scholarly journals Morphological Changes in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of Aging Female Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rovena Clara G. J. Engelberth ◽  
Kayo Diogenes de A. Silva ◽  
Carolina V. de M. Azevedo ◽  
Elaine Cristina Gavioli ◽  
Jose Ronaldo dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Biological Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Pacemaker ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Nissl Staining ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Compensatory Process ◽  
Neurochemical Changes

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are pointed to as the mammals central circadian pacemaker. Aged animals show internal time disruption possibly caused by morphological and neurochemical changes in SCN components. Some studies reported changes of neuronal cells and neuroglia in the SCN of rats and nonhuman primates during aging. The effects of senescence on morphological aspects in SCN are important for understanding some alterations in biological rhythms expression. Therefore, our aim was to perform a comparative study of the morphological aspects of SCN in adult and aged female marmoset. Morphometric analysis of SCN was performed using Nissl staining, NeuN-IR, GFAP-IR, and CB-IR. A significant decrease in the SCN cells staining with Nissl, NeuN, and CB were observed in aged female marmosets compared to adults, while a significant increase in glial cells was found in aged marmosets, thus suggesting compensatory process due to neuronal loss evoked by aging.

Berberine and Ginsenoside Rb1 Ameliorate Depression-Like Behavior in Diabetic Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Jing-Hua Zhang ◽  
Hui-Zeng Yang ◽  
Hao Su ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
Yu Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Ginsenoside Rb1 ◽  
Nissl Staining

Rhizoma coptidis(Huang-lian) and Asian ginseng have been widely used in the treatment of diabetes and other concurrent diseases with apparent effects. This study investigated the effects of the active ingredients of R. coptidis and ginseng, berberine and ginsenoside Rb1, on depression-like behavior in a rat diabetes model. The animal model was established via a high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, while the animal’s depression-like behavior was induced via chronic unpredictable mild stress. These experimental rats were divided into four groups: control, depression-like behavior (DLB), metformin plus fluoxetine hydrochloride (M+FH), and berberine plus ginsenoside Rb1 (B+GRb1) groups. Glucose metabolism and insulin resistance were evaluated by oral glucose test and glucose clamp study. Depression-like behavior was evaluated via behavioral analyses, including forced swim, sucrose preference, elevated plus maze, and open-field tests. HE and Nissl staining, plasma cortisol expression of adrenocorticotropic hormone, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were assayed to explore the mechanisms of action. Compared with the control, rats in the DLB group had a significant increase in the levels of blood glucose and depression-like behavior. The B+GRb1 group significantly improved glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, reduced depression-like behavior, downregulated levels of plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone under stress, and upregulated BDNF protein expression compared to the DLB rats. HE and Nissl staining data revealed that B+GRb1 protected neurons from pathological and morphological changes. Thus, berberine and ginsenoside Rb1 not only improved glucose metabolism in diabetic rats but also ameliorated their depression-like behavior under chronic unpredictable stress. Mechanistically, studied data with plasma hormonal levels and brain neuronal pathological/morphological changes supported the observed effects. The combination of berberine and ginsenoside Rb1 may have a clinical value in the management of diabetic patients with depression.

Abstract TP83: Stress Exacerbates Global Ischemia-induced Inflammatory Response: Intervention by Progesterone

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Espinosa-Garcia ◽  
Iqbal Sayeed ◽  
Seema Yousuf ◽  
Fahim Atif ◽  
Elena G Sergeeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Global Ischemia ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Nissl Staining ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Factor Expression

Introduction: Stress is associated with increased risk of stroke and poor prognosis, but the mechanisms through which stress may alter stroke outcome remain elusive. Stress compromises neuronal survival and neuroinflammation following an ischemic attack. Post-ischemic inflammatory response involves the activation of microglia, which can be polarized from a harmful M1 phenotype which expresses pro-inflammatory cytokines, to a protective M2 phenotype which releases neurotrophic factors. We hypothesize that progesterone (PROG) will improve global ischemia outcome by modulating microglial polarization in stressed ischemic animals. Methods: Adult male rats were exposed to social defeat stress over 8 consecutive days. Then, rats were subjected to 8 min of global ischemia by the four-vessel occlusion model. PROG (8 mg/Kg/b.w.) was administered by intraperitoneal injection at 2 h post-ischemia followed by subcutaneous injections at 6 h and once every 24 h post-injury for 5 days, and then 2 days with progressively halved dosages. Animals were sacrificed at 7 days post-ischemia. Neuronal loss was assessed by Nissl staining, M1/M2 polarization markers were assessed by immunofluorescence, and pro-inflammatory cytokine and growth factor expression were assessed by western blot. Results: Results revealed extensive neuronal loss and exacerbated microglial activation in hippocampal CA1 region of stressed ischemic rats. Remarkably, both M1 and M2 markers increased. PROG treatment attenuated neuronal loss, robustly reduced M1/M2 markers and significantly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the stressed ischemic hippocampus. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that PROG can modulate neuroinflammation after global ischemic injury by changing microglial phenotype in certain vulnerable brain areas like the hippocampus. These findings support the therapeutic potential of PROG for treating global ischemia with comorbid stress.

Circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of teleost fish revealed by rhythmic period2 expression

2012 ◽  
Vol 178 (2) ◽  
pp. 400-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanako Watanabe ◽  
Kae Itoh ◽  
Makoto Mogi ◽  
Yuichiro Fujinami ◽  
Daisuke Shimizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Circadian Pacemaker ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

Morphological Aspects of the Traumatic Chronic Subdural Hematoma Capsule: SEM Studies

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Moskała ◽  
Igor Gościński ◽  
Józef Kałuża ◽  
Jarosław Polak ◽  
Mariusz Krupa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Chronic Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Scanning Electron

The morphology of the outer and inner membranes of traumatic chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) surgically removed from eight patients was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hematomas were divided into three groups based on time that had passed from the initiation of trauma to surgery. Structure of the CSDHs showed gradual morphological changes of the developing hematoma capsule. They initially included angiogenic and aseptic inflammatory reactions followed by progressive involvement of fibroblasts—proliferating and producing collagen fibrils. Numerous capillaries suggesting formation of new blood vessels were observed mainly in young hematomas removed between 15 and 21 days after trauma. In “older” hematomas (40 days after trauma), more numerous capillaries and thin-walled sinusoids were accompanied by patent, larger diameter blood vessels. Within the fibrotic outer membrane of the “oldest” hematoma capsules (60 or more days after trauma), especially in the area over the hematoma cavity, blood vessels were frequently occluded by clots. The results suggest dynamic changes in cellular and vascular organization of traumatic CSDH capsules paralleling the progression in hematoma age.

scholarly journals Novel role of STAT3 in microglia-dependent neuroinflammation after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage

2021 ◽  
pp. svn-2021-001028
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Vera Zheng ◽  
Junfan Chen ◽  
Hao Lyu ◽  
Sin Yu Erica Lam ◽  
Gang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Janus Kinase ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
Experimental Subarachnoid Haemorrhage ◽  
Stat3 Signalling

Background and purposeSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) may contribute to the proinflammation in the central nervous system diseases by modulating the microglial responses. Thus, this study was intended to investigate the effect of STAT3 on microglia-dependent neuroinflammation and functional outcome after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH).MethodsThe SAH model was established by endovascular perforation in the mouse. Real-time PCR (RtPCR) and western blot were used to examine the dynamic STAT3 signalling pathway responses after SAH. To clarify the role of the STAT3 signalling pathway in the microglia-dependent neuroinflammation after SAH, the microglia-specific STAT3 knockout (KO) mice were generated by the Cre-LoxP system. The neurological functions were assessed by Catwalk and Morris water maze tests. Neuronal loss after SAH was determined by immunohistochemistry staining. Microglial polarisation status after STAT3 KO was then examined by RtPCR and immunofluorescence.ResultsThe STAT3 and Janus kinase-signal transducer 2 activated immediately with the upregulation and phosphorylation after SAH. Downstream factors and related mediators altered dynamically and accordingly. Microglial STAT3 deletion ameliorated the neurological impairment and alleviated the early neuronal loss after SAH. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we examined the microglial reaction after STAT3 KO. STAT3 deletion reversed the increase of microglia after SAH. Loss of STAT3 triggered the early morphological changes of microglia and primed microglia from M1 to M2 polarisation. Functionally, microglial STAT3 deletion suppressed the SAH-induced proinflammation and promoted the anti-inflammation in the early phase.ConclusionsSTAT3 is closely related to the microglial polarisation transition and modulation of microglia-dependent neuroinflammation. Microglial STAT3 deletion improved neurological function and neuronal survival probably through promoting M2 polarisation and anti-inflammatory responses after SAH. STAT3 may serve as a promising therapeutic target to alleviate early brain injury after SAH.

scholarly journals Morphological Changes in Sugarcane as a Function of Metallurgic Slag and Gypsum

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Paulo R. A. Clemente ◽  
Benigno F. A. de Almeida ◽  
Diogo H. de A. B. ◽  
André L. J. Silva ◽  
Vinicius S. G. da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Sugarcane Plant ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Seasonal Droughts ◽  
Sugarcane Ratoon

Drought associated with soil acidity and exchangeable Al3+ in depth are one of the main limiting factors in agricultural production in Northeast Brazil. Acidity correctives such as limestone, metallurgy slag, and gypsum are alternatives to minimize the effects of seasonal droughts on the crop. A field study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the slag and gypsum on the morphological aspects and productivity of sugarcane during two crop cycles. A randomized block design in subdivided plots scheme with four replications was used. The plot consisted of five rows of 10 m length each, spaced 1 m from each other. Treatments consisted of five levels of metallurgy slag (0; 1; 2; 3 and 4 Mg ha-1) and two levels of gypsum (0 and 1.9 Mg ha-1). Slag and gypsum had no effect on sugarcane plant yield. However, regarding sugarcane ratoon, slag increased the yield per hectare by 1.96 Mg ha-1 and sugar yield by 0.33 Mg ha-1 per Mg of applied slag. Slag and gypsum provided better biomass allocation to the root system and improved root distribution along the soil profile.

scholarly journals Alcohol, Aggression, and Violence: From Public Health to Neuroscience

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kajol V. Sontate ◽  
Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin ◽  
Isa Naina Mohamed ◽  
Rashidi Mohamed Pakri Mohamed ◽  
Mohd. Farooq Shaikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Intoxicated Aggression ◽  
Neurochemical Changes ◽  
And Gender

Alcohol has been associated with violent crimes and domestic violence across many nations. Various etiological factors were linked to chronic alcohol use and violence including psychiatric comorbidities of perpetrators such as personality disorders, mood disorders, and intermittent explosive disorders. Aggression is the precursor of violence and individuals prone to aggressive behaviors are more likely to commit impulsive violent crimes, especially under the influence of alcohol. Findings from brain studies indicate long-term alcohol consumption induced morphological changes in brain regions involved in self-control, decision-making, and emotional processing. In line with this, the inherent dopaminergic and serotonergic anomalies seen in aggressive individuals increase their susceptibility to commit violent crimes when alcohol present in their system. In relation to this, this article intends to investigate the influence of alcohol on aggression with sociopsychological and neuroscientific perspectives by looking into comorbidity of personality or mood disorders, state of the mind during alcohol consumption, types of beverages, environmental trigger, neurochemical changes, and gender differences that influence individual responses to alcohol intake and susceptibility to intoxicated aggression.

MicroRNA-451 Aggravates Kainic Acid-induced Seizure and Neuronal Apoptosis by Targeting GDNF

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Weng ◽  
Jingbo Sun ◽  
Shixiang Kuang ◽  
Hai Lan ◽  
Qiansong He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kainic Acid ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Apoptosis ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Nissl Staining ◽  
Seizure Models

Aim: Epilepsy is a common and serious neurological disease that causes recurrent episodes, but its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Abnormal miRNA expression is associated with epilepsy, including miR-451. This research investigated the role of miR-451 in seizure and its detailed mechanism. Methods: The seizure mice model was induced by kainic acid (KA) injection to the right lateral cerebral ventricle. Behavioral changes in mice were observed and evaluated by the Racine Scale. The miR-451 knockout mice were established by adenovirus infection. The in vitro model was performed by miR-451 mimics transfected HEK-293 cells. The amount of neuronal death and morphological changes were evaluated by Nissl staining and H&E staining. Results: The results showed that miR-451 is up regulated in KA-induced seizure models and miR- 451 knockout decreased the behavior score and improved the pathological changes of the hippocampus. Besides, MiR-451 knockout inhibited the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. Bioinformatics studies have shown that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a target gene of miR-451. MiR-451 could negatively regulate the expression of GDNF. GDNF overexpression could reverse the effect of miR-451 on KA induced brain injury and neuronal apoptosis. Conclusion: This research demonstrates that miR-451 can affect the behavior of KA-induced epilepsy mice and hippocampal neuronal damage by regulating GDNF expression. The results would provide an experimental foundation for further research about the potential contribution of mi- RNAs to epilepsy pathophysiology.

Nakdong Estuary Barrage and Land Reclamation – Morphological Aspects

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
W D Eysink
Keyword(s):  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
National Monument ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Maintenance Dredging ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Official Status

The construction of the barrage will change the flow conditions in the entire estuary which will interfere in the present equilibrium between channel dimensions and flow conditions. Consequently, morphological changes in the estuary have to be taken into account. Generally, the cross sectional area of a tidal channel shows a distinct relationship with a characteristic tidal prism passing that section. Also here such a relation could be found and was applied to predict the new equilibrium state of the estuary. Estimates of the time required for adaptation have been based on the total sediment volumes required for this and the future sediment transport pattern which must supply those volumes. The morphological study provided a basis for proper decisions on matters such as: selection of the barrage location, maintenance dredging and levee heights. It also gave the effects of the barrage on the tidal-flat area which, as an important bird habitat, has the official status of a national monument. In particular these effects and the aspects of maintenance dredging seaward of the barrage are discussed as they are major phenomena for the ecological impact of the barrage.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Loss in the Hippocampus Are Associated with Immediate Posttraumatic Seizures and Corticosterone Elevation in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5883
Author(s):  
Ilia G. Komoltsev ◽  
Stepan O. Frankevich ◽  
Natalia I. Shirobokova ◽  
Aleksandra A. Volkova ◽  
Mikhail V. Onufriev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Nissl Staining ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Neuronal Cell Loss ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Posttraumatic Seizures

Hippocampal damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with late posttraumatic conditions, such as depression, cognitive decline and epilepsy. Mechanisms of selective hippocampal damage after TBI are not well understood. In this study, using rat TBI model (lateral fluid percussion cortical injury), we assessed potential association of immediate posttraumatic seizures and changes in corticosterone (CS) levels with neuroinflammation and neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus. Indices of distant hippocampal damage (neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation) were assessed using histological analysis (Nissl staining, Iba-1 immunohistochemical staining) and ELISA (IL-1β and CS) 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after TBI or sham operation in male Wistar rats (n = 146). IL-1β was elevated only in the ipsilateral hippocampus on day 1 after trauma. CS peak was detected on day 3 in blood, the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus. Neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus was demonstrated bilaterally; in the ipsilateral hippocampus it started earlier than in the contralateral. Microglial activation was evident in the hippocampus bilaterally on day 7 after TBI. The duration of immediate seizures correlated with CS elevation, levels of IL-1β and neuronal loss in the hippocampus. The data suggest potential association of immediate post-traumatic seizures with CS-dependent neuroinflammation-mediated distant hippocampal damage.

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