosopis spp. La extracción del aceite se realizó mediante Soxhlet. Se encontraron saponinas en todos los extractos, mientras que, en el etanólico, hexanico y clorofórmico, terpenos y esteroles. En el extracto etanólico se encontraron quinonas y en el acuoso aminoácidos libres. El valor más alto de la actividad antioxidante de EC50 fue de 3.272,41 ± 5,97, para el extracto etanólico, indicando su potencial como antioxidante. El contenido de fenoles totales, fue hexano> etanol > cloroformo> acuoso (81,95; 119,83; 125,18 y 127,57 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico/g de extracto seco). Los ácidos grasos en mayor proporción fueron los insaturados con 71,41 % (ácido linoleico: 42,68 %; oleico: 28.73 %) y ácidos grasos saturados: ácido palmítico (13.42 %) y estérico (4,73 %). Se concluye que este tipo de extractos presentan metabolitos importantes para la dieta, presentan actividad antioxidante y ácidos grasos esenciales para el organismo. Traditional medicine and studies with different species of the Prosopis genus, from the Sonoran Desert, is a source for the qualification of bioactive compounds, with antioxidant power and fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic) of the seed. The biological activity is attributable to alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds, for which, the phytochemical profile was performed in the aqueous, ethanolic, hexane and chloroform extracts (using colorimetric techniques), antioxidant activity (method: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH)), total phenols (using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent) and fatty acid profile (gas chromatography). The oil was extracted using Soxhlet. Saponins were found in all extracts, while, in ethanolic, hexanic and chloroform, terpenes and sterols. In the ethanolic extract quinones were found and in the aqueous free amino acids. The highest value of the antioxidant activity of EC50 was 3,272.41 ± 5.97, for the ethanolic extract, indicating its potential as an antioxidant. The total phenolic content was hexane> ethanol> chloroform> aqueous (81.95, 119.83, 125.18 and 127.57 mg equivalent of gallic acid / g of dry extract). The fatty acids in greater proportion were unsaturated with 71.41 % (linoleic acid: 42.68 %; oleic: 28.73 %) and saturated fatty acids: palmitic acid (13.42 %) and stearic (4.73 %). It is concluded that this type of extracts have important metabolites for the diet, have antioxidant activity and essential fatty acids for the body

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Evaluation of the composition of essential fatty acids in the tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) grown in closed water supply units

Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS ◽

10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.4.495 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 325 (4) ◽

pp. 495-501

Author(s):

E.A. Zykina ◽

M.V. Gurin

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Rainbow Trout ◽

Water Supply ◽

Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

The Body ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽

Aquaculture Products

Recently, the task of artificial cultivation of especially valuable fish species in aquaculture has become more and more urgent. The value of salmon fish, and in particular rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) available for breeding, is largely determined by the high content of biologically active essential and polyunsaturated fatty acids of the group ω-6 and ω-3, necessary for vital activity and not synthesized by the human body. Since the natural stocks of many popular fatty fish have decreased, farmed fish can help meet consumer demand for this product. Based on this, the assessment of the content of the main ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids in the fat of rainbow trout grown in closed-loop water supply installations (USV) was made. The fat was extracted from the fish by thermal method with further distillation by supercritical fluid extraction on the SFT-150 unit. The ratio of fatty acids in the fish oil sample was determined using the Chromatek-Kristall-5000 M hardware and software complex. The results obtained were compared with the standard for salmon fish oil “Aquaculture products” and “Wild fish”. It is established that trout cultivated in the UZV in the Penza region, in terms of the content of the main essential fatty acids, is not inferior to the quality indicators of the standard in terms of the requirements for salmon fish of “Aquaculture products”. In fish, all essential fatty acids are present in sufficient quantities, the ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 is 2.6:1, which indicates a high nutritional value of the product and allows it to be used in human food to provide the body with essential fatty acids, as well as a raw material for obtaining therapeutic and preventive products.

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Human milk: maternal dietary lipids and infant development

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665107005666 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 397-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 168

Author(s):

Sheila M. Innis

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Human Milk ◽

Infant Development ◽

Infant Nutrition ◽

Membrane Lipids ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Dietary Lipids ◽

Milk Fatty Acids

Human milk provides all the dietary essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), as well as their longer-chain more-unsaturated metabolites, including arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and DHA (22:6n-3) to support the growth and development of the breast-fed infant. Human milk levels of LA have increased in Westernized nations from mean levels (g/100 g total fatty acids) of 6 to 12–16 over the last century, paralleling the increase in dietary intake of LA-rich vegetable oils. DHA levels (g/100 g total milk fatty acids) vary from <0·1 to >1% and are lowest in countries in which the intake of DHA from fish and other animal tissue lipids is low. The role of DHA in infant nutrition is of particular importance because DHA is accumulated specifically in the membrane lipids of the brain and retina, where it is important to visual and neural function. An important question is the extent to which many human diets that contain low amounts of n-3 fatty acids may compromise human development. The present paper reviews current knowledge on maternal diet and human milk fatty acids, the implications of maternal diet as the only source of essential fatty acids for infant development both before and after birth, and recent studies addressing the maternal intakes and milk DHA levels associated with risk of low infant neural system maturation.

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Effect of Feeding Diet Containing Different Dose of Vitamin E with 1:2 of n-3/n-6 Fatty Acid Content on Reproductive Performance of Female Zebrafish Danio rerio

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.5.31-39 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

N.B.P Utomo ◽

N. Nurjanah ◽

Mia Setiawati

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Danio Rerio ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

The Body ◽

Hatching Rate ◽

Reproduction Performance ◽

Somatic Index

The role of essential fatty acids as a precursor of prostaglandin and as a component of cell membrane in the form of phospholipids, can affect cell fluidity. Vitamin E functions as fatty acid antioxidant in the body and affects egg quality. Vitamin E and essential fatty acids (n-3 and n-6) are required at the same time in a proper ratio to induce fish gonad maturation. Zebra fish Danio rerio broodstock in 29 days pre-saline were fed on diet containing 4 different vitamin E concentration; i.e. 325, 375, 425 and 475 mg/kg diet with constant n-3 and n-6 fatty acid doses of 1% and 2%, respectively, for 6 weeks. Reproduction performance in terms of fecundity was improved (p<0.05), whilst gonado somatic index, gonado somatic index saline, fertilization rate, hatching rate, survival rate, yolk absorption rate and daily growth rate were insignificantly different. Keywords: vitamin E, fatty acid, reproduction performance, Danio rerio <h1> </h1> <h1>ABSTRAK</h1> Asam lemak esensial berperan sebagai prekursor prostaglandin dan sebagai fosfolipid pada membran sel yang dapat mempengaruhi fluiditasnya. Sedangkan vitamin E berperan sebagai antioksidan asam lemak dalam tubuh sehingga berpengaruh terhadap kualitas telur yang dihasilkan. Vitamin E dan asam lemak essensial (n-3 dan n-6) dibutuhkan secara bersamaan dengan kombinasi perbandingan yang tepat untuk pematangan gonad ikan. Induk ikan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ikan zebra Danio rerio yang berumur 29 hari pra salin dan dipelihara selama 6 minggu dengan pakan mengandung kadar vitamin E yang berbeda yaitu 325, 375, 425, dan 475 mg/kg pakan pada kadar asam lemak n-3 (1%) dan n-6 (2 %) tetap. Penampilan reproduksi pra salin ikan tersebut hanya berpengaruh nyata terhadap fekunditas namun tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap gonado somatik indek, gonado somatik indek salin, derajat pembuahan telur, derajat tetas telur, kelangsungan hidup larva, laju penyerapan kuning telur dan laju pertumbuhan harian. Kata kunci: Vitamin E, asam lemak, penampilan reproduksi, Danio rerio

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Changes in the Body Composition with Age of Goldeye, Hiodon alosoides

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f89-107 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 46 (5) ◽

pp. 853-858 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. F. Craig ◽

K. Smiley ◽

J. A. Babaluk

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Composition ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Energy Content ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Ash Content ◽

The Body ◽

Glycogen Concentration ◽

Instantaneous Growth ◽

Body Tissues

Male goldeye, Hiodon alosoides, grew faster, matured earlier, and had a shorter lifespan than females as did exploited compared with unexploited populations. Instantaneous growth rates of the body organs and tissues were usually higher in the male than in the female. The proportion of fat to the total constituents in the muscle, liver, gut, and carcase of female and the gut and carcase of male goldeye declined with age while that in the ovary increased. The proportion of protein in the body tissues and organs of both sexes remained approximately constant with age. Ash content increased in the carcase of older females and males. Glycogen concentration in the liver varied extensively and was considered as indicator of stress and unrelated to aging processes. Between the ages of 10 and 16 yr the energy content of the female soma increased by 44% whereas the energy content of the ovary increased by 121%. The ovary selected essential fatty acids at the expense of the soma.

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