Leakage Current Influence on Microdevice Performance and Reliability

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Lahav ◽  
Its’hak Yomtovian ◽  
Lior Kogut
Keyword(s):  
Leakage Current ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Electrical Coupling ◽  
Performance Degradation ◽  
Leakage Currents ◽  
Time Drift ◽  
Coupling Performance ◽  
Over Time

Leakage currents in microdevices have a significant impact on their performance and reliability. In the case of a microgyro, leakage currents can cause erroneous measurements, strong dependency on environmental conditions, electrical coupling, performance degradation over time (drift), and even cause failure. The influence of leakage currents on microgyro performance and reliability has been studied in this paper.

scholarly journals 77 The effect of naturally occurring levels of multiple mycotoxins on growth performance and carcass parameters of grow-finish pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Leigh Ruckman ◽  
Stacie Gould ◽  
John Patience
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Mycotoxins may not be an issue every year, but the proper environmental conditions can cause a spike in contaminated grains and cause severe economic impact on pork producers. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of naturally occurring infections of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins (DZF) on growth performance and carcass parameters in grow/finish pigs. One hundred pigs (BW 34.0 ± 0.9 kg; L337 × Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments with 10 split-sex pens/treatment. The control diet (CTL) contained low levels of DZF and the CTL+DFZ diet contained high levels of DZF. Diets were fed in 4 phases over the 126-d experiment period. The CTL diet contained 1.6, 1.6, 1.8 and 1.2 mg deoxynivalenol/kg and CTL+DZF contained 9.2, 6.9, 5.8 and 3.8 mg deoxynivalenol/kg in the 4 diet phases, respectively. The CTL contained 0.30, 0.32, 0.51 and 0.32 mg zearalenone/kg and 0.7, 0.8, 0.8 and 0.9 mg total fumonisins/kg; CTL+DFZ contained 0.59, 0.72, 0.86 and 0.57 mg zearalenone/kg and 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 0.9 mg total fumonisins/kg for phases one through four, respectively. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (9.4) with treatment, sex, and their interaction as fixed effects. Compared to CTL, feeding CTL+DFZ decreased final BW (130.3 vs 120.5 kg; P< 0.001), ADG (0.95 vs 0.79 kg/d; P< 0.001), ADFI (2.73 vs 2.49 kg/d; P=0.016), and G:F (0.35 vs 0.32; P=0.043). Feeding CTL+DFZ decreased HCW (92.3 vs 89.4 kg; P=0.024) and increased dressing percentage (70.9 vs 74.3%; P=0.009) and tended to reduce loin depth (7.0 vs 6.8 cm; P=0.057) compared to CTL. Diet did not affect backfat depth or lean percentage (P >0.10). In conclusion, diets naturally contaminated with multiple mycotoxins reduced growth performance and adversely affected carcass parameters; pigs did not adapt over time to the mycotoxins.

Social Change and Psychological Change in Rural Mali

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 965-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmi Schooler ◽  
Leslie J Caplan ◽  
Pakuy Pierre Mounkoro ◽  
Chiaka Diakité
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Psychological Change ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Personality Stability ◽  
Psychological Reaction ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

We examine the effects of socio-environmental change on personality in Mali in three ways, using data from a longitudinal two-wave (1994, 2004) survey conducted in rural Mali. Firstly, we compare the between-wave personality stability of Anxiety, Self-confidence, Mastery/Fatalism, and Authoritarianism with that in USA, Japan, Poland, and Ukraine. Secondly, we examine socio-economic hardship and political instability in pre-industrial Mali. Thirdly, we examine patterns of psychological reaction to political and social change during the study period. Our findings have implications for comparisons and generalizations across times and cultures about the contribution of socio-environmental conditions to over-time change in personality.

scholarly journals Temporal changes in DNA methylation and RNA expression in a small song bird: within- and between-tissue comparisons

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Lindner ◽  
Irene Verhagen ◽  
Heidi M. Viitaniemi ◽  
Veronika N. Laine ◽  
Marcel E. Visser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Gene Body ◽  
Cpg Site ◽  
Repeated Sampling ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background DNA methylation is likely a key mechanism regulating changes in gene transcription in traits that show temporal fluctuations in response to environmental conditions. To understand the transcriptional role of DNA methylation we need simultaneous within-individual assessment of methylation changes and gene expression changes over time. Within-individual repeated sampling of tissues, which are essential for trait expression is, however, unfeasible (e.g. specific brain regions, liver and ovary for reproductive timing). Here, we explore to what extend between-individual changes in DNA methylation in a tissue accessible for repeated sampling (red blood cells (RBCs)) reflect such patterns in a tissue unavailable for repeated sampling (liver) and how these DNA methylation patterns are associated with gene expression in such inaccessible tissues (hypothalamus, ovary and liver). For this, 18 great tit (Parus major) females were sacrificed at three time points (n = 6 per time point) throughout the pre-laying and egg-laying period and their blood, hypothalamus, ovary and liver were sampled. Results We simultaneously assessed DNA methylation changes (via reduced representation bisulfite sequencing) and changes in gene expression (via RNA-seq and qPCR) over time. In general, we found a positive correlation between changes in CpG site methylation in RBCs and liver across timepoints. For CpG sites in close proximity to the transcription start site, an increase in RBC methylation over time was associated with a decrease in the expression of the associated gene in the ovary. In contrast, no such association with gene expression was found for CpG site methylation within the gene body or the 10 kb up- and downstream regions adjacent to the gene body. Conclusion Temporal changes in DNA methylation are largely tissue-general, indicating that changes in RBC methylation can reflect changes in DNA methylation in other, often less accessible, tissues such as the liver in our case. However, associations between temporal changes in DNA methylation with changes in gene expression are mostly tissue- and genomic location-dependent. The observation that temporal changes in DNA methylation within RBCs can relate to changes in gene expression in less accessible tissues is important for a better understanding of how environmental conditions shape traits that temporally change in expression in wild populations.

Protected Areas: offering security to whom, when and where?

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALICE B. KELLY ◽  
A. CLARE GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Term Management ◽  
Over Time

SUMMARYThis study considers the issue of security in the context of protected areas in Cameroon and Botswana. Though the literature on issues of security and well-being in relation to protected areas is extensive, there has been less discussion of how and in what ways these impacts and relationships can change over time, vary with space and differ across spatial scales. Looking at two very different historical trajectories, this study considers the heterogeneity of the security landscapes created by Waza and Chobe protected areas over time and space. This study finds that conservation measures that various subsets of the local population once considered to be ‘bad’ (e.g. violent, exclusionary protected area creation) may be construed as ‘good’ at different historical moments and geographical areas. Similarly, complacency or resignation to the presence of a park can be reversed by changing environmental conditions. Changes in the ways security (material and otherwise) has fluctuated within these two protected areas has implications for the long-term management and funding strategies of newly created and already existing protected areas today. This study suggests that parks must be adaptively managed not only for changing ecological conditions, but also for shifts in a protected area's social, political and economic context.

APPLICATION OF EPITAXIAL UNIPOLAR BARRIERS TO REDUCE NOISE CURRENTS IN PHOTODETECTORS

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 557-564
Author(s):  
G. R. SAVICH ◽  
J. R. PEDRAZZANI ◽  
S. MAIMON ◽  
G. W. WICKS
Keyword(s):  
Leakage Current ◽  
Surface Passivation ◽  
Leakage Currents ◽  
Type Region ◽  
Surface Leakage Current ◽  
Unipolar Barrier ◽  
Trap Assisted Tunneling ◽  
Assisted Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Currents ◽  
Surface Leakage

Tunneling currents and surface leakage currents are both contributors to the overall dark current which limits many semiconductor devices. Surface leakage current is generally controlled by applying a post-epitaxial passivation layer; however, surface passivation is often expensive and ineffective. Band-to-band and trap assisted tunneling currents cannot be controlled through surface passivants, thus an alternative means of control is necessary. Unipolar barriers, when appropriately applied to standard electronic device structures, can reduce the effects of both surface leakage and tunneling currents more easily and cost effectively than other methods, including surface passivation. Unipolar barriers are applied to the p -type region of a conventional, MBE grown, InAs based pn junction structures resulting in a reduction of surface leakage current. Placing the unipolar barrier in the n -type region of the device, has the added benefit of reducing trap assisted tunneling current as well as surface leakage currents. Conventional, InAs pn junctions are shown to exhibit surface leakage current while unipolar barrier photodiodes show no detectable surface currents.

Protection of railway infrastructure objects against electrical corrosion

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Trykoz ◽  
Svetlana Kamchatnaya ◽  
Dmytro Borodin ◽  
Armen Atynian ◽  
Roman Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Leakage Current ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Leakage Currents ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Accelerated Corrosion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pedestrian Bridges ◽  
Railway Infrastructure ◽  
Bridge Structures

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a technological method of protection against electrical corrosion. One more way to protect the objects is to prevent the electrical current from getting to them. For example, railway objects are surrounded with a material with raised electrical resistance. Design/methodology/approach The railway infrastructure objects (foundations, contact-line supports, reinforced concrete sub-bases, bridge structures, pipelines of engineering networks, supports of passenger platforms and pedestrian bridges, concrete plinth walls of station buildings) are subjected to destruction due to the action of electrical current. One of destruction factors is a corrosion of the concrete constructions which is caused by the leakage current action. Findings Leakage currents and stray currents bypass the structure of supports of high passenger platforms or pipes of engineering networks. These currents spread by the line with the least resistance outside of the structures. Research limitations/implications Electrical leakage current from the rails gets into such structures through sleepers, ballast and soil and leads to accelerated corrosion leaching of concrete. Practical implications The constructions are protected against the destructive effect of electrical corrosion on the metal or concrete of the structure. This scheme is suitable for the construction and reconstruction of railway structures which operate on electrified sections of railways. Originality/value Schemes of technological solution are proposed for protection of foundations, supports of high passenger platforms, pipelines of engineering networks, etc. For this, the arrangement of soil-contained screens with big electrical resistance is suggested.

scholarly journals KLECTOR: Design of Low Power Static Random-Access Memory Architecture with reduced Leakage Current

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananth Kumar Tamilarasan ◽  
Darwin Sundarapandi Edward ◽  
Arun Samuel Thankamony Sarasam
Keyword(s):  
Leakage Current ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Static Random Access Memory ◽  
Memory Architecture ◽  
Access Memory ◽  
Leakage Currents ◽  
Output Node ◽  
Voltage Drops ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Standby Mode

Abstract A novel approach called Keeper in LEakage Control Transistor (KLECTOR) is presented in this paper to reduce leakage currents in SRAM architecture. The SRAM is significantly affected by the leakage current during the "standby mode", which is caused by the fabric which has a lower threshold voltage. KLECTOR circuit employs less power consumption by restricting the flow of current through devices of less voltage drops and relies heavily on the self-controlled transistor at the output node. It has been found from the presented results that static (leakage) power in the write operation is reduced to 63% and 69 % for the read operation. This proposed approach is designed and simulated using the Virtuoso, Cadence EDA tool.

scholarly journals Studi Pola Arus Bocor Isolator Keramik Selama Waktu Pemakaian 24 Jam

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dini Fauziah ◽  
Waluyo Waluyo ◽  
Ismail Muhammad Khaidir
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Leakage Current ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Electric Power System ◽  
Leakage Currents ◽  
Ceramic Insulator ◽  
Distribution System Reliability

ABSTRAK Isolator merupakan komponen yang penting dijaga keandalannya dalam sistem transmisi dan distribusi tenaga listrik. Isolator rentan mengalami kegagalan akibat lingkungan, karena terpapar langsung kondisi dimana isolator tersebut terpasang. Salah satu jenis isolator yang sering digunakan adalah bahan keramik, dimana memiliki kelebihan diantaranya kekuatan mekanik yang cukup handal. Namun kekurangan isolator jenis ini adalah sifat permukaannya yang hidrofilik, yaitu mudah menyerap air sehingga bila digunakan pada kelembaban tinggi cenderung memicu timbulnya arus bocor. Arus bocor merupakan parameter penting pada isolator karena sering menjadi penyebab kegagalan isolator. Untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh kondisi lingkungan terhadap arus bocor, dilakukan pengujian terhadap isolator keramik dalam waktu 24 jam. Data arus bocor diambil setiap 3 jam untuk melihat perubahannya berdasarkan perubahan kelembaban, dan suhu lingkungan. Hasilnya didapat bahwa semakin tinggi kelembaban udara, dan semakin rendah suhu lingkungan maka arus bocor semakin tinggi. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan acuan untuk mengantisipasi kegagalan isolator keramik akibat arus bocor sehingga keandalan sistem tenaga listrik dapat terjaga. Kata kunci: Isolator keramik, Lingkungan, Kelembaban, Suhu. ABSTRACT Isolator is an important component that must be maintained to keep electric power transmission and distribution system reliability. Isolators are susceptible to failure due to the environment, because they are directly exposed to conditions where the insulator installed. Ceramic insulator is one type of isolator that is often used, which has advantages including mechanical strength that is quite reliable. However, the lack of this type of isolator is its hydrophilic surface, which is easy to absorb water so that when used at high humidity tends to trigger a leakage current. Leakage current is an important parameter in an insulator because it can be a cause due to insulator failure. To find out how environmental conditions impact on leakage currents along day, a ceramic isolator is tested within 24 hours. Leakage current data is taken every 3 hours to see the changes based on changes in humidity, and ambient temperature. The result is the higher humidity of the air, and the lower ambient temperature, can make insulator leakage current rise up. The results of this study can be used as a reference to anticipate the failure of ceramic insulators due to leakage currents so that the reliability of the electric power system can be maintained. Keywords: ceramic insulator, environtment, humidity, temperature.

Electrical Characteristics of Large Chip-Size 3.3 kV SiC-JBS Diodes

2013 ◽  
Vol 740-742 ◽  
pp. 881-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Okino ◽  
Norifumi Kameshiro ◽  
Kumiko Konishi ◽  
Naomi Inada ◽  
Kazuhiro Mochizuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Schottky Barrier ◽  
Leakage Current ◽  
Reverse Current ◽  
Tunneling Current ◽  
Leakage Currents ◽  
Reverse Leakage Current ◽  
Low Leakage ◽  
Chip Size ◽  
Barrier Metal

The reduction of reverse leakage currents was attempted to fabricate 4H-SiC diodes with large current capacity for high voltage applications. Firstly diodes with Schottky metal of titanium (Ti) with active areas of 2.6 mm2 were fabricated to investigate the mechanisms of reverse leakage currents. The reverse current of a Ti Schottky barrier diode (SBD) is well explained by the tunneling current through the Schottky barrier. Then, the effects of Schottky barrier height and electric field on the reverse currents were investigated. The high Schottky barrier metal of nickel (Ni) effectively reduced the reverse leakage current to 2 x 10-3 times that of the Ti SBD. The suppression of the electric field at the Schottky junction by applying a junction barrier Schottky (JBS) structure reduced the reverse leakage current to 10-2 times that of the Ni SBD. JBS structure with high Schottky barrier metal of Ni was applied to fabricate large chip-size SiC diodes and we achieved 30 A- and 75 A-diodes with low leakage current and high breakdown voltage of 4 kV.

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